Communal collective narcissism.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to introduce, validate, and showcase the utility of a new construct: communal collective narcissism. METHOD: We conducted four studies, in which we developed a new scale for communal collective narcissism (Study 1, N = 856), tested the construct's unique predictions (Study 2, N = 276), examined its social relevance (Study 3, N = 250), and assessed its implications for intergroup outcomes (Study 4, N = 664). RESULTS: In Study 1, we verified the structural soundness of the Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory. In Study 2, we obtained evidence for a defining feature of communal collective narcissism, namely, that it predicts communal, but not agentic, ingroup-enhancement. In Study 3, we illustrated the social relevance of communal collective narcissism. Communal collective narcissists derogated outgroup members, if those outgroups threatened the ingroup and the threat targeted the ingroup's communion. Finally, in Study 4, we showed that communal collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the communal domain (e.g., humanitarian aid) better than agentic collective narcissism does, whereas agentic collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the agentic domain (i.e., preferences for military aggression) better than communal collective narcissism does. CONCLUSIONS: The construct of communal collective narcissism is conceptually and empirically distinct from classic (i.e., agentic) collective narcissism.

Copper Oxide-Based Photocatalysts and Photocathodes: Fundamentals and Recent Advances.

This work aims at reviewing the most impactful results obtained on the development of Cu-based photocathodes. The need of a sustainable exploitation of renewable energy sources and the parallel request of reducing pollutant emissions in airborne streams and in waters call for new technologies based on the use of efficient, abundant, low-toxicity and low-cost materials. Photoelectrochemical devices that adopts abundant element-based photoelectrodes might respond to these requests being an enabling technology for the direct use of sunlight to the production of energy fuels form water electrolysis (H2) and CO2 reduction (to alcohols, light hydrocarbons), as well as for the degradation of pollutants. This review analyses the physical chemical properties of Cu2O (and CuO) and the possible strategies to tune them (doping, lattice strain). Combining Cu with other elements in multinary oxides or in composite photoelectrodes is also discussed in detail. Finally, a short overview on the possible applications of these materials is presented.

Zero-sum thinking as mediator of the relationship of national attitudes with (un)willingness to host refugees in own country.

This study examines factors related to willingness to host refugees. We examined the role of national attitudes (patriotism, nationalism), out-group attitudes (classic and modern prejudice), and zero-sum thinking: Belief in a Zero-Sum Game and psychological entitlement in attitudes towards hosting refugees. We proposed including zero-sum thinking as possible mediator between national attitudes and attitudes towards refugees based on assumption that nationalism is a competitive attitude towards out-groups, while patriotism does not. Structural equation modelling based on a Polish national sample (N = 1092) revealed that patriotism is positively associated with willingness to host refugees, through its negative association with prejudice via decreasing zero-sum thinking. Nationalism was negatively associated with willingness to host refugees, through prejudice via increasing zero-sum thinking. Findings are discussed in the context of current refugee policies.

Cross-cultural invariance of NPI-13: Entitlement as culturally specific, leadership and grandiosity as culturally universal.

The current study explores the problem with the lack of measurement invariance for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) by addressing two issues: conceptual heterogeneity of narcissism and methodological issues related to the binary character of data. We examine the measurement invariance of the 13-item version of the NPI in three populations in Japan, Poland and the UK. Analyses revealed that leadership/authority and grandiose exhibitionism dimensions of the NPI were cross-culturally invariant, while entitlement/exploitativeness was culturally specific. Therefore, we proposed NPI-9 as indicating scalar invariance, and we examined the pattern of correlations between NPI-9 and other variables across three countries. The results suggest that NPI-9 is valid brief scale measuring general levels of narcissism in cross-cultural studies, while the NPI-13 remains suitable for research within specific countries.

Photosensitization of CuI - the role of visible light induced CuI→ CuII transition in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and inactivation of microorganisms.

Bare and photosensitized copper iodides were tested in photocatalysed degradation of an organic dye (Acid Red 1) and inactivation of fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). CuI, with the band gap energy slightly lower than that of TiO2, appeared to be highly efficient in these processes. Sensitization of copper iodide was achieved by surface modification with [Cu(SCN)2(phen)2]. The photosensitization mechanism encompasses a metal to metal charge transfer, CuI→ CuII. The applied photosensitizer binds to CuI through thiocyanate ligands resulting in the formation of an active CuII/CuI hybrid photocatalyst ([CuII(SCN)2(phen)2]@CuII). Its absorption edge is red shifted towards a lower energy when compared with bare CuI, resulting in enhanced visible light induced photocatalytic activity. The studied materials appeared to be photoactive in current generation, degradation of organic compounds and inactivation of fungi.

Immunoregulatory role of B lymphocytes in alloresponse to kidney transplant.

B cells are a group of diverse phenotype and function subsets, which can both stimulate and inhibit the immune response to an allograft. They participate in the rejection process by influencing differentiation, proliferation and effector functions of T lymphocytes. B cells injure the graft via the ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) reaction and humoral rejection through plasmocyte production of donor-specific antibodies. A converse, suppressive mode of B cells can attribute to the development of tolerance and protect the graft from rejection. This function is provided by the regulatory B cells, which negatively control the immune response by producing suppressor cytokines (IL-10, IL-35, TGF-ß), natural antibodies and through cellular interactions. In effect they inhibit the development of Th1 and Th17 effector cells, and induce differentiation of regulatory T cells. Operational immune tolerance in human kidney transplant recipients was associated with increased number of naïve and transitional B cells of regulatory function, and increased gene expression for differentiation of B cells. However, in chronic alloantibody transplant rejection the distorted distribution and function of regulatory B cells was found, which implies their pivotal role in graft tolerance. Currently, the immunosuppressive regimens unselectively inhibit the activity of T and B cells, by interfering with their effector and immunoregulatory functions. They do not fully control the chronic rejection reaction, which is the major cause of graft loss. Comprehension of the mechanisms of immunologic homeostasis dependent on B cells can help develop immunosuppressive protocols targeted at tolerance.

Is 3D printing safe? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics: ABS, PLA, PET, and nylon.

The fast development of low-cost desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers has made those devices widely accessible for goods manufacturing at home. However, is it safe? Users may belittle the effects or influences of pollutants (organic compounds and ultrafine particles) generated by the devices in question. Within the scope of this study, the authors attempt to investigate thermal decomposition of the following commonly used, commercially available thermoplastic filaments: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and nylon. Thermogravimetric analysis has shown the detailed thermal patterns of their behavior upon increasing temperature in neutral atmosphere, while GC analysis of organic vapors emitted during the process of heating thermoplastics have made it possible to obtain crucial pieces of information about the toxicity of 3D printing process. The conducted study has shown that ABS is significantly more toxic than PLA. The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) has been in the range of 0.50 µmol/h. Styrene has accounted for more than 30% of total VOC emitted from ABS, while for PLA, methyl methacrylate has been detected as the predominant compound (44% of total VOCs emission). Moreover, the authors have summarized available or applicable methods that can eliminate formed pollutants and protect the users of 3D printers. This article summarizes theoretical knowledge on thermal degradation of polymers used for 3D printers and shows results of authors' investigation, as well as presents forward-looking solutions that may increase the safety of utilization of 3D printers.

Solar energy utilization in the direct photocarboxylation of 2,3-dihydrofuran using CO2.

The conversion of CO2 into high energy products (fuels) and the direct carboxylation of C-H bonds require a high energy input. Energy cannot be derived from fossil carbon, in this case. Solar energy can be used instead, with a low environmental impact and good profit. We have studied the use of white light or solar energy in the photoreduction of CO2 and in photocarboxylation reactions, using different semiconductors modified at their surface. Two examples of reduction of CO2 to methanol and CO will be shortly discussed, and two cases of carboxylation of organic substrates. The case of carboxylation of 2,3-dihydrofuran will be discussed in detail.

An integrated photocatalytic/enzymatic system for the reduction of CO2 to methanol in bioglycerol-water.

A hybrid enzymatic/photocatalytic approach for the conversion of CO2 into methanol is described. For the approach discussed here, the production of one mol of CH3OH from CO2 requires three enzymes and the consumption of three mol of NADH. Regeneration of the cofactor NADH from NAD(+) was achieved by using visible-light-active, heterogeneous, TiO2-based photocatalysts. The efficiency of the regeneration process is enhanced by using a Rh(III)-complex for facilitating the electron and hydride transfer from the H-donor (water or a water-glycerol solution) to NAD(+). This resulted in the production of 100 to 1000 mol of CH3OH from one mol of NADH, providing the possibility for practical application.

Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Coprocessing of CO2 - H2O(v) to Energy Products Promoted by the n,n-Junction In2O3@g-C3N4 under VIS-Light.

Carbon dioxide capture and utilization is a strategic technology for moving away from fossil-C. The conversion of CO2 into fuels demands energy and hydrogen that cannot be sourced from fossil-C. Co-processing of CO2 and water under solar irradiation will have a key role in the long-term for carbon-recycling and energy products production. This article discusses the synthesis, characterization and application of the two-phase composite photocatalyst, In2O3@g-C3N4, formed by thermal condensation of melamine in the presence of indium(III)nitrate. The composite exhibits a n,n-heterojunction between two n-type semiconductors, g-C3N4 and In2O3, leading to a more efficient charge separation. The composite has a flat band potential enabling it to effectively catalyze the reduction of CO2 in the gas phase to produce CO, CH4 and CH3OH. While the composite's overall photocatalytic efficiency is comparable to that of neat g-C3N4, its ability to promote multielectron-transfer and Proton Coupled to Electron Transfer (PCET) suggests that there is a potential for further optimization of its properties. The use of labelled 13CO2 has allowed us to clearly exclude that the reduced species are derived from the photocatalyst decomposition or the degradation of contaminants.

Subjective consistency increases trust.

Trust is foundational for social relations. Current psychological models focus on specific evaluative and descriptive content underlying initial impressions of trustworthiness. Two experiments investigated whether trust also depends on subjective consistency-a sense of fit between elements. Experiment 1 examined how consistency of simple verbal characterizations influences trust judgments. Experiment 2 examined how incidental visual consistency impacts trust judgments and economic decisions reflecting trust. Both experiments show that subjective consistency positively and uniquely predicts trust judgments and economic behavior. Critically, subjective consistency is a unique predictor of trust that is irreducible to the content of individual elements, either on the dimension of trust or the dimension of valence. These results show that trust impressions are not a simple sum of the contributing parts, but reflect a "gestalt". The results fit current frameworks emphasizing the role of predictive coding and coherence in social cognition.

A full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Resilience and coping within and beyond Ukraine.

The study examined the resilience and coping of samples from Ukraine and five nearby countries during the war in Ukraine. The research focused on (1) the levels of community and societal resilience of the Ukrainian respondents compared with the populations of five nearby European countries and (2) commonalities and diversities concerning coping indicators (hope, well-being, perceived threats, distress symptoms, and sense of danger) across the examined countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted, based on data collection through Internet panel samples, representing the six countries' adult populations. Ukrainian respondents reported the highest levels of community and societal resilience, hope, and distress symptoms and the lowest level of well-being, compared to the population of the five nearby European countries. Hope was the best predictor of community and societal resilience in all countries. Positive coping variables, most notably hope, but also perceived well-being are instrumental in building resilience. While building resilience on a societal level is a complex, multifaceted task, various dimensions must be considered when planning actions to support these states. It is essential to monitor the levels of resilience, during and following the resolution of the crisis, both in Ukraine and in the neighboring countries.

The State of Vaccine Confidence in Poland: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.

Vaccination is considered as one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions. This study aimed to assess (1) the attitudes and behaviors towards mandatory childhood vaccination, with particular emphasis on socio-economic factors determining the vaccine confidence among adults in Poland as well as to (2) identify the potential impact of anti-vaccination movement on vaccination coverage among children and adolescents aged ≤19 years. This cross-sectional study was carried in 2019 on a nationwide, representative sample of 1079 individuals aged 18 and over in Poland (53.7% females). Most of the respondents (74.6%) agreed or strongly agreed that mandatory vaccinations are safe, and only 8% of participants neglected the safety of vaccines. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the lowest level of vaccine confidence was observed among participants aged 25-34 years (aOR: 0.48, 95%CI: 0.29-0.80; p = 0.01). There was a positive correlation (r = 0.35; p < 0.001) between trust in doctors and vaccine confidence. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between trust in scientific knowledge and vaccine confidence (r = 0.19; p < 0.001). Also, a negative correlation (r = -0.13; p < 0.001) between trust in horoscopes and vaccine confidence was observed. Most of the parents declared (97.7%), that their children were vaccinated following the national immunization programme. However, 8.5% of parents who currently vaccinated their children declared that they would stop vaccinating children when vaccination obligation will be abolished. This study demonstrates relatively high confidence in mandatory vaccination among adults in Poland. While most of society trusts in vaccine safety, young adults are the least trustful of vaccinations.

Low self-esteem predicts out-group derogation via collective narcissism, but this relationship is obscured by in-group satisfaction.

According to social identity theory, low self-esteem motivates group members to derogate out-groups, thus achieving positive in-group distinctiveness and boosting self-esteem. According to the Frankfurt School and status politics theorists, low self-esteem motivates collective narcissism (i.e., resentment for insufficient external recognition of the in-group's importance), which predicts out-group derogation. Empirical support for these propositions has been weak. We revisit them addressing whether (a) low self-esteem predicts out-group derogation via collective narcissism and (b) this indirect relationship is only observed after partialing out the positive overlap between collective narcissism and in-group satisfaction (i.e., belief that the in-group is of high value and a reason to be proud). Results based on cross-sectional (Study 1, N = 427) and longitudinal (Study 2, N = 853) designs indicated that self-esteem is uniquely, negatively linked to collective narcissism and uniquely, positively linked to in-group satisfaction. Results based on cross-sectional (Study 3, N = 506; Study 4, N = 1,059; Study 5, N = 471), longitudinal (Study 6, N = 410), and experimental (Study 7, N = 253) designs corroborated these inferences. Further, they revealed that the positive overlap between collective narcissism and in-group satisfaction obscures the link between self-esteem and out-group derogation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Human saliva as a diagnostic material.

Today blood biochemical laboratory tests are essential elements to the diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of diseases. However, many researchers have suggested saliva as an preferable diagnostic material. The collection of saliva is simple, painless, cheap and safe, both for patients and medical staff. An additional advantage of saliva is the fact that it may be retrieved several times a day, which makes repeat analysis much easier. Furthermore, saliva has very high durability. Although 94-99% of salivary content is water, saliva also contains numerous cellular elements and many organic and inorganic substances, including most biological markers present in the blood and urine that may be used in the early detection and monitoring of many dental and general diseases.

Alkali-Silica Reactivity of High Density Aggregates for Radiation Shielding Concrete.

Long-term exposure of concrete to nuclear reactor environments may enhance the ageing phenomena. An investigation concerning a possible deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete containing high-density aggregates is presented in this paper. The scope of this investigation was limited to heavy aggregates that could be used for the construction of the first Polish nuclear power plant (NPP). Five different high-density aggregates were selected and tested: three barites, magnetite, and hematite. Mineralogical analysis was conducted using thin section microscopic observation in transmitted light. The accelerated mortar beam test and the long-time concrete prism test were applied to estimate the susceptibility of heavy aggregates to ASR. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted on aggregates and mortars. The quartz size in aggregate grains was evaluated using image analysis. Application of the accelerated mortar beam method confirmed the observations of thin sections and XRD analysis of high-density aggregates. The microcrystalline quartz in hematite aggregate and cristobalite in one of barite aggregate triggered an ASR. The composition of ASR gel was confirmed by microscopic analysis. The long-term concrete test permitted the selection of innocuous high-density aggregates from among the other aggregates available, which showed practically no reactivity.

Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction at p-Type Copper(I) Iodide.

A p-type semiconductor, CuI, has been synthesized, characterized, and tested as a photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under UV/Vis irradiation in presence of isopropanol as a hole scavenger. Formation of CO, CH4 , and/or HCOOH was observed. The photocatalytic activity of CuI was attributed to the very low potential of the conduction band edge (i.e., -2.28 V vs. NHE). Photocurrents generated by the studied material confirm a high efficiency of the photoinduced interfacial electrontransfer processes. Our studies show that p-type semiconductors may be effective photocatalysts for CO2 reduction, even better than extensively studied n-type titanium dioxide, owing to the low potential of the conduction band edge.

An Efficient CuxO Photocathode for Hydrogen Production at Neutral pH: New Insights from Combined Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry.

Light-driven water splitting is one of the most promising approaches for using solar energy in light of more sustainable development. In this paper, a highly efficient p-type copper(II) oxide photocathode is studied. The material, prepared by thermal treatment of CuI nanoparticles, is initially partially reduced upon working conditions and soon reaches a stable form. Upon visible-light illumination, the material yields a photocurrent of 1.3 mA cm(-2) at a potential of 0.2 V vs a reversible hydrogen electrode at mild pH under illumination by AM 1.5 G and retains 30% of its photoactivity after 6 h. This represents an unprecedented result for a nonprotected Cu oxide photocathode at neutral pH. The photocurrent efficiency as a function of the applied potential was determined using scanning electrochemical microscopy. The material was characterized in terms of photoelectrochemical features; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, fixed-energy X-ray absorption voltammetry, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analyses were carried out on pristine and used samples, which were used to explain the photoelectrochemical behavior. The optical features of the oxide are evidenced by direct reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky analysis at different pH values explains the exceptional activity at neutral pH.

A revision of the Elachista dispilella complex (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae).

The Elachista dispilella group and its subordinate E. dispilella species complex are characterized. Identity of the long confused oldest names applicable for taxa in the E. dispilella complex, i.e., E. dispilella Zeller, E. festucicolella Zeller, and E. distigmatella Frey, is resolved. Elachista dispilella Zeller is the valid name for the species often identified as E. festucicolella, E. steueri Traugott-Olsen, or E. manni Traugott-Olsen. Elachista distigmatella Frey is the valid name for the species regularly identified as E. dispilella. The identity of E. festucicolella Zeller, so far entirely dubious, is clarified. Nineteen species attributable to the E. dispilella complex sensu Traugott-Olsen are recognized. The following new synonymies are proposed: Elachista steueri Traugott-Olsen, 1990, syn. nov.; E. manni Traugott-Olsen, 1990, syn. nov.; E. jaeckhi Traugot-Olsen, 1990, syn. nov.; and E. gebzeensis Traugott-Olsen, 1990, syn. nov., are considered synonyms of E. dispilella Zeller, 1839. Elachista klimeschiella Parenti, 2002 is synonymized with E. festucicolella Zeller, 1853; and Elachista purella Sruoga, 2000 with E. levasi Sruoga, 1998, syn. nov. Identification keys for males and females are provided. All species are diagnosed, the lesser known are also redescribed. Four new species are described: Elachista implana Kaila, sp. nov., from Austria; E. ripai Kaila, sp. nov., from Kyrgyzstan; Elachista sitibunda Kaila, sp. nov., from Uzbekistan; and Elachista laterotis Kaila, sp. nov., from Turkey.