Highly stabilized and efficient thermoelectric copper selenide.

The liquid-like feature of thermoelectric superionic conductors is a double-edged sword: the long-range migration of ions hinders the phonon transport, but their directional segregation greatly impairs the service stability. We report the synergetic enhancement in figure of merit (ZT) and stability in Cu1.99Se-based superionic conductors enabled by ion confinement effects. Guided by density functional theory and nudged elastic band simulations, we elevated the activation energy to restrict ion migrations through a cation-anion co-doping strategy. We reduced the carrier concentration without sacrificing the low thermal conductivity, obtaining a ZT of ∼3.0 at 1,050 K. Notably, the fabricated device module maintained a high conversion efficiency of up to ∼13.4% for a temperature difference of 518 K without obvious degradation after 120 cycles. Our work could be generalized to develop electrically and thermally robust functional materials with ionic migration characteristics.

Phylogenomics Uncovers Evolutionary Trajectory of Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria.

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by cyanobacteria is of significant importance for the Earth's biogeochemical nitrogen cycle but is restricted to a few genera that do not form monophyletic group. To explore the evolutionary trajectory of BNF and investigate the driving forces of its evolution, we analyze 650 cyanobacterial genomes and compile the database of diazotrophic cyanobacteria based on the presence of nitrogen fixation gene clusters (NFGCs). We report that 266 of 650 examined genomes are NFGC-carrying members, and these potentially diazotrophic cyanobacteria are unevenly distributed across the phylogeny of Cyanobacteria, that multiple independent losses shaped the scattered distribution. Among the diazotrophic cyanobacteria, two types of NFGC exist, with one being ancestral and abundant, which have descended from diazotrophic ancestors, and the other being anaerobe-like and sparse, possibly being acquired from anaerobic microbes through horizontal gene transfer. Interestingly, we illustrate that the origin of BNF in Cyanobacteria coincide with two major evolutionary events. One is the origin of multicellularity of cyanobacteria, and the other is concurrent genetic innovations with massive gene gains and expansions, implicating their key roles in triggering the evolutionary transition from nondiazotrophic to diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Additionally, we reveal that genes involved in accelerating respiratory electron transport (coxABC), anoxygenic photosynthetic electron transport (sqr), as well as anaerobic metabolisms (pfor, hemN, nrdG, adhE) are enriched in diazotrophic cyanobacteria, representing adaptive genetic signatures that underpin the diazotrophic lifestyle. Collectively, our study suggests that multicellularity, together with concurrent genetic adaptations contribute to the evolution of diazotrophic cyanobacteria.

Microbial Communities Are Shaped by Different Ecological Processes in Subtropical Reservoirs of Different Trophic States.

Understanding microbial community structure and the underlying control mechanisms are fundamental purposes of aquatic ecology. However, little is known about the seasonality and how trophic conditions regulate plankton community in subtropical reservoirs. In this study, we study the prokaryotic and picoeukaryotic communities and their interactions during wet and dry seasons in two subtropical reservoirs: one at oligotrophic state and another at mesotrophic state. Distinct microbial community compositions (prokaryotes and picoeukaryotes) and seasonal variation pattern were detected in the oligotrophic and mesotrophic reservoirs. The interactions between prokaryotic and picoeukaryotic communities were more prevalent in the oligotrophic reservoir, suggesting enhanced top-down control of small eukaryotic grazers on the prokaryotic communities. On the other hand, the microbial community in the mesotrophic reservoir was more influenced by physico-chemical parameters and showed a stronger seasonal variation, which may be the result of distinct nutrient levels in wet and dry seasons, indicating the importance of bottom-up control. Our study contributes to new understandings of the environmental and biological processes that shape the structure and dynamics of the planktonic microbial communities in reservoirs of different trophic states.

The analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of three crabs revealed novel gene rearrangements and phylogenetic relationships of Brachyura.

BACKGROUND: Brachyura crab is the largest branch of Decapoda crustacean. Phylogenetic relationships within Brachyura remain controversial to be investigated. The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is an important molecular marker for studying the phylogenetic relationships of Brachyura. METHODS AND RESULTS: To understand the phylogeny of Brachyura, the three complete mitogenomes from Charybdis annulata, Leptodius exaratus, and Spider crab were sequenced and annotated. Their full length was 15,747, 15,716, and 16,608 bp long, respectively. The first two crabs both contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. However, Spider crab contained 13 PCGs, two rRNA genes, 25 tRNA genes and a control region. The mitogenomes of each of the three crabs exhibited high AT content (67.8%, 69.1%, and 70.8%), with negative AT skews (-0.014, - 0.028, and - 0.017) and GC skews (-0.269, - 0.286, and - 0.341). The gene order of C. annulata was identical to the ancestor of Brachyura. Compared with the ancestor of Brachyura, L. exaratus exhibited the gene rearrangements of Val (V)-rrnS-control region, and Spider crab had the four copies of Lys (K). Phylogenetic analyses indicated that C. annulata belonged to Portunidae family, Portunoidea superfamilies, L. exaratus belonged to Xanthidae family, Xanthoidea superfamilies, and Spider crab belonged to Mithracidae family, Majoidea superfamilies. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two species (Somanniathelphusa boyangensis and Huananpotamon lichuanense) belonging to the Potamoidea were sister groups to the Thoracotremata, thus supporting the conclusion that Heterotremata is polyphyletic. CONCLUSION: The results of this study enriched the crab mitogenome database and enabled us to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of Brachyura.

Comparing perioperative outcomes following off-pump multi-vessel minimally invasive via a single left intercostal space incision with median sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting: A single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The perioperative outcomes following off-pump multi-vessel minimally invasive surgery (MICS) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) via a single left intercostal space incision has not been well evaluated. METHOD: From July 2019 to January 2022, a total of 444 patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled and divided into MICS (n = 179) and sternotomy CABG (n = 265). Perioperative outcomes were compared between these two groups, including intraoperative blood loss, postoperative first 24 h drainage, ventilation duration, length of stay (LOS) in ICU and total LOS in hospital. Intraoperative blood flow of graft vessels were measured by transit-time flow measurement after vascular anastomosis and mean flow (MF) and pulsatile index (PI) were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in preoperative profiles between these two groups except younger and lower proportion of female in MICS. No significant difference in the number of graft vessels was observed between MICS (3.18 ± 0.74) and sternotomy CABG (3.28 ± 0.86). Compared to sternotomy CABG, patients with MICS showed longer operation duration [(4.33 ± 0.86) h versus (5.10 ± 1.09) h], fewer intraoperative blood loss [700 (600, 900) mL versus 500 (200, 700) mL], fewer postoperative first 24 h drainage [400 (250, 500) mL versus 300 (200, 400) mL], shorter postoperative ventilation duration [16.5 (12.5, 19.0) h versus 15.0 (12.0, 17.0) h], LOS in ICU [20.0 (16.0, 23.0) h versus 18.0 (15.0, 20.0) h] and total LOS in hospital [(14.5 ± 3.9) d versus (12.6 ± 2.7) d] (all p < .001). MI and PI of graft vessels were similar and no significant differences in major perioperative complications and mortality were observed between MICS and sternotomy CABG (all p > .05). CONCLUSION: Off-pump multi-vessel MICS may be an alternative treatment for patients with multi-vessel CAD with better perioperative outcomes than sternotomy CABG.

Recent advances in liposome formulations for breast cancer therapeutics.

Among many nanoparticle-based delivery platforms, liposomes have been particularly successful with many formulations passed into clinical applications. They are well-established and effective gene and/or drug delivery systems, widely used in cancer therapy including breast cancer. In this review we discuss liposome design with the targeting feature and triggering functions. We also summarise the recent progress (since 2014) in liposome-based therapeutics for breast cancer including chemotherapy and gene therapy. We finally identify some challenges on the liposome technology development for the future clinical translation.

The identification and first report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot on Gaillardia pulchella Foug. in Shandong province of China.

Gaillardia pulchella Foug., belonging to the family Asteraceae, is an annual herb commonly seen in tropical America and China. It is often used as ornamental flowers because of its bright color, long flowering period and simple cultivation and management. In June 2021, leaf spot on G. pulchella with ∼40% disease incidence was observed in Laoshan scenic spot of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Initial symptoms on leaves appeared as light yellow to brown round or oval spots with dark brown borders, and the lesion area gradually expanded and the color deepened with the development of the disease. Small tissue samples collected from the infected lesions were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 s, then rinsed with 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 60 s, and finally rinsed with sterilized water three times. All the samples were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 25℃ in the dark for 5 days (Zhu et al. 2013). A total of 9 isolates were obtained from the 11 selected tissues of symptomatic leaves. Afterward, all the single spore isolates were transferred onto potato carrot agar (PCA) plates (Mirkova 2003). After 7 to 10 days of incubation on PCA at 25℃ in the dark, colonies had a cottony mycelium with round margins, colored in white to gray. To test pathogenicity, six healthy G. pulchella plants were inoculated with mycelial plugs of the above pure cultures from a 7-day-old culture grown on PCA, while six germfree PCA plugs were served as negative controls. All the inoculated plants were set in greenhouse incubator at 25℃ and 80% relative humidity. Following 5 days incubation, brown spots began to appear on the sites of all inoculated leaves with mycelial plugs, while all the negative controls inoculated with sterile PCA plugs remained healthy. Infected lesions were separated and cultured as the same as those isolated in the field, and the same isolate was again microscopically identified, fulfilling Koch's postulates. 5 isolates were characterized, the colony margins of single spore isolate were round with gray or black aerial mycelia. Conidia were clustered and unbranched with 1 to 4 septa, colored in light or dark brown, shaped in obclavate or ellipsoid with short conical beak at the tip, dimensions varied from 14 to 51 µm (length) × 4.5 to 11 µm (width). The described morphological characteristics were consistent with Alternaria alternata (Simmons 2007). For further identification of molecular characterization, the genes of Chitin synthase (CHSD), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (PRB2), Tsr1 ribosome biogenesis protein (Tsr1) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were obtained by PCR amplification with the primer pairs CHSDF1/CHSDR1, PRB2DF/PRB2DR, Tsr1F/Tsr1R and GAPDHF1/GAPDHR1 (Damn et al. 2019; Lawrence et al. 2013), respectively. The sequenced genes (GenBank accession nos. ON660874, ON660875, ON660876 and ON660877) had more than 99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding genes (GenBank accession nos. KY996470.1, MN304718.1, KY996472.1 and MN158133.1) of the reference strains of A. alternata in GenBank, and the re-inoculated and re-isolated strains have the same results which were repeated three times. The causal agent occurred on G. pulchella was identified as A. alternata based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first record causing leaf spot on G. pulchella by A. alternata in China.

Transcriptome analysis of immune-related genes in Sesarmops sinensis hepatopancreas in reaction to peptidoglycan challenge.

Sesarmops sinensis is a dominant omnivorous crab species, which plays an important ecological function in salt marsh ecosystems. To better understand its immune system and immune related genes under pathogen infection, the transcriptome was analyzed by comparing the data of S. sinensis hepatopancreas stimulated by PBS and PGN. A set of assembly and annotation identified 39,039 unigenes with an average length of 1105 bp, obtaining 1300 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all, which included 466 remarkably up-regulated unigenes and 834 remarkably down-regulated unigenes. In addition, based on mensurable real time-polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing, several immune responsive genes were found to be markedly up-regulated under PGN stimulation. In conclusion, in addition to enriching the existing transcriptome data of S. sinensis, this study also clarified the immune response of S. sinensis to PGN stimulation, which will help us to further understand the crustacean's immune system.

A complement factor I (CFI) gene mediates innate immune responses in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco.

This study isolated CFI gene from Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and named it PfCFI. The cDNA of PfCFI is 2374 bp long, including a 52 bp 5' untranslated sequence, a 222 bp 3' untranslated sequence, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2100 bp encoding polypeptide consisting of 699 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PfCFI was closely related to CFI of Ictalurus punctatus. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicate that there is the PfCFI gene which expressed in all the rest of tested tissues in varied levels, and mainly distributed in liver and least in heart. The reseachers induce the expressions level of PfCFI gene in liver, spleen, head kidney and blood at different points in time after challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C), respectively. Together these results suggested that CFI gene plays an important role in resistance to pathogens in yellow catfish immunity.

Combination of linear and nonlinear multivariate approaches effectively uncover responses of phytoplankton communities to environmental changes at regional scale.

The response of a community to environmental changes is either linear or non-linear, so that they can be investigated approximately by linear or nonlinear models. At community level, redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and Mantel test and Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) are two pairs of fundamental multivariate approaches. Thus, it is necessary to determine how they are used for a given group of communities or a metacommunity. In the present study, we explored the applications of the two pairs of commonly used multivariate methods for the analysis of tropical phytoplankton communities. Phytoplankton were collected from 60 tropical reservoirs in southern China at two distinct regions and two hydrological seasons. Because of a short environmental gradient, response of phytoplankton communities to the environmental gradients was first explored with linear models: distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) and Mantel test. Then, CCA and GDM were further applied to recognize the nonlinear relationship between phytoplankton community variation and environmental changes, and to detect the significant environmental and/or spatial variables. Our results strongly suggest that the combination of db-RDA and GDM provides a highly effective tool to uncover the linearity and nonlinearity in community responses and the important associated environmental and spatial variables, which were significantly different between flooding and dry seasons.

Galanin peptide family regulation of glucose metabolism.

Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that the galanin peptide family may regulate glucose metabolism and alleviate insulin resistance, which diminishes the probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The galanin was discovered in 1983 as a gut-derived peptide hormone. Subsequently, galanin peptide family was found to exert a series of metabolic effects, including the regulation of gut motility, body weight and glucose metabolism. The galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism received recently increasing recognition because pharmacological activiation of galanin signaling might be of therapeutic value to improve insuin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, however, few papers have summarized the role of the galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In this review we summarize the metabolic effect of galanin peptide family and highlight its glucoregulatory action and discuss the pharmacological value of galanin pathway activiation for the treatment of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Mitogenomics of Cladocera (Branchiopoda): Marked gene order rearrangements and independent predation roots.

Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) is a key group of invertebrates. Despite a long history of phylogenetic research, relationships within this group remain disputed. We here provide new insights based on 15 new mitochondrial genomes obtained from high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and 40 mitogenomes extracted from published HTS datasets. Together with 25 mitogenomes from GenBank, we generated a matrix of 80 mitogenomes, 44 of them belonging to Cladocera. We also obtained a matrix with 168 nuclear orthologous genes to further assess the phylogenetic result from mitogenomes based on published data and one new HTS data ofLeptodora. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recovered all Branchiopoda orders as monophyletic and supported a sister-group relationship between Anomopoda and Onychopoda, making the taxon Gymnomera paraphyletic and supporting an independent origin of predatory Haplopoda and Onychopoda. The nuclear phylogeny and topological tests also support Gymnomera as paraphyletic, and the nuclear phylogeny strongly supports a sister-group relationship between Ctenopoda and Haplopoda. We provide a fossil-calibrated time tree, congruent with a Carboniferous origin for Cladocera and a subsequent diversification of the crown group of Anomopoda, Onychopoda, and Ctenopoda, at least in the Triassic. Despite their long evolutionary history, non-Cladoceran Branchiopoda exhibited high mitogenome structural stability. On the other hand, 21 out of 24 gene rearrangements occurred within the relatively younger Cladocera. We found the differential base compositional skewness patterns between Daphnia s.s. and Ctenodaphnia, which might be related to the divergence between these taxa. We also provide evidence to support the recent finding that Spinicaudata possesses mitogenomes with inversed compositional skewness without gene rearrangement. Such a pattern has only been reported in Spinicaudata.

Clinical traits of patients with major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder based on propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) with comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) makes the clinical symptoms of patients more complex and more difficult to treat, so more attention should be paid to the recognition of their clinical features. This study investigated the differences between patients with MDD with and without BPD in clinical traits. METHODS: Propensity score matching was used to analyze the retrospective patients' data from August 2012 to September 2019. Altogether, 1381 patients with MDD were enrolled; 38 patients with MDD were matched to compare demographic data, and scores on the Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), and the frequency of nonsuicidal self-harm (NSSH). RESULTS: Compared to patients with MDD without BPD, the age of onset of patients with MDD with comorbid BPD was significantly earlier (t = 3.25, p = .00). The scores of HAMA (t = -2.28, p = .03), SDS (t = 9.31, p = .00), MOAS (t = -13.67, p = .00), verbal aggression (t = -3.79, p = .00), aggression against objects (t = -2.84, p = .00), aggression against others (t = -6.70, p = .00), and aggression against self (t = -9.22, p = .00) were significantly higher in patients with MDD with comorbid BPD. Moreover, the frequency of NHSS in these patients was significantly higher (χ2 = 20.13, p = .00). MOAS was an independent influencing factor in these (odds ratio = 7.38, p = .00). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BPD showed early onset and increased complaints relative to symptoms, accompanied by obvious anxiety symptoms, impulsive behavior, and NSSH. Therefore, patients with MDD with impulsive behavior have comorbid BPD.

Transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila.

As an important economic species in China, aquaculture of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii has suffered huge losses due to infection by pathogenic bacteria, mainly by Aeromonas hydrophila, which leads to high mortality and huge economic loss. To better understand the immune response of crayfish against bacterial infection, we compared and analyzed transcriptome data of hepatopancreatic tissue from P. clarkii that were either challenged with A. hydrophila or treated with PBS. After assembly and annotation of the data, 32,041 unigenes with an average length of 1512 base pairs were identified. Compared to control group, Differential gene expression (DEG) analysis revealed 608 DEGs were obtained, of which 274 unigenes were upregulated and 334 were downregulated in the A. hydrophila group. Furthermore, the expression levels of eight selected immune-related DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR, substantiating the reliability of RNA-seq results. This study not only provides effective data support for immune defense strategies of P. clarkii in response to bacterial infections, but also provides new information about the P. clarkii immune system and defense mechanisms, and a valuable basis for further studies to elucidate the molecular immune mechanisms of this species.

Sodium butyrate causes α-synuclein degradation by an Atg5-dependent and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-related autophagy pathway.

Aggregation of α-Synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these α-Synuclein inclusions are not only present in brain, but also in gut. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which are directly exposed to the gut lumen, can express α-Synuclein and directly connect to α-Synuclein-containing nerves. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolite short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) has been implicated as a driver for PD. Butyrate is an SCFA produced by the gut microbiota. Our aim was to demonstrate how α-Synuclein expression in EECs responds to butyrate stimulation. Interestingly, we found that sodium butyrate (NaB) increases α-Synuclein mRNA expression, enhances Atg5-mediated autophagy (increased LC3B-II and decreased SQSTM1 (also known as p62) expression) in murine neuroendocrine STC-1 cells. Further, α-Synuclein mRNA was decreased by the inhibition of autophagy by using inhibitor bafilomycin A1 or by silencing Atg5 with siRNA. Moreover, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was significantly inhibited and cell apoptosis was activated by NaB. Conditioned media from NaB-stimulated STC-1 cells induced inflammation in SH-SY5Y cells. Collectively, NaB causes α-Synuclein degradation by an Atg5-dependent and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-related autophagy pathway.

Transcriptome analysis reveals antioxidant defense mechanisms in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia after exposure to chromium.

Chromium (Cr) as a chromate anion has a strong redox capacity that seriously threatens the ecological environment and human health. Cr can contaminate water and impart toxicity to aquatic species. Procambarus clarkii is an important food source that once represented a large proportion of the aquaculture industry due to its rapid reproduction and high economic value. However, there have been reports on the death of P. clarkii due to heavy metal pollution. The underlying mechanism regarding heavy metal toxicity was studied in this paper. The transcriptome data of hemocytes extracted from P. clarkii injected with Cr were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and compared to the control group. In total, 48,128,748 clean reads were obtained in the treatment group and 56,480,556 clean reads were obtained in the control group. The reads were assembled using Trinity and the identified unigenes were then annotated. Then, 421 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were found, 170 of which were upregulated and 251 downregulated. Many of these genes were found to be related to glutathione metabolism and transportation. The glutathione metabolic pathway of P. clarkii was thus activated by Cr exposure to detoxify and maintain body function. Validation of DEGs with quantitative real-time PCR confirms the changes in gene expression. Thus, this study provides data supporting a glutathione-focused response of P. clarkii to exposure to heavy metals.

Interactive effect of water level and flushing rate on population dynamics of a harmful cyanobacterial species: Raphidiopsis raciborskii.

Changes in water level and flushing rate directly affect to a large extent the biomass of harmful cyanobacteria, and drive the shift of phytoplankton composition between cyanobacteria dominance/non-dominance in eutrophic waters. Here, we gave a theoretical formula describing the combinational effect of water level and flushing rate on cyanobacterial biomass in eutrophic and well-mixed waters. We also formulated an equation predicting the water level and flushing rate at which cyanobacteria become non-dominating in such water columns. The formulae were confronted with field observations of a low-light adapted cyanobacterium in a large coastal reservoir of southern China. Our formulae demonstrate that water level and flushing rate have an interactive effect on the equilibrium biomass of low-light adapted cyanobacteria in mixed and turbid waters. The formulae were well fitted to the field observation of Raphidiopsis raciborskii population in the reservoir during four dry seasons. In agreement with the theoretical analysis, multiple regression analysis also showed that the interaction between water level and flushing rate is able to interpret the variation of R. raciborskii biomass in the water column. The two formulae are applicable for predicting the response of low-light adapted cyanobacteria to local climate change. Our findings have practical significance in designing measures against the dominance of low light-adapted cyanobacteria in reservoirs.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Helice latimera and its phylogenetic implications in Brachyura.

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) help advance our learning of molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships. The mitogenome of H. latimera is 16,246 bp in length, which typically contains 37 animal mitogenome genes consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, as well as a control region. The AT content of H. latimera is 69.1%. The A + T skew of the mitogenome of H. latimera was slightly negative (-0.017). The size of Thirteen PCGs is from 162 bp to 1731 bp. Twenty-two tRNA genes ranged from 62 to 73 bp and were highly A + T biased. All tRNA genes owed a typical cloverleaf structure, not including the trnS1 gene lacking a dihydroxyuridine arm. One PCG, two rRNAs, and 12 of the tRNAs were rearranged compared to the pancrustacean gene order. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the locationt of H. latimera among the Varunidae family.

Sodium Butyrate Exacerbates Parkinson's Disease by Aggravating Neuroinflammation and Colonic Inflammation in MPTP-Induced Mice Model.

The abnormal production of short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) caused by gut microbial dysbiosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study sought to evaluate how butyrate, one of SCFAs, affect the pathology in a subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) treated mouse model of PD. Sodium butyrate (NaB; 165 mg/kg/day i.g., 7 days) was administrated from the day after the last MPTP injection. Interestingly, NaB significantly aggravated MPTP-induced motor dysfunction (P < 0.01), decreased dopamine (P < 0.05) and 5-HT (P < 0.05) levels, exacerbated declines of dopaminergic neurons (34%, P < 0.05) and downregulated expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, 47%, P < 0.05), potentiated glia-mediated neuroinflammation by increasing the number of microglia (17%, P < 0.05) and activating astrocytes (28%, P < 0.01). In vitro study also confirmed that NaB could significantly exacerbate pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (IL-1ß, 4.11-fold, P < 0.01; IL-18, 3.42-fold, P < 0.01 and iNOS, 2.52-fold, P < 0.05) and NO production (1.55-fold, P < 0.001) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, NaB upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, 3.52-fold, P < 0.05; IL-18, 1.72-fold, P < 0.001) and NLRP3 (3.11-fold, P < 0.001) in the colon of PD mice. However, NaB had no effect on NFκB, MyD88 and TNF-α expression in PD mice. Our results indicate that NaB exacerbates MPTP-induced PD by aggravating neuroinflammation and colonic inflammation independently of the NFκB/MyD88/TNF-α signaling pathway.

Salvianolic acid B combined with mesenchymal stem cells contributes to nucleus pulposus regeneration.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether salvianolic acid B is able to enhance repair of degenerated intervertebral discs by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through the promotion of MSC differentiation into nucleus pulposus cells in a nucleus-pulposus-like environment and by enhancing the trophic effect of MSCs on residual nucleus pulposus cells (mediated by transforming growth factor-ß1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Successful intervertebral disc degeneration models, established by aspiration of the nucleus pulposus in New Zealand white rabbits, were randomly divided into eight groups: Group A was treated with MSC transplantation. Group B was treated with MSC transplantation and salvianolic acid B, with the subgroups B1, B2, B3, and B4 receiving 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 10 mg/L salvianolic acid B, respectively. Groups C and D were treated with phosphate buffer saline and sham graft, respectively. Group E was the normal control group. At the end of week 8, the type II collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-ß1, and water contents in each group were examined by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry, spectrophotometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and magnetic resonance, respectively. RESULTS: The content of type II collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-ß1, and water in groups B3 and B4 were significantly higher than those in group A (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Salvianolic acid B (1 mg/L to 10 mg/L) plus MSC transplantation was more effective in repairing degenerated intervertebral discs than was stem cell transplantation alone.