What is the rationale for mesenchymal stromal cells based therapies in the management of hemophilic arthropathies?

Hemophilia A and B are rare X-linked genetic bleeding disorders due to a complete or partial deficiency in the coagulation factors VIII or IX, respectively. The main treatment for hemophilia is prophylactic and based on coagulation factor replacement therapies. These treatments have significantly reduced bleeding and improved the patients' quality of life. Nevertheless, repeated joint bleedings (hemarthroses), even subclinical hemarthroses, can lead to hemophilic arthropathy (HA). This disabling condition is characterized by chronic pain due to synovial inflammation, cartilage and bone destruction requiring ultimately joint replacement. HA resembles to rheumatoid arthritis because of synovitis but HA is considered as having similarities with osteoarthritis as illustrated by the migration of immune cells, production of inflammatory cytokines, synovial hypertrophy and cartilage damage. Various drugs have been evaluated for the management of HA with limited success. The objective of the review is to discuss new therapeutic approaches with a special focus on the studies that have investigated the potential of using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the management of HA. A systematic review of the literature has been made. Most of the studies have focused on the interest of MSCs for the delivery of missing factors VIII or IX but in some studies, more insight on the effect of MSC injection on synovial inflammation or cartilage structure were provided and put in perspective for possible clinical applications.

Gingival bleeding is a useful clinical feature in the diagnosis of hereditary bleeding disorders in children.

The search for hereditary bleeding disorders (HBD) prior to invasive procedures in children is primarily based on personal and family bleeding history. Although several scores are available, they have only been evaluated in specific situations or in adults. Our monocentric retrospective study aimed to analyze the association between clinical history and four scores (HEMSTOP, PBQ, ISTH-BAT, TOSETTO) and the diagnosis of MHC in children referred to the University Hospital of Montpellier for hemostasis investigations. A total of 117 children were retrospectively included in the study. Of these, 57 (49%) were diagnosed with HBD, with 30 having primary bleeding disorders and 27 having coagulation disorders. The diagnosis of HBD was significantly associated with gingival bleeding, which was present in 30% of HBD patients. In our population, only the HEMSTOP score showed an association with the diagnosis of HBD, but it was positive in only 48% of patients. By including gingival bleeding as a factor, we modified the HEMSTOP score, which increased its sensitivity from 0.45 to 0.53. When examining primary bleeding disorders, the modified HEMSTOP score, with the inclusion of gingival bleeding, enables us to diagnose 63% of patients (see Fig. 1).    Conclusion: Therefore, gingival bleeding should be considered a useful factor in bleeding history for HBD diagnosis. Adding this symptom to a screening score such as HEMSTOP improves its sensitivity. To confirm our findings, a prospective study is required.    Trial registration: Study registration number: NCT05214300. What is Known: • Screening for hereditary bleeding disorder diseases is a necessity and a challenge in children. • Minor disorders of primary hemostasis are the most common, but often escape standard coagulation tests. What is New: • Gingival bleeding is a frequent symptom that is easy to investigate and may point to a primary hemostasis disorder. • Adding the gingival bleeding item to a routine screening score such as HEMSTOP improves sensitivity.

A focus on dominant negative variants in a series of 170 heterozygous FXI-deficient patients.

INTRODUCTION: Dominant-negative effects have been described for 10 F11 variants in the literature. AIM: The current study aimed at identifying putative dominant-negative F11 variants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research consisted in a retrospective analysis of routine laboratory data. RESULTS: In a series of 170 patients with moderate/mild factor XI (FXI) deficiencies, we identified heterozygous carriers of previously reported dominant-negative variants (p.Ser243Phe, p.Cys416Tyr, and p.Gly418Val) with FXI activities inconsistent with a dominant-negative effect. Our findings also do not support a dominant-negative effect of p.Gly418Ala. We also identified a set of patients carrying heterozygous variants, among which five out of 11 are novel, with FXI activities suggesting a dominant-negative effect (p.His53Tyr, p.Cys110Gly, p.Cys140Tyr, p.Glu245Lys, p.Trp246Cys, p.Glu315Lys, p.Ile421Thr, p.Trp425Cys, p.Glu565Lys, p.Thr593Met, and p.Trp617Ter). However, for all but two of these variants, individuals with close to half normal FXI coagulant activity (FXI:C) were identified, indicating an inconstant dominant effect. CONCLUSION: Our data show that for some F11 variants recognized has having dominant-negative effects, such effects actually do not occur in many individuals. The present data suggest that for these patients, the intracellular quality control mechanisms eliminate the variant monomeric polypeptide before homodimer assembly, thereby allowing only the wild-type homodimer to assemble and resulting in half normal activities. In contrast, in patients with markedly decreased activities, some mutant polypeptides might escape this first quality control. In turn, assembly of heterodimeric molecules as well as mutant homodimers would result in activities closer to 1:4 of FXI:C normal range.

Management of rare inherited bleeding disorders: Proposals of the French Reference Centre on Haemophilia and Rare Coagulation Disorders.

INTRODUCTION: The rare coagulation disorders may present significant difficulties in diagnosis and management. In addition, considerable inter-individual variation in bleeding phenotype is observed amongst affected individuals, making the bleeding risk difficult to assess in affected individuals. The last international recommendations on rare inherited bleeding disorders (RIBDs) were published by the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation in 2014. Since then, new drugs have been marketed, news studies on surgery management in patients with RIBD have been published, and new orphan diseases have been described. AIM: Therefore, the two main objectives of this review, based on the recent recommendations published by the French Reference Centre on Haemophilia and Rare Bleeding Disorders, are: (i) to briefly describe RIBD (clinical presentation and diagnostic work-up) to help physicians in patient screening for the early detection of such disorders; and (ii) to focus on the current management of acute haemorrhages and long term prophylaxis, surgical interventions, and pregnancy/delivery in patients with RIBD.

Prostate biopsy and prostate cancer management in patients with haemophilia: The experience of French Haemophilia Treatment Centres.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on prostate cancer (PC) management in patients with haemophilia (PWH). AIM: To describe PC screening and diagnosis, treatment modalities and bleeding complications in a group of unselected PWH followed at French Haemophilia Treatment Centres (HTCs) PATIENTS AND METHODS: PC screening, management and bleeding complications were retrospectively investigated at 14 French HTCs between 2003 and 2018. RESULTS: Among> 1549 > 50-year-old PWHs, 73 (4.7%) underwent PC screening (median age 71.1 years; 67/6 HA/HB, 17/56 severe-moderate/mild). At diagnosis, haematuria was infrequent. Prophylaxis was administered during 76/86 (88%) prostate biopsies (PB) (n = 67 clotting factor concentrates, CFC; n = 9 desmopressin; n = 17 associated with tranexamic acid, TA). Bleeding (11/86, 12.8%) occurred mainly post-prophylaxis (median delay: 7 days): haematuria (9/11, 81.8%), and rectal bleeding (2/11, 18.2%) including one major (1.2%). PC was confirmed in 50/86 PB and in two prostatectomy specimens (total n = 50 patients, n = 6 with only active surveillance). Surgery (n = 28/44 patients) was managed with CFC. Fifteen patients had radiotherapy/brachytherapy, 10 had hormone therapy; CFC-based prophylaxis was only prescribed for brachytherapy (n = 2). Major bleedings occurred in 3/28 (10.7%) and 2/15 (13.3%) patients who underwent surgery and radio/brachytherapy, respectively. No bleeding risk factor was found. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that PB requires prophylaxis for atleast 7 days, using CFC, desmopressin or TA in function of haemophilia severity. PC surgery should be considered at high bleeding risk. Long-term post-procedural CFC or oral TA could be discussed. Radiotherapy/brachytherapy also should be managed with prophylaxis (CFC or TA).

Occupational integration of adults with severe haemophilia (INTHEMO): A study based on the FranceCoag registry.

INTRODUCTION: Health of people with severe haemophilia (PwSH) improves thanks to the advancements in haemophilia care, giving them more opportunities in occupational integration. However, there is little literature on the occupational integration of PwSH. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of our study was to assess the occupational integration of PwSH and to compare it with that of the general population. The secondary objective was to study the association between individual characteristics (sociodemographic, clinical and psycho-behavioural) and occupational integration of PwSH. METHODS: A multicentre, non-interventional, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018-2020 on PwSH, aged over 18 and under 65 years and included in the FranceCoag registry. Measurements included indicators of occupational integration, sociodemographic, clinical and psycho-behavioural characteristics. The indicators of occupational integration were compared with those of the general population, using indirect standardization. The data of the general population were available from the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). Determinants of occupational integration were explored using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: Of 1262 eligible people, 588 were included. PwSH had a lower employment rate than the general population (standardized ratio, .85; 95% CI, .77-.94). There were more PwSH at tertiary education level than expected (standardized ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.17-1.61). HIV infection, poor physical health and mental health concerns were associated with a higher risk of unemployment in PwSH. CONCLUSION: Employment rate of PwSH is lower than that of the general population despite their higher education level. Target interventions focusing on determinants of difficult occupational integration could be helpful for PwSH.

Argatroban in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a multicenter clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to collect data in France in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who required parenteral anticoagulation and for whom other non-heparin anticoagulant therapies were contraindicated including patients with renal failure, cross-reactivity to danaparoid or at high hemorrhagic risk. METHODS: A total of 20 patients, of mean age 72 ± 10 years, were enrolled in this open-label, multicenter clinical study. Exploratory statistical data analysis was performed with descriptive interpretation of intra-individual comparisons using simple univariate statistics. RESULTS: The diagnosis of HIT was confirmed in 16 subjects by an independent scientific committee. Fourteen patients (70 %) were in an intensive care unit during the course of the study. Patients were treated with argatroban for a mean duration of 8.5 ± 6.1 days. The mean starting dose of argatroban was 0.77 ± 0.45 µg/kg/min. Platelet recovery was rapid. aPTT and anti-IIa activity assays were used to monitor the dose of argatroban. The mean baseline aPTT value was 45.0 ± 9.8 sec and increased to 78.2 ± 35.8 sec two hours after initiating argatroban. At this time mean argatroban concentration was 0.34 ± 0.16 and 0.61 ± 0.28 µg/ml using ECT and TT measurements, respectively. New and/or extended thromboses were reported in 25 % of patients and major bleedings were documented in 15 %. Six patients died due to their underlying medical condition. CONCLUSION: Considering its hepatic elimination and its short half-life, argatroban can be considered as a safe therapeutic option in HIT patients at high hemorrhagic risk and with renal failure, particularly in an ICU setting.

Bleeding risk in hemophilia A and B carriers: comparison of factor levels determined using chronometric and chromogenic assays.

BACKGROUND: Predicting the bleeding risk in hemophilia A and B carriers (HAC, HBC) is challenging. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to describe the bleeding phenotype in HAC and HBC using the standardized Tosetto bleeding score (BS); to determine whether the BS correlates better with factor levels measured with a chromogenic assay than with factor levels measured with chronometric and thrombin generation assays; and to compare the results in HAC and HBC. METHODS: This ambispective, noninterventional study included obligate and sporadic HAC and HBC followed at a hemophilia treatment center between 1995 and 2019. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The median BS (3, range 0-21 vs. 3.5, range 0-15, P  = ns, respectively) and the abnormal BS rate (35.6% vs. 38.2%, P  = ns) were not significantly different in 104 HAC and 34 HBC (mean age: 38 years, 6-80 years). However, some differences were identified. The risk of factor deficiency was higher in HBC than HAC. Specifically, Factor VIII activity (FVIII):C/Factor IX activity (FIX):C level was low (<40 IU/dl) in 18.3% (chronometric assay) and 17.5% (chromogenic assay) of HAC and in 47% and 72.2% of HBC ( P  < 0.001). Moreover, the FIX:C level thresholds of 39.5 IU/dl (chronometric assay) and of 33.5 IU/dl (chromogenic assay) were associated with very good sensitivity (92% and 100%, respectively) and specificity (80% for both) for bleeding risk prediction in HBC. Conversely, no FVIII:C level threshold could be identified for HAC, probably due to FVIII:C level variations throughout life.

A follow-up study of a genome-wide association scan identifies a susceptibility locus for venous thrombosis on chromosome 6p24.1.

To identify genetic susceptibility factors conferring increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT), we conducted a multistage study, following results of a previously published GWAS that failed to detect loci for developing VT. Using a collection of 5862 cases with VT and 7112 healthy controls, we identified the HIVEP1 locus on chromosome 6p24.1 as a susceptibility locus for VT. Indeed, the HIVEP1 rs169713C allele was associated with an increased risk for VT, with an odds ratio of 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.13-1.27, p = 2.86 x 10(-9)). HIVEP1 codes for a protein that participates in the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory target genes by binding specific DNA sequences in their promoter and enhancer regions. The current results provide the identification of a locus involved in VT susceptibility that lies outside the traditional coagulation/fibrinolysis pathway.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prevent Blood-induced Degeneration of Chondrocytes in a New Model of Murine Hemarthrosis.

Hemophilia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder caused by deficiency in coagulation factors VIII or IX, which is treated with prophylactic clotting factor concentrates. Nevertheless despite prophylaxis, spontaneous joint bleedings or hemarthroses still occur. The recurrent hemarthroses lead to progressive degradation of the joints and severe hemophilic arthropathy (HA) in patients with moderate and even mild forms of the disease. In absence of disease modifying treatment to stop or even delay HA progression, we aimed at evaluating the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapy. We first developed a relevant and reproducible in vitro model of hemarthrosis relying on blood exposure of primary murine chondrocytes. We found that 30% whole blood for 4 days allowed to induce the characteristic features of hemarthrosis including low survival of chondrocytes, apoptosis induction, and dysregulation of chondrocyte markers in favor of a catabolic and inflammatory phenotype. We then evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of MSCs in this model using different conditions of coculture. Addition of MSCs improved the survival of chondrocytes when added either during the resolution or the acute phases of hemarthrosis and exerted a chondroprotective effect by enhancing the expression of anabolic markers, and reducing the expression of catabolic and inflammatory markers. We here provide the first proof-of-concept that MSCs may exert a therapeutic effect on chondrocytes under hemarthrosis conditions using a relevant in vitro model, thereby confirming a potential therapeutic interest for patients with recurrent joint bleedings.

A French Real-World Evidence Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of rVIII-SingleChain in Patients with Hemophilia A Receiving Prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: rVIII-SingleChain is a recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) with increased binding affinity to von Willebrand factor compared with other FVIII products. rVIII-SingleChain is indicated for the treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A. OBJECTIVES: To collect real-world evidence data from patients treated with rVIII-SingleChain to confirm the efficacy and safety established in the clinical trial program and carry out a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. METHODS: This interim analysis includes data, collected between January 2018 - September 2021, from patients treated with rVIII-SingleChain prophylaxis at French Hemophilia Treatment centers. Data on annualized bleeding rates, dosing frequency, and consumption before and after switching to rVIII-SingleChain were recorded. A population PK analysis was also conducted to estimate PK parameters. RESULTS: Overall, 43 patients switched to prophylaxis with rVIII-SingleChain either from a previous prophylaxis regimen or from on-demand treatment. Following the switch to rVIII-SingleChain, patients maintained excellent bleed control. After switching to rVIII-SingleChain, most patients maintained or reduced their regimen. Interestingly, a majority of patients treated >2 ×/weekly with a standard half-life FVIII reduced both injection frequency and FVIII consumption with rVIII-SingleChain. A PK analysis revealed a lower clearance of rVIII-SingleChain (1.9 vs. 2.1 dL/h) and a longer half-life both in adolescents/adults (n = 28) and pediatric (n = 6) patients (15.5 and 11.9 hours, respectively vs. 14.5 and 10.3 hours) than previously reported. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who switched to rVIII-SingleChain prophylaxis demonstrated excellent bleed control and a reduction in infusion frequency. A population PK analysis revealed improved PK parameters compared with those reported in the clinical trial.

Obstetrical complications in hereditary fibrinogen disorders: the Fibrinogest study.

BACKGROUND: Women with hereditary fibrinogen disorders (HFDs) seem to be at an increased risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes, but epidemiologic data are limited. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the prevalence of pregnancy complications; the modalities and management of delivery; and the postpartum events in women with hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective and prospective multicentric international study. RESULTS: A total of 425 pregnancies were investigated from 159 women (49, 95, and 15 cases of hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia, respectively). Overall, only 55 (12.9%) pregnancies resulted in an early miscarriage, 3 (0.7%) resulted in a late miscarriage, and 4 (0.9%) resulted in an intrauterine fetal death. The prevalence of live birth was similar among the types of HFDs (P = .31). Obstetrical complications were observed in 54 (17.3%) live birth pregnancies, including vaginal bleeding (14, 4.4%), retroplacental hematoma (13, 4.1%), and thrombosis (4, 1.3%). Most deliveries were spontaneous (218, 74.1%) with a vaginal noninstrumental delivery (195, 63.3%). A neuraxial anesthesia was performed in 116 (40.4%) pregnancies, whereas general or no anesthesia was performed in 71 (16.6%) and 129 (44.9%) pregnancies, respectively. A fibrinogen infusion was administered in 28 (8.9%) deliveries. Postpartum hemorrhages were observed in 62 (19.9%) pregnancies. Postpartum venous thrombotic events occurred in 5 (1.6%) pregnancies. Women with hypofibrinogenemia were at an increased risk of bleeding during the pregnancy (P = .04). CONCLUSION: Compared with European epidemiologic data, we did not observe a greater frequency of miscarriage, while retroplacental hematoma, postpartum hemorrhage, and thrombosis were more frequent. Delivery was often performed without locoregional anesthesia. Our findings highlight the urgent need for guidance on the management of pregnancy in HFDs.

Surgery in rare bleeding disorders: the prospective MARACHI study.

Background: Despite the wide use of bleeding scores and the reliability of clotting factor level measurement, bleeding risk stratification before surgery remains challenging in patients with rare inherited bleeding disorders. Objectives: This multicenter observational prospective study assessed in patients with rare coagulation factor deficiency, the perioperative hemostatic management choices by hemostasis experts and the bleeding outcomes after surgery. Methods: One hundred seventy-eight patients with low coagulation activity level (factor [F] II, FV, combined FV-FVIII, FVII, FX, or FXI <50%) underwent 207 surgical procedures. The bleeding outcome, Tosetto's bleeding score, and perioperative hemostatic protocols were collected. Results: Among the 81 procedures performed in patients with severe factor deficiency (level ≤10%), 27 were done without factor replacement (including 6 in patients at high bleeding risk), without any bleeding event. Factor replacement therapy was used mainly for orthopedic procedures. In patients with mild deficiency, 100/126 surgical procedures were carried out without perioperative hemostatic treatment. In patients with FVII or FXI deficiency, factor replacement therapy was in function of the procedure, bleeding risk, and to a lesser extent previous bleeding history. Tranexamic acid was used in almost half of the procedures, particularly in case of surgery in tissues with high fibrinolytic activity (76.8%). Conclusions: The current perioperative hemostatic management of patients with rare bleeding disorders appears to be adapted. Among the 207 procedures, only 6 were associated with excessive bleeding. Our findings suggest that rather than the bleeding score, factor level and surgery type are the most relevant criteria for perioperative factor replacement therapy.

Idiopathic purpura fulminans associated with anti-protein S antibodies in children: a multicenter case series and systematic review.

Idiopathic purpura fulminans (IPF) is a rare but severe prothrombotic coagulation disorder that can occur after chickenpox or human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection. IPF leads to an autoantibody-mediated decrease in the plasma concentration of protein S. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study involving patients with IPF from 13 French pediatric centers and a systematic review of cases in published literature. Eighteen patients were included in our case series, and 34 patients were included as literature review cases. The median age was 4.9 years, and the diagnostic delay after the first signs of viral infection was 7 days. The lower limbs were involved in 49 patients (94%) with typical lesions. In all, 41 patients (78%) had a recent history of varicella-zoster virus infection, and 7 patients (14%) had been infected by HHV-6. Most of the patients received heparin (n = 51; 98%) and fresh frozen plasma transfusions (n = 41; 79%); other treatment options were immunoglobulin infusion, platelet transfusion, corticosteroid therapy, plasmapheresis, and coagulation regulator concentrate infusion. The antithrombin level and platelet count at diagnosis seemed to be associated with severe complications. Given the rarity of this disease, the creation of a prospective international registry is required to consolidate these findings.

Common susceptibility alleles are unlikely to contribute as strongly as the FV and ABO loci to VTE risk: results from a GWAS approach.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a complex disease that has a major genetic component of risk. To identify genetic factors that may modify the risk of VTE, we conducted a genome-wide association study by analyzing approximately 317 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 453 VTE cases and 1327 controls. Only 3 SNPs located in the FV and ABO blood group genes were found associated with VTE at a genome-wide significant level of 1.7 x 10(-7). Detailed analysis of these SNPs in additional cohorts of more than 1700 cases and 1400 controls revealed that the association observed at the FV locus was the result of the increased risk mediated by the FV Leiden mutation, whereas O and A2 blood groups were found to be at lower risk for VTE. Apart from the FV and ABO loci, no other locus was found strongly associated with VTE. However, using this large cohort of subjects, we were able to replicate the mild effects of 2 nonsynonymous SNPs, rs1613662 in GP6 and rs13146272 in CYP4V2, recently suspected to be associated with VTE.

Gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia in von Willebrand disease: Improved diagnosis and outcome prediction using videocapsule on top of conventional endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Despite a high prevalence of angiodysplasia, no specific guidelines are available for the modalities of endoscopic exploration of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in von Willebrand disease (VWD). Whether VWD patients could benefit from video capsule endoscopy (VCE) looking for angiodysplasia eligible to endoscopic treatment or at high risk of bleeding is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic efficacy for angiodysplasia and the prognostic value of VCE on top of conventional endoscopy in VWD patients with GI bleeding. PATIENTS/METHODS: A survey was sent to the 30 centers of the French-network on inherited bleeding disorders to identify VWD patients referred for endoscopic exploration of GI bleeding from January 2015 to December 2017. Data obtained included patient characteristics, VWD phenotype/genotype, GI bleeding pattern, results of endoscopic investigations, and medical management applied including endoscopic therapy. We assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis the recurrence-free survival after the first GI bleeding event according to endoscopic categorization and, in patients with angiodysplasia, to the presence of small-bowel localizations on VCE exploration. RESULTS: GI bleeding source localization was significantly improved when including VCE exploration (P < .01), even in patients without history of angiodysplasia (P < .05). Patients with angiodysplasia had more GI bleeding recurrences (P < .01). A lower recurrence-free survival was observed in patients with angiodysplasia (log-rank test, P = .02), and especially when lesions were located in the small bowel (log-rank test, P < .01), even after endoscopic treatment with argon plasma coagulation (log-rank test, P < .01). CONCLUSION: VCE should be more systematically used in VWD patients with unexplained or recurrent GI bleeding looking for angiodysplasia eligible to endoscopic treatment or at high risk of relapse.

Flare of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the Course of COVID-19.

We report the case of a 48-year-old man followed since 2013 for primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) revealed by venous thromboembolism in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APL-Abs, anticardiolipin and anti-ß-2-glycoprotein-1), who decompensated in the course of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Despite efficient anticoagulation, he suffered bilateral adrenal glands hemorrhage and limb arterial ischemia. The tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 for endothelium can lead to microangiopathy and increased risk for thrombosis. If APL-Abs positivity can be an epiphenomenon under inflammatory and prothrombotic conditions, COVID-19 was herein responsible for disseminated thrombosis and a threat of catastrophic APLS, despite efficient anticoagulation.

Eptacog beta: a novel recombinant human factor VIIa for the treatment of hemophilia A and B with inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Hemophilia A and B are X-linked recessive disorders caused by the deficiency of factor VIII or factor IX, respectively. Bleeding episodes are treated with factor replacement therapy. The most serious complication of this treatment is the development of inhibitors. In such patients, bypassing agents, such as activated recombinant human factor VII (rhFVIIa) or plasma-derived activated prothrombin complex concentrates, are administered to prevent or treat bleeding episodes. The high cost of the current bypassing agents limits their availability in emerging countries. Areas covered: Authors reviewed the published data on the development and clinical testing of eptacog beta, a new second-generation rhFVIIa produced in the milk of transgenic rabbits. The available data indicate that activated eptacog beta exhibits structural (N- and O- glycosylation), pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics similar to activated eptacog alfa, its main competitor, but binds slightly better to platelets and HUVEC, and it is safe and effective. Expert commentary: This critical review of available data on activated eptacog beta shows that it represents an alternative source of rhFVIIa at potentially lower cost with easily expandable manufacturing capacity that could contribute to cover the future patient needs.