Acute stroke intervention for acute embolic procedural strokes performed by cardiologists.

Acute ischemic stroke is a feared complication during cardiovascular procedures associated with high morbidity and mortality if not immediately recognized and treated. We conducted a review of cases at our center where patients experienced an acute, procedure-related ischemic stroke and underwent immediate endovascular stroke treatment by the interventional cardiologists trained in acute endovascular stroke intervention. Baseline demographics, procedural and follow-up data were collected. Three patients were identified in whom the percutaneous procedure (peripheral arterial intervention, transapical NeoChord [NeoChord Inc, Minnesota, USA] implantation and transcatheter aortic valve implantation, respectively) was complicated by an acute embolic ischemic stroke. In all cases, cerebral vessel re-canalization was technically successful with thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) IIB/III flow. Follow-up computed tomography scans showed no infarct demarcation, oedema or intracranial hemorrhage. One patient survived with no neurological symptoms at 6-month follow-up whereas the two other patients died of unrelated intensive care complications and decompensated heart failure. We conclude that endovascular stroke treatment during cardiovascular interventions can be performed by interventional cardiologists with appropriate training. It offers the unique opportunity to treat cerebral embolization in a time-efficient manner, potentially improving morbidity and mortality of affected patients.

Blood pressure lowering with alcohol-mediated renal denervation using the Peregrine infusion Catheter is independent of injection site location.

OBJECTIVES: The current analysis utilized core laboratory angiographic data from a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multi-center feasibility study to ascertain whether the location of alcohol infusion within main renal arteries during renal denervation (RDN) had an impact on the BP-lowering effect at 6 months. BACKGROUND: The influence of the location of alcohol infusion during RDN, within the main renal artery (proximal, middle, or distal), on the magnitude of the blood pressure (BP) lowering is unstudied. METHODS: The Peregrine Catheter was used to perform alcohol-mediated RDN with an infusion of 0.6 mL of alcohol per artery as the neurolytic agent in 90 main arteries and four accessory arteries of 45 patients with hypertension. RESULTS: No relationship between the site of alcohol infusion and change from baseline in both office systolic and 24-hour systolic ambulatory BP (ABP) at 6 months was observed. When analyzed at the artery level, the least squares (LS) mean changes ± SEM from baseline to 6 months post-procedure in 24-hour systolic ABP when analyzed by renal arterial location were -11.9 ± 2.4 mmHg (distal), -10 ± 1.6 mmHg (middle), and -10.6 ± 1.3 mmHg (proximal) (all p < 0.0001 for change from baseline within groups). The results were similar for office systolic BP. There was no difference between treated locations (proximal is reference). CONCLUSION: In this post-hoc analysis, the location of alcohol infusion within the main renal artery using the Peregrine system, with alcohol as the neurolytic agent for chemical RDN, did not affect the magnitude of BP changes at 6 months.

Outcomes following endovascular therapy for acute stroke by interventional cardiologists.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) intervention by interventional cardiologists (IC) working on a stroke team. BACKGROUND: There is a geographic maldistribution of dedicated neuro-interventionalists (NI) to treat large vessel occlusion (LVO) AIS. METHODS: Results of 166 consecutive patients who received endovascular therapy (EVT) for AIS due to LVO by IC at three centers between 2009 and 2019 are reported. A modified Rankin score (mRs) of ≤ 2 at 90 days after EVT was used as the primary measurement of a good neurological outcome. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of the mRS > 2 and mortality. Those variables with significance of p < .2 from the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: All-cause mortality at 30 days was 22%. A favorable clinical outcome, mRS ≤ 2 at 90 days, was 49%. After multivariate analysis and controlling for confounders, a higher baseline NIHSS was predictive of 30-day mortality (OR 1.20 [95% CI 1.09-1.32] p < .001) and unfavorable clinical outcome (mRS > 2) at 90 days (OR 1.16 [95% CI 1.07-1.25] p < .001). CONCLUSION: Outcomes for carotid stent capable IC performing EVT for AIS are comparable to those achieved by NI physicians in major randomized clinical trials. Our data supports conducting a clinical trial of carotid stent capable IC working on multidisciplinary stroke teams to perform EVT for AIS due to LVO in communities and hospitals without timely access (<60 min by ground transport) to dedicated NI.

Simultaneous transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement and trans-septal mitral valve-in-ring implantation after partial laceration of an Alfieri stitch.

In patients with an Alfieri Stitch transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) may be difficult due to the double orifice configuration of the mitral valve. We report a case of simultaneous and completely percutaneous TAVR and TMVR using LAMPOON-related techniques prior to TMVR to allow for optimal valve deployment.

Correction to: Percutaneous Creation of a Central Iliac Arteriovenous Anastomosis for the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension.

In the March 2018 issue of Current Hypertension Reports, the second author's name Nathan A. Sobotka was inadvertently left out of the byline. Also, the author names were changed from initials to spelled out. The corrected author list is given above. The original article has been corrected.

Percutaneous Creation of a Central Iliac Arteriovenous Anastomosis for the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Provision of a summary on the physiologic effects of arteriovenous fistula creation and description of previously published human data on the efficacy of a percutaneously implanted device creating an arteriovenous fistula. Though antihypertensive therapy is effective, some patient's blood pressure remains poorly controlled despite adherence to optimal medical therapy. Moreover, some patients are not compliant with recommended medical therapy due to side effects or personal decision. This has prompted exploration of alternative, device-based antihypertensive therapies including, among others, the percutaneous creation of an arteriovenous fistula. An arteriovenous fistula is accompanied by a number of favorable physiologic changes that may lower blood pressure. These physiologic changes, conduction of the procedure, and previously published human experience are summarized in this review article. RECENT FINDINGS: The results of a recently published trial comparing arteriovenous fistula creation and standard antihypertensive therapy versus standard antihypertensive therapy alone are summarized. Creation of an arteriovenous fistula is accompanied by a significant blood pressure reduction likely related to a reduction in total arterial resistance, perhaps blood volume reduction, inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex, and release of natriuretic peptides. These findings foster further interest in studying the impact of an arteriovenous fistula and arterial blood pressure. The design of a large randomized trial comparing arteriovenous fistula creation to sham control is outlined.

Catheter-based closure of residual leaks after percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of catheter-based occlusion of residual leaks after percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage (LAA). METHODS: All cases of LAA closure at our center were reviewed to identify secondary interventions for residual leaks. Leaks with a width of more than 3 mm by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were considered relevant. In a case-specific approach, depending on the respective morphology of the defect, either an LAA occlusion device or an Amplatzer Vascular Plug was implanted under TEE and fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: Between June 2003 and December 2013, 12 patients underwent residual leak closure. All procedures were technically successful and without complications. In 10 cases (83%), complete sealing was confirmed at TEE follow-up. In 2 patients, minimal gaps (2-3 mm) persisted and anticoagulation was continued. None of the patients had strokes during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous residual leak closure after attempted LAA occlusion can be done safely and with high procedural success rates. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Predictors of blood pressure response: Obesity is associated with a less pronounced treatment response after renal denervation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of BP response. BACKGROUND: Catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) causes significant blood pressure (BP) reductions in a large number of patients with resistant hypertension. METHODS: One hundred one consecutive patients with resistant hypertension who underwent RDN with the Symplicity™ catheter were included in this retrospective study. Primary endpoint was the change in office systolic BP after 6 months. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to detect baseline predictors of a significant BP response 6 months after RDN (age, gender, office and ambulatory BP, renal function, body mass index [BMI], diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive medication, number of ablations). RESULTS: The procedure was technically uneventful in all patients. Mean BP at baseline was 166.6/90.2 ± 22.5/16.4 mmHg and decreased by -14.7 (P < 0.0001)/-5.3 (P < 0.001) ± 22.8/14.1 mm Hg at 6-month follow-up. Similarly, paired analysis of 24-hr-ambulatory BP measurement (n = 71) showed a significant reduction of mean systolic BP by 6.8 ± 14.4 mm Hg (P < 0.0002). Upon univariate analyses, a higher baseline office systolic BP (P < 0.0001) and lower BMI (P = 0.014) were identified as significant predictors of the magnitude of BP response after 6 months. Importantly, on multivariate analysis, baseline office systolic BP (standardized ß = -0.46; r = -0.47; P < 0.0001) and BMI (standardized ß = 0.21; r = 0.95; P = 0.019) remained significant. CONCLUSION: Blood pressure reductions after RDN were more pronounced in patients with higher baseline blood pressure and lower BMI. These findings may have implications regarding patient selection for renal denervation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Left atrial appendage closure: First in man with the 4th generation WATCHMAN device.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the fourth generation WATCHMAN device. BACKGROUND: The WATCHMAN left atrial appendage (LAA) closure device has been shown to be non-inferior to conventional oral anticoagulation with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. A new (fourth) generation of the WATCHMAN device was designed to facilitate easier delivery and improve safety. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, non-randomized study of LAA closure with use of the 4(th) generation WATCHMAN device in 36 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Follow-up was performed at 45 days, 6 months and 12 months following implantation. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 73 ± 6 years and 67% were male. The mean CHADS2 and CHA2 DS2-VASc Score were 2.5 and 4.5, respectively. The device was implanted successfully in 34/36 (94%). No serious hospital complications related to the device or procedure occurred. During 12 month follow-up, three ischemic strokes (8%), one hemorrhagic stroke (3%), one TIA (3%) and three deaths (9%) occurred. Device-associated thrombus formation was detected in one patient (3%) during six-month follow-up and was treated successfully with low molecular weight heparin. CONCLUSIONS: LAA closure with the 4(th) generation WATCHMAN device is feasible and safe. New technical features may contribute to a better performance of the occluder, particularly regarding the risk of pericardial effusions.

Incomplete left atrial appendage occlusion and thrombus formation after Watchman implantation treated with anticoagulation followed by further transcatheter closure with a second-generation Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (Amulet device).

We report a case of incomplete left atrial appendage (LAA) closure after Watchman device (Atritech, Boston Scientific, Natrick, MA) implantation which subsequently developed a thrombus 3 years after the initial procedure. The thrombus resolved after a short period of anticoagulation with warfarin, and the LAA was successfully occluded with a second-generation Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (Amulet device, AGA, St Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN). Incomplete LAA closure may be associated with increased risk of thrombus formation and further closure with a second device after a course of anticoagulation may be a reasonable and feasible strategy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Percutanous closure of left ventricular aneurysms in a patient with Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

We report a case of percutaneous closure of multiple left ventricular aneurysms in a patient with inherited aortic-aneurysm syndrome-the Loeys-Dietz syndrome. One aneurysm was a true aneurysm in the subaortic region and the second one was a pseudoaneurysm at the left ventricular apex. The patient was a high-risk candidate for repeated operations. Both aneurysms were closed successfully percutaneously in staged procedures. There were no complications. The patient remained clinically well with stable echocardiographic results upon reassessment. This case illustrated that catheter-based closure of left ventricular aneurysms is a feasible approach in the context of connective tissue abnormalities related to the Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

Efficacy and safety of renal denervation in elderly patients with resistant hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation (RD) causes significant blood pressure (BP) reductions in patients with resistant hypertension (rHTN). However, hypertensive elderly patients reportedly have a lower sympathetic tone than younger patients and a BP lowering effect of RD in this population has not yet been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of RD in elderly patients. METHODS: We reviewed all consecutive patients aged ≥ 75 years (mean: 78 years) with rHTN treated with RD. Twenty-four patients were included in this prospective study. Office and ambulatory BPs were assessed at baseline and 6-months follow-up. Primary endpoint was the change in office systolic BP at 6 months. RESULTS: Baseline mean office BP was 173/86 ± 21/13 mm Hg. Baseline 24-hr mean ambulatory BP, available in 22 patients, was 158/80 ± 20/13 mm Hg. Baseline creatinine was 1.0 ± 0.18 mg/dl and mean number of antihypertensive agents at baseline 4.3 ± 1.4. No device- or procedure-related adverse events occurred. At 6-months follow-up, the mean office BP decreased by 19/11 ± 29/16 mm Hg (P < 0.01 compared to baseline). Mean systolic 24 hr ambulatory BP, available in 17 patients, decreased by 9/5 ± 13/13 mm Hg. Antihypertensive medications could be reduced in nine patients. Furthermore, renal function was not impaired. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, a similar magnitude of BP reduction as reported in previous trials can be expected in elderly patients. Elderly patients with rHTN should not be excluded from renal denervation.

Transcatheter patch closure of an atrial septal defect of sinus venosus type using the immediate release patch.

Following promising preclinical studies, we report our first clinical experience with transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect of sinus venosus type in a 65-year-old patient using the Immediate Release Patch.

Left atrial appendage closure using the Amulet device: an initial experience with the second generation amplatzer cardiac plug.

OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and short-term outcome of left atrial appendage (LAA) closure with a new generation LAA closure device. BACKGROUND: The Amulet device (AGA, St Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN) is a new generation of the amplatzer cardiac plug (ACP), specifically designed for LAA closure. This new version is designed to facilitate the implantation process and minimize procedural or device-related complications. METHODS: The device was implanted in 17 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Clinical data were obtained at baseline, during the procedure, at discharge, at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS: All devices were implanted successfully. Device sizes ranged from 20 mm to 31 mm. A 12 French (Fr) or 14 Fr delivery sheath was used depending on the selected device size. Full and partial recapture was performed in 1 case and 3 cases, respectively. There was 1 procedure-related pericardial effusion successfully managed with pericardiocentesis. There was no device embolization. The mean length of stay was 2.1 ± 0.3 days. At 90 days, there were no deaths, strokes, systemic thromboembolism, or bleeding complications. There was no device-related thrombus or pericardial effusion at 90-day TEE. In 2 of the 17 patients minimal peridevice flow (smaller than 2 mm) was present. CONCLUSIONS: The Amulet device, which has new novel features as compared with the first generation ACP, is a feasible option for LAA closure. From our initial experience, implantation of the Amulet is associated with high success rate and good short-term outcome.

Initial experience with the novel patent foramen ovale occlusion device Nit-Occlud® in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack.

BACKGROUND: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with cryptogenic strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). This study examined the initial experience with a new PFO occluder, the Nit-Occlud® PFO Occlusion Device. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with history of cryptogenic stroke or TIA and PFO underwent percutaneous closure of the defect with the Nit-Occlud® PFO Occlusion Device. The primary endpoint was successful implantation without recurrent event, device malfunction, embolization, or the need for a replacement device over 6 ± 2 weeks. All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at 6-weeks, and 42 patients had repeat TEE at 6-months. Clinical follow-up at 18.7 ± 7.4 months was also performed. RESULTS: The device was successfully implanted in 62 (98.4%) patients with no relevant procedural complications. At 6-week follow-up, 60 (95.2%) patients met the primary endpoint. A residual shunt at rest and with Valsalva was noted in 8 (12.7%) and 31 (49.2%) patients respectively at 6-week TEE. At 6-months, 1 of 42 (2.4%) and 9 of 42 (21.4%) patients had a residual shunt at rest and with Valsava, respectively. At 18 months, 5/63 patients had recurrent events (3 TIAs, 2 strokes). No device-related complications occurred. One patient developed atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION: In patients with cryptogenic stroke or TIA and a PFO, the Nit-Occlud® PFO Occlusion Device appears to be both a safe and effective means to occlude the PFO. It is associated with high procedural success and favorable rates of complete closure.

"A bend in time": Shaping the sheath facilitates left atrial appendage closure.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of the "shape-the-sheath" method in left atrial appendage closure. BACKGROUND: LAA occlusion is often a difficult procedure, due to not just the learning curve but also the three-dimensional variable nature of the left atrial appendage. Multiple sheaths have been created for various takeoffs. The purpose of this article is to show the feasibility of the "shape-the-sheath" method in left atrial appendage closure. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients undergoing LAA occlusion without the "shape-the-sheath" method were compared to 10 consecutive patients undergoing LAA occlusion with the "shape-the-sheath" method using the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) system and the Amplatzer TorqVue 45×45 sheath. RESULTS: The "shape-the-sheath" method resulted in significant decreases in fluoroscopy time (7.2±3.0 min vs. 13.7±6.7 min, P<0.05), number of partial recaptures (0% vs. 50%, P<0.05), with a trend toward decrease in the number of complete recaptures (0 vs. 40%, P=0.09) compared to conventional sheath use. CONCLUSIONS: Shaping-the-sheath is a simple, elegant way to help conform delivery systems to better access the LAA and ensure stable position. Further experience with this procedure optimization step is warranted.

Safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a hospital with visiting on-site cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the feasibility and safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with a visiting on-site cardiac surgery program for surgical back-up. BACKGROUND: Both European and American guidelines recommend institutional cardiac surgery back-up for TAVI. However, the conversion to cardiac surgery is very rare, many complications of TAVI can be managed by catheter techniques and a visiting team can also provide surgical stand-by. Therefore, the need for institutional cardiac surgery (by a surgeon who routinely performs conventional surgical valve replacement at the institution performing TAVI) has been questioned. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive TAVI cases with visiting on-site cardiac surgery was performed. Key demographic, echocardiographic, and procedural data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients (81.9 ± 6.3 years) with high-risk criteria (log Euroscore 21.6 ± 14.4, chronic renal failure 39.2%, severe systolic dysfunction 24.7%) underwent TAVI with visiting on-site cardiac surgery at our institution. Local anesthesia with or without conscious sedation was used in 94.8% of patients. Procedural technical success was 100%, with 2 episodes of tamponade (both treated with pericardiocentesis) and a 16.5% vascular complication rate (all treated conservatively or percutaneously). Thirty-day mortality was 3.1%, with 5.2% rate of stroke and 8.2% rate of major bleeding. There were no conversions to surgery. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI can be done safely in the setting of a hospital with visiting on-site cardiac surgery. This requires careful patient selection, experienced operators and surgeons in experienced centers with well-established criteria and processes of care. In this setting, it may be an option for hospitals without institutional cardiac surgery.

Use of EchoNavigator, a novel echocardiography-fluoroscopy overlay system, for transseptal puncture and left atrial appendage occlusion.

Structural heart disease requires a coordinated effort to join echocardiographic and fluoroscopic data. Various methods have been used, including echocardiography, CT, and MRI. We report on the use of EchoNavigator (Philips Inc., Amsterdam, Netherlands), a novel echocardiographic-fluoroscopic fusion system. This new system allows real-time integration and marking of important structures that track on fluoroscopy even with movement of the C-arm. In this article, we describe potential uses for this system in respect to transseptal puncture and left atrial appendage closure.