Selenium - An environmentally friendly micronutrient in agroecosystem in the modern era: An overview of 50-year findings.

Agricultural productivity is constantly being forced to maintain yield stability to feed the enormously growing world population. However, shrinking arable and nutrient-deprived soil and abiotic and biotic stressor (s) in different magnitudes put additional challenges to achieving global food security. Though well-defined, the concept of macro, micronutrients, and beneficial elements is from a plant nutritional perspective. Among various micronutrients, selenium (Se) is essential in small amounts for the life cycle of organisms, including crops. Selenium has the potential to improve soil health, leading to the improvement of productivity and crop quality. However, Se possesses an immense encouraging phenomenon when supplied within the threshold limit, also having wide variations. The supplementation of Se has exhibited promising outcomes in lessening biotic and abiotic stress in various crops. Besides, bulk form, nano-Se, and biogenic-Se also revealed some merits and limitations. Literature suggests that the possibilities of biogenic-Se in stress alleviation and fortifying foods are encouraging. In this article, apart from adopting a combination of a conventional extensive review of the literature and bibliometric analysis, the authors have assessed the journey of Se in the "soil to spoon" perspective in a diverse agroecosystem to highlight the research gap area. There is no doubt that the time has come to seriously consider the tag of beneficial elements associated with Se, especially in the drastic global climate change era.

Characterization of a unique Sikkimese yak population of India: a multivariate approach.

Native Sikkimese yak in Sikkim state of India is a pastoral treasure being raised through centuries-old transhumance practices and has evolved in response to natural and man-made selection. Currently, the population of Sikkimese yak is at risk with about five thousand total headcounts. Characterization is essential for taking appropriate decisions for conservation of any endangered population. In an attempt to phenotypically characterize the Sikkimese yaks, this study recorded phenotypic morphometric traits information, viz., body length (LG), height at withers (HT), heart girth (HG), paunch girth (PG), horn length (HL), horn circumference (HC), distance between horns (DbH), ear length (EL), face length (FL), face width (FW), and tail length with switch (TL), on 2154 yaks of both sexes. Multiple correlation estimation highlighted that HG and PG, DbH and FW, and EL and FW were highly correlated. Using principal component analysis, LG, HT, HG, PG, and HL were found to be the most important traits for phenotypic characterization of Sikkimese yak animals. Discriminant analysis based on different locations of Sikkim hinted at the existence of two separate clusters, however, broadly, phenotypic uniformity could be observed. Subsequent genetic characterization can offer greater insights and can pave the way for future breed registration and conservation of the population.

In silico characterization, and expression analysis of rice golden 2-like (OsGLK) members in response to low phosphorous.

The availability of phosphorus (P) affects productivity of rice. Under acidic soil conditions (pH < 5.5), P is rapidly immobilized in the soil. Several transcription factors play an important role in low Pi tolerance response, including MYB family members but their role in acidic soil is yet unknown. In this study, genome wide identification and characterization of golden 2-like (GLK) members belonging to GARP superfamily from rice (OsGLK) led to identification of 46 members distributed over 12 chromosomes. We assigned gene nomenclature, analyzed gene structure and identified mutant orthologs and phenotypes in maize and rice, respectively. On the basis of biological functions three categories viz., (a) two-component response regulator (five members), (b) putative transcription factor (21 members) and (c) phosphate starvation response (8 members) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a total of nine subgroups with MYB homeodomain-like and MYB CC-type domains conserved across members. Expression profiling of OsGLKs in response to 24 and 48 h of low Pi in four contrasting rice genotypes, revealed significantly higher expression of OsGLK10, OsGLK15, OsGLK22 and OsGLK30 in tolerant genotypes as compared to susceptible genotypes, suggesting their role in Pi starvation tolerance. Meta analyses and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) profiling of OsGLK showed diverse expression pattern in various tissues and organs and also modulation in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Our results highlight the versatile role of this diverse and complex GLK family, in particular to abiotic stress. These genes will form the basis of future studies on low Pi tolerance in acidic soils.

Ethnic Variations in Gastric cancer in a tertiary care centre of Sikkim in North-East India.

Inroduction: The etiology of gastric cancer is multifactorial. Marked differences in the incidence of gastric cancer among different ethnic groups living in the same geographical area have been observed. Aim and methods: This study looked at ethnic and dietary factors in patients with gastric cancer diagnosed at a tertiary referral centre in Sikkim over a period of one year. Patients of 60 years and above were included in the study and divided into four ethnic groups : Bhutias, Lepchas, Rais and other groups. Results: 211 cases underwent upper GI endoscopy and 32 were diagnosed to have gastric cancer. Gastric cancer incidence was highest in Bhutia ethnic group. A trend towards higher intake of smoked meats, fermented vegetables, salt tea, and H.pylori positivity in the Bhutia ethnic group was associated with higher incidence of gastric cancer as compared to other ethnic groups. Conclusion: The study with a referral centre bias showed that Bhutia ethnic group had a higher incidence of gastric cancer as compared to other ethnic groups.

Zinc stress induces physiological, ultra-structural and biochemical changes in mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) seedlings.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants; yet, at higher concentrations it is toxic. In order to explore the effect of Zn stress on growth, biochemical, physiological and ultra-structural changes, 1 year old mandarin plants were grown under various Zn concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 15 and 20 mM) for 14 weeks. The biomass of the plants increased with increasing Zn concentrations and finally declined under excess Zn concentration but the prime increase was observed at 4 and 5 mM Zn. Zn stress reduced the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration along with reduction of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids content in leaf. Superoxide anion, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage were elevated in Zn stressed plants. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) enzymes were increased in both Zn-deficient and Zn-excess plants. Therefore it is suggested that antioxidant defense system did not sufficiently protect the plants under rigorous Zn stress which was also corroborated by the alteration in cell ultrastructure as revealed by transmission electron microscopy.

Multi-Population Analysis for Leaf and Neck Blast Reveals Novel Source of Neck Blast Resistance in Rice.

Rice blast is one of the most devastating biotic stresses that limits rice productivity. The North Eastern Hill (NEH) region of India is considered to be one of the primary centres of diversity for both rice and pathotypes of Magnaporthe grisea. Therefore, the present study was carried out to elucidate the genetic basis of leaf and neck blast resistance under Meghalaya conditions. A set of 80 diverse genotypes (natural population) and 2 F2 populations involving resistant parent, a wildtype landrace, LR 5 (Lal Jangali) and susceptible genotypes Sambha Mahsuri SUB 1 (SMS) and LR 26 (Chakhao Poireiton) were used for association analysis of reported major gene-linked markers with leaf and neck blast resistance to identify major effective genes under local conditions. Genotyping using twenty-five gene-specific markers across diverse genotypes and F2 progenies revealed genes Pi5 and Pi54 to be associated with leaf blast resistance in all three populations. Genes Pib and qPbm showed an association with neck blast resistance in both natural and LR 5 × SMS populations. Additionally, a set of 184 genome-wide polymorphic markers (SSRs and SNPs), when applied to F2-resistant and F2-susceptible DNA bulks derived from LR 5 × LR 26, suggested that Pi20(t) on chromosome 12 is one of the major genes imparting disease resistance. Markers snpOS318, RM1337 and RM7102 and RM247 and snpOS316 were associated with leaf blast and neck blast resistance, respectively. The genotypes, markers and genes will help in marker-assisted selection and development of varieties with durable resistance.

Insight into a region of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Chromosome 2 revealed potential candidate genes linked to Foc4 Fusarium wilt resistance.

Two markers on Chromosome 2 of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) are reportedly associated with resistance to race 4 Fusarium wilt, and are frequently used in breeding. However, the genes in this region that actually confer wilt resistance are unknown. We aimed to characterise them using both in silico approaches and marker trait association (MTA) analysis. Of the 225 protein-encoding genes in this region, 51 showed significant differential expression in two contrasting chickpea genotypes under wilt, with potential involvement in stress response. From a diverse set of 244 chickpea genotypes, two sets of 40 resistant and 40 susceptible genotypes were selected based on disease incidence and amplification pattern of the TA59 marker. All cultivars were further genotyped with 1238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specific to the 51 genes; only seven SNPs were significantly correlated with disease. SNP Ca2_24099002, specific to the LOC101498008 (Transmembrane protein 87A) gene, accounted for the highest phenotypic variance for disease incidence at 16.30%, whereas SNPs Ca2_25166118 and Ca2_27029215, specific to the LOC101494644 (ß-glucosidase BoGH3B-like) and LOC101505289 (Putative tRNA pseudouridine synthase) genes, explained 10.51% and 10.50% of the variation, respectively, in the sets with contrasting disease susceptibility. Together with the TA59 and TR19 markers, these SNPs can be used in a chickpea breeding scheme to develop wilt resistance.

Emerging concern of nano-pollution in agro-ecosystem: Flip side of nanotechnology.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have proven to be a game-changer in agriculture, showcasing their potential to boost plant growth and safeguarding crops. The agricultural sector has widely adopted NMs, benefiting from their small size, high surface area, and optical properties to augment crop productivity and provide protection against various stressors. This is attributed to their unique characteristics, contributing to their widespread use in agriculture. Human exposure from various components of agro-environmental sectors (soil, crops) NMs residues are likely to upsurge with exposure paths may stimulates bioaccumulation in food chain. With the aim to achieve sustainability, nanotechnology (NTs) do exhibit its potentials in various domains of agriculture also have its flip side too. In this review article we have opted a fusion approach using bibliometric based analysis of global research trend followed by a holistic assessment of pros and cons i.e. toxicological aspect too. Moreover, we have also tried to analyse the current scenario of policy associated with the application of NMs in agro-environment.

Early-Onset Gastric Cancer from a Geographic Area of High Gastric Cancer Incidence in North-East India: a Retrospective Study.

We aim to report about the clinico-pathological characteristics of early-age gastric cancer in North-East India. It is a retrospective and observational study conducted in a tertiary care cancer centre in North-East India. We reviewed physical case records and the hospital electronic medical record system. The study population included all patients of age 40 years or less, with a confirmed diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma, who received treatment in the institute. The duration of the study was from 2016 to 2020. Data was collected using a pre-designed proforma, and the results were presented as percentages, ratios, median values and range. A total of 79 patients with early-age gastric cancer were found during the study period. There was female preponderance (45:34). Out of the total, 43% presented in stage IV. Most of them had good performance status (87.3% had ECOG 0-2), and none of them had documented co-morbid illness. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma were seen in 36.7% and 25.3% patients, respectively. Only 25 patients (31.6%) underwent definitive surgery, and they had a high nodal burden with a median metastatic lymph nodal ratio of 0.35 (range 0 to 0.91). Out of them, 40% developed systemic recurrence within a short span of time (median time to recurrence being 9.5 months). Peritoneal recurrence was the most common site of failure (80%). Early-age gastric cancer has been associated with aggressive pathological features and poor clinical outcomes in North-East India.

Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Major Surgery for Cancer with COVID-19 in the Postoperative Period.

The aim of our study was to report about the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent major surgery for cancer and developed COVID-19 in the postoperative period. A retrospective and observational study was done in the Surgical Oncology Division of a tertiary care cancer hospital in North-East India. The study period was from 1st April 2020 to 31st December 2021. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cancer who underwent a major surgery and developed COVID-19 in the postoperative period, within the same hospital stay were included in the study. Data was obtained from a prospectively maintained database and case records. Descriptive statistics were used to state the results in median values, range and percentages. A total of 22 patients developed COVID-19 in the postoperative period during the study period out of a total of 1402 patients operated during that time period (1.57%). The have been followed up for a median period of 16 months (range 2 to 18 months). The median age at presentation was 50 years (range 25 to 74 years). The incidence of co-morbidities was 27.3%. The median duration of ICU stay was 3 days (range 0 to 9 days) and median duration of hospital stay was 22 days (range 9 to 55 days).. The postoperative mortality rate was 18.2%. COVID-19 in the postoperative period in patients undergoing major abdominal and thoracic surgeries for cancer caused high postoperative mortality and prolonged hospital stay.

Comparison of novel anteroposterior short-axis in-plane technique with conventional short-axis out-of-plane technique for ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation: A randomized-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Various ultrasound (US)-guided probe positioning and needle procedures have been described in the literature for cannulation of the internal jugular vein (IJV). In the present study, we compared the conventional short-axis out-of-plane (SAX-OOP) method with a novel anteroposterior short-axis in-plane (APSAX-IP) technique for IJV cannulation under US guidance. The APSAX-IP method of IJV cannulation has not been compared to other IJV cannulation techniques. METHODS: A total of 104 patients above 18-year-old were randomly allocated to one of two groups - APSAX-IP or SAX-OOP and evaluated for US-guided IJV cannulation in either the operating room or critical care unit. The primary outcome of this research was the access time for IJV cannulation using both approaches. The secondary outcomes were the number of attempts of needle insertion, success rate, and complications of IJV cannulation. RESULTS: The access time for IJV cannulation was 13.0 (12.0-15.0) sec in the APSAX-IP group and 13.0 (12.0-14.0) sec in the SAX-OOP group; P = 0.947. The number of successful 1st attempts was 90.91%, and the 2nd attempts were 9.09% in the APSAX-IP group and 85.19% and 14.81% in the SAX-OOP group, respectively. Both techniques did not have any complications. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the US-guided APSAX-IP IJV cannulation method has comparable access time to the SAX-OOP technique.

Shoot transcriptome revealed widespread differential expression and potential molecular mechanisms of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against Fusarium wilt.

Introduction: The yield of chickpea is severely hampered by infection wilt caused by several races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc). Methods: To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance against Foc4 Fusarium wilt, RNA sequencing-based shoot transcriptome data of two contrasting chickpea genotypes, namely KWR 108 (resistant) and GL 13001 (susceptible), were generated and analyzed. Results and Discussion: The shoot transcriptome data showed 1,103 and 1,221 significant DEGs in chickpea genotypes KWR 108 and GL 13001, respectively. Among these, 495 and 608 genes were significantly down and up-regulated in genotypes KWR 108, and 427 and 794 genes were significantly down and up-regulated in genotype GL 13001. The gene ontology (GO) analysis of significant DEGs was performed and the GO of the top 50 DEGs in two contrasting chickpea genotypes showed the highest cellular components as membrane and nucleus, and molecular functions including nucleotide binding, metal ion binding, transferase, kinase, and oxidoreductase activity involved in biological processes such as phosphorylation, oxidation-reduction, cell redox homeostasis process, and DNA repair. Compared to the susceptible genotype which showed significant up-regulation of genes involved in processes like DNA repair, the significantly up-regulated DEGs of the resistant genotypes were involved in processes like energy metabolism and environmental adaptation, particularly host-pathogen interaction. This indicates an efficient utilization of environmental adaptation pathways, energy homeostasis, and stable DNA molecules as the strategy to cope with Fusarium wilt infection in chickpea. The findings of the study will be useful in targeting the genes in designing gene-based markers for association mapping with the traits of interest in chickpea under Fusarium wilt which could be efficiently utilized in marker-assisted breeding of chickpea, particularly against Foc4 Fusarium wilt.

Morphological characterization and expression analysis of genes for antioxidants enzymes in gamma rays induced M3 mutants of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar TNAUSUF-7.

PURPOSE: Objectives of the present investigation were to investigate the performance of mutant lines (mutant generation 3 (M3) generation) of sunflower obtained through gamma irradiations for yield and yield attributing traits including oil content (%), oil quality in terms of antioxidant activity and to investigate the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in control and gamma irradiated M3 lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mutant lines (M3 generation) of sunflower variety TNAUSUF-7 obtained from 100 and 130 Gray (Gy) doses of gamma irradiation were evaluated for several traits such as days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, head diameter, number of filled seeds and unfilled seeds per head, fertility %, oil content %, antioxidant activity of oil and expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. All the data were analyzed using different statistical tools. RESULTS: Our results showed that the gamma irradiation dose of 100 and 130 Gy induced significant variations in yield and yield attributing traits especially for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, fertility %, antioxidant property of sunflower seed oil and expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: From our results, it can be concluded that the gamma irradiations were effective in creating variations in terms of several traits in sunflower. Many desirable traits like reduced days to 50% flowering and maturity, increased fertility %, increased antioxidant activity of oil were observed in M3 lines. These M3 lines have the potential to be utilized as an inbred line in sunflower hybrid development or it could be used as a source of desirable traits in sunflower breeding programs.

The intertwining of Zn-finger motifs and abiotic stress tolerance in plants: Current status and future prospects.

Environmental stresses such as drought, high salinity, and low temperature can adversely modulate the field crop's ability by altering the morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes of the plants. It is estimated that about 50% + of the productivity of several crops is limited due to various types of abiotic stresses either presence alone or in combination (s). However, there are two ways plants can survive against these abiotic stresses; a) through management practices and b) through adaptive mechanisms to tolerate plants. These adaptive mechanisms of tolerant plants are mostly linked to their signalling transduction pathway, triggering the action of plant transcription factors and controlling the expression of various stress-regulated genes. In recent times, several studies found that Zn-finger motifs have a significant function during abiotic stress response in plants. In the first report, a wide range of Zn-binding motifs has been recognized and termed Zn-fingers. Since the zinc finger motifs regulate the function of stress-responsive genes. The Zn-finger was first reported as a repeated Zn-binding motif, comprising conserved cysteine (Cys) and histidine (His) ligands, in Xenopus laevis oocytes as a transcription factor (TF) IIIA (or TFIIIA). In the proteins where Zn2+ is mainly attached to amino acid residues and thus espousing a tetrahedral coordination geometry. The physical nature of Zn-proteins, defining the attraction of Zn-proteins for Zn2+, is crucial for having an in-depth knowledge of how a Zn2+ facilitates their characteristic function and how proteins control its mobility (intra and intercellular) as well as cellular availability. The current review summarized the concept, importance and mechanisms of Zn-finger motifs during abiotic stress response in plants.

Etiology of obstructive jaundice and its correlation with the ethnic population of Sikkim.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to find out the etiology of obstructive jaundice and its correlation with the ethnic population of Sikkim. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The data of patients with obstructive jaundice admitted under the Department of Gastroenterology was collected retrospectively from March 2019 till February 2020. There were a total of 73 patients of obstructive jaundice patients, the benign etiology was found to be more common than malignant etiology. RESULTS: The male-to-female ratio in our study was 0.35:1. The most common etiology of benign cause of obstructive jaundice was choledocholithiasis (95.83%) followed by common bile duct stricture (3.07%), Mirizzi syndrome (1.53%). The most common causes of malignant obstructive jaundice were carcinoma of gall bladder (62.5%) followed by carcinoma of periampullary region (12.5%), cholangiocarcinoma (12.5%), carcinoma of head of pancreas (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common etiology of obstructive jaundice in this study was choledocholithiasis. There was no any correlation of obstructive jaundice with ethnic population of Sikkim.

Prevalence of refractive errors among the school-going children in East Sikkim.

Purpose: Vision plays an important role in child's development for learning and communication. Uncorrected refractive error (URE) has become a major challenge to health care policy makers especially in school going children. We aim to report the prevalence of refractive error among the school students of the east district of Sikkim, India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 15,954 school children under school health program of national program for control of blindness. The screening was conducted in 40 schools of east district which included primary, higher secondary, monastic and private schools. Results: The prevalence of refractive error was 6.7% among which myopia was the most common error present in 335 (31.1%) children, followed by astigmatism in 317 (29.4%) and the remaining 29 (2.6%) with hyperopia. The age group between 14-17 years had high prevalence of refractive error (9.2%). Females had slightly higher refractive error (6.93%) than males (5.9 %). Most backward classes were found to be highest suffering from refractive error (26.65%) and the least seen was found in schedule tribe (11.6%). Conclusion: The study provides a useful and baseline data about the refractive error amongst the school children of east Sikkim. A larger study needs to be conducted in all the schools of the state to get a clearer picture of RE and other eye related diseases to detect vision problem as early as possible.

A 1.84-Mb region on rice chromosome 2 carrying SPL4, SPL5 and MLO8 genes is associated with higher yield under phosphorus-deficient acidic soil.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors for rice productivity with only one locus (PSTOL1) available for field based application. A biparental mapping population (F6) derived from two P deficiency tolerant genotypes (Sahbhagi Dhan (SD) (PSTOL1+) and Chakhao Poreiton (CP) (PSTOL1-)), in which, transcriptome data generated from our lab had previously shown existence of diverse mechanisms was used to identify novel regions for better yield under lowland acidic soils. Phenotyping at F4, F5 and F6 generations revealed significant correlation between traits like tiller number at 30 days (TN 30), tiller number at 60 days (TN 60), filled grains (FG), percent spikelet fertility (SF%), panicle number (PN) and grain yield per panicle (GYPP) and also association with better yield/performance under low P acidic soil conditions. Through selected genotyping on a set of forty superior and inferior lines using SSR, candidate gene-based and SNP polymorphic markers, 5 genomic regions associated with various yield-related traits were identified. Marker trait association studies revealed 13 markers significantly associated with yield attributing traits and PUE under lowland acidic field conditions. Chi-square and regression analyses of markers run on the entire population identified seven and six markers for SF% and GYPP, respectively, and two for biological yield with positive allele derived from SD which constitute a novel 1.847-Mb region on chromosome 2 flanked by two markers RM12550 and PR9-2. Expression analysis of 7 candidate genes lying within this region across SD, CP and two low P susceptible rice genotypes has revealed that expression of four genes including SPL4, SPL5, ACA9 and MLO8 is significantly upregulated only in SD under low P conditions. In CP, there is low expression of MLO8 under low P conditions, whereas SPL4, SPL5 and Os02g08120 are downregulated. In the case of the two susceptible genotypes, there is no expression of Os02g08120 either in optimum or limiting conditions. Sequence data across a panel of 3024 rice genotypes also suggests that there is polymorphism for these differentially expressed genes. The genes and underlying markers identified on chromosome 2 will be key to imparting tolerance to low P in diverse genetic backgrounds and for marker-assisted selection for higher yield under lowland acidic conditions.

First outbreak of dengue fever in East Sikkim in Northeastern part of India.

BACKGROUND: Dengue viruses, single-stranded positive polarity ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses of the family Flaviviridae, are the most common cause of arboviral disease in the world and has turned this disease into a serious public health problem. AIMS: To study retrospectively the incidence of laboratory confirmed dengue cases among the clinically suspected patients, the clinical profile of dengue-positive cases, and to co-relate with the environmental conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred and eighty blood sample was collected in the microbiology laboratory of district hospital Singtam, from clinically suspected cases of dengue infection, from 22nd August 2013 till 30th November 2013 for rapid dengue kit test initially followed by confirmation test by Immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture ELISA test. CONCLUSIONS: Fever with myalgia should be evaluated for Dengue fever (DF) in Sikkim, northeastern part of India. We also report the first outbreak of dengue fever in the east district (Singtam) of Sikkim.

Retrospective study of etiology of non variceal acute gastrointestinal bleeding in Eastern Himalayan region of india in Sikkim.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most commonly encountered emergencies in day-to-day practice. In the present retrospective study, the various causes of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB), its management modalities, and the final outcome of patients were studied. METHODS: A retrospective study of etiology of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding for a period of 13 months, January 2015 to February 2016 in Department of Gastroenterology, Central Referral Hospital, Gangtok, was conducted. There were a total of 127 upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients, out of which 70 patients were excluded due to endoscopically proven variceal bleeding. Of the 57 patients, the various causes were determined by investigations and were treated accordingly. CONCLUSION: Hematemesis was the most common presentation and duodenal ulcers the most common etiology among the acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleed. The cause of bleeding was not identified in one patient. Majority (34 patients, 59.64%) of the patients was treated conservatively, some needed endoscopic interventions (23 patients, 40.35%) and there was no any mortality.