Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or Essential Head Tremor.

BACKGROUND: Local injections of botulinum toxin type A have been used to treat essential head tremor but have not been extensively studied in randomized trials. METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, adult patients with essential or isolated head tremor to receive botulinum toxin type A or placebo. Botulinum toxin or placebo was injected under electromyographic guidance into each splenius capitis muscle on the day of randomization (day 0) and during week 12. The primary outcome was improvement by at least 2 points on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI) scale at week 6 after the second injection (week 18 after randomization). The CGI scale was used to record the patient's assessment of the degree of improvement or worsening of head tremor since baseline; scores range from 3 (very much improved) to -3 (very much worse). Secondary outcomes included changes in tremor characteristics from baseline to weeks 6, 12, and 24. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were enrolled; 3 patients were excluded during screening, and 117 patients were randomly assigned to receive botulinum toxin (62 patients) or placebo (55 patients) and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Twelve patients in the botulinum toxin group and 2 patients in the placebo group did not receive injections during week 12. The primary outcome - improvement by at least 2 points on the CGI scale at week 18 - was met by 31% of the patients in the botulinum toxin group as compared with 9% of those in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.35 to 8.42; P = 0.009). Analyses of secondary outcomes at 6 and 12 weeks but not at 24 weeks were generally supportive of the primary-outcome analysis. Adverse events occurred in approximately half the patients in the botulinum toxin group and included head and neck pain, posterior cervical weakness, and dysphagia. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of botulinum toxin into each splenius capitis muscle on day 0 and during week 12 was more effective than placebo in reducing the severity of isolated or essential head tremor at 18 weeks but not at 24 weeks, when the effects of injection might be expected to wane, and was associated with adverse events. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health; Btx-HT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02555982.).

Quantification of Head Tremors in Medical Conditions: A Comparison of Analyses Using a 2D Video Camera and a 3D Wireless Inertial Motion Unit.

This study compares two methods to quantify the amplitude and frequency of head movements in patients with head tremor: one based on video-based motion analysis, and the other using a miniature wireless inertial magnetic motion unit (IMMU). Concomitant with the clinical assessment of head tremor severity, head linear displacements in the frontal plane and head angular displacements in three dimensions were obtained simultaneously in forty-nine patients using one video camera and an IMMU in three experimental conditions while sitting (at rest, counting backward, and with arms extended). Head tremor amplitude was quantified along/around each axis, and head tremor frequency was analyzed in the frequency and time-frequency domains. Correlation analysis investigated the association between the clinical severity of head tremor and head linear and angular displacements. Our results showed better sensitivity of the IMMU compared to a 2D video camera to detect changes of tremor amplitude according to examination conditions, and better agreement with clinical measures. The frequency of head tremor calculated from video data in the frequency domain was higher than that obtained using time-frequency analysis and those calculated from the IMMU data. This study provides strong experimental evidence in favor of using an IMMU to quantify the amplitude and time-frequency oscillatory features of head tremor, especially in medical conditions.

A Clinico-Radiological Study of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinico-radiological features and long-term prognosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri). METHODS: Twenty-eight CAA-ri patients were recruited retrospectively from 6 neurological centers. We recorded the clinico-radiological and biological data, at baseline and during follow-up. Baseline characteristics associated with relapse risk and prognosis were assessed. RESULTS: Five patients had pathologically confirmed CAA-ri whereas 23 had probable (n = 21) or possible (n = 2) CAA-ri. The mean age was 72 years; main clinical symptoms included confusion (54%), hemiparesis (36%), and aphasia (29%). Cerebral MRI disclosed a brain parenchymal lesion (89%), which was usually multifocal (82%) and bilateral (89%). It was associated with gadolinium enhancement (84%), small ischemic lesions (39%), cortical superficial siderosis (CSS; 50%), and a high number of microbleeds (mean 240 ± 277). An isolated leptomeningeal involvement was observed in 3 patients with pathological confirmation. Despite a favorable initial evolution after treatment, we observed a 42% risk of relapse, mostly within the first year (83%). After a mean follow-up of 2 years, 29% died and 25% had a marked disability. Disseminated CSS was associated with death. CONCLUSION: Despite an apparently favorable initial evolution, CAA-ri is characterized by a poor prognosis. Diagnostic criteria should consider patients with isolated leptomeningeal involvement.

Symptomatic isolated internal carotid artery occlusion with initial medical management: a monocentric cohort.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic isolated carotid artery occlusions (ICAO) can lead to disability, recurrent stroke, and mortality, but natural history and best therapeutic management remain poorly known. The objective of this study was to describe our cohort of ICAO patients with an initial medical management. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including consecutive patients admitted to our Comprehensive Stroke Center for ICAO within 24 h after stroke onset between January 2016 and September 2018. Patients with immediate endovascular therapy (EVT) were excluded. Medical treatment was based on anticoagulation (delayed by 24 h if intravenous thrombolysis was performed). 'Rescue' EVT was considered if first-week neurological deterioration (FWND) occurred. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were included, with a median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 3. Eleven patients (20%) had FWND during the first week, four benefited from rescue EVT. A mismatch volume > 40 cc on initial perfusion imaging and FLAIR vascular hyperintensities were associated with FWND (p = 0.007 and p = 0.009, respectively). Thirty-eight patients (69%) had a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale mRS 0-2) at 3 months, 36 (69%) had an excellent outcome (mRS 0-1). Seventeen patients (38%) had carotid patency on 3-month control imaging. Recurrences occurred in six (13%) of the survivors (mean follow-up: 13.6 months). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the prognosis of patients with acute ICAO was favorable with a medical strategy, albeit a substantial rate of FWND and recurrence. FWND was well predicted by a core-perfusion mismatch volume > 40 cc. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to assess the benefit of EVT in ICAO.

DWI cerebellar infarct volume as predictor of outcomes after endovascular treatment of acute basilar artery occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Preprocedural predictors of outcome in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion (ABAO) who have undergone endovascular treatment (EVT) remain controversial. Our aim was to determine if pre-EVT diffusion-weighted imaging cerebellar infarct volume (CIV) is a predictor of 90-day outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed consecutive MRI-selected endovascularly treated patients with ABAO within the first 24 hours after symptom onset. Successful reperfusion was defined as a modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score of 2b-3. Using the initial MRI, baseline CIV was calculated in mL on an apparent diffusion coefficient map reconstruction (Olea Sphere software). CIV was analyzed in univariate and multivariable models as a predictor of 90-day functional independence (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2) and mortality. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the optimal cut-off was determined by maximizing the Youden index to evaluate the prognostic value of CIV. RESULTS: Of the 110 MRI-selected patients with ABAO, 64 (58.18%) had a cerebellar infarct. The median CIV was 9.6 mL (IQR 2.7-31.4). Successful reperfusion was achieved in 81.8% of the cases. At 90 days the proportion of patients with mRS ≤2 was 31.8% and the overall mortality rate was 40.9%. Baseline CIV was significantly associated with 90-day mRS 0-2 (p=0.008) in the univariate analysis and was an independent predictor of 90-day mortality (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.54, p=0.001). The ROC analysis showed that a CIV ≥4.7 mL at the initial MRI was the optimal cut-off to discriminate patients with a higher risk of death at 90 days (area under the ROC curve (AUC)=0.74, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.87, sensitivity and specificity of 87.9% and 58.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In our series of MRI-selected patients with ABAO, pre-EVT CIV was an independent predictor of 90-day mortality. The risk of death was increased for baseline CIV ≥4.7 mL.