RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare 24-hour dietary recalls collected over the telephone to in-person recalls collected in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). DESIGN: Trained interviewers collected 24-hour dietary recalls over the telephone using the multiple-pass approach. These results were compared to in-person interviews from a pooled subsample of CSFII respondents. SUBJECTS/SETTING: List-assisted random-digit dialing was used to identify 700 women between the ages of 20 and 49 years. One eligible woman per household was selected to participate. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Approximate t tests to examine differences in average nutrient and energy intakes were conducted on weighted data. RESULTS: The reported intakes of most nutrients in the current 24-hour dietary recalls collected over the telephone were significantly higher than those reported in the 1994 and 1995 CSFII, but there were no significant differences between the telephone survey and 1996 CSFII results. The 24-hour dietary recalls collected over the telephone yielded consistently greater mean nutrient intake per respondent compared with a comparable pooled subsample from the 1994, 1995, and 1996 CSFII. Generally, no significant differences were found in the food group data between the telephone survey and the CSFII survey. Mean dietary intakes reported by the comparable CSFII subsample increased from 1994 to 1996. APPLICATIONS: Collecting 24-hour dietary recalls over the telephone is a practical and valid data collection tool for use in national food consumption surveys.
Assuntos
Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Telefone , Adulto , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Studies of the effects of yogurt on immunity and atopic diseases have suggested improvements in cytokine (interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma) responses and clinical scores in patients with allergic rhinitis. This study compares prospectively immune parameters of participants who received 16 oz of yogurt versus 16 oz of milk/day in a randomized cross-over design. Yogurt that contained live, active Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus or 2% milk was consumed for one month each. Twenty otherwise healthy adults with atopic histories documented by skin testing were enrolled. Immune studies were performed at the beginning and end of the two 1-month study phases, separated by a 2-week washout period. These studies included measurements of cellular, humoral, and phagocytic function. No adverse events were noted in either group. No significant improvements in any immune parameter were noted. The consumption of yogurt that contained the live active bacteria L bulgaricus and S thermophilus does not appear to enhance immune function in atopic individuals at the dosage and duration used in this study.
Assuntos
Dieta , Imunidade/imunologia , Iogurte , Adulto , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Testes Imunológicos , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Leite/metabolismo , Estado Nutricional , Streptococcus/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess demographic and geographic differences in prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. METHODS: The authors analyzed 1991 and 1993 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for adults 18 years or older. RESULTS: Less educated African American women and women of other minority groups who were aged 35 to 64 years reported the highest prevalence of health problems. Geographic differences involved prevalence of hypertension, health status, and insurance status. CONCLUSIONS: Specific demographic subgroups and geographic areas with a high risk of health problems are in particular need of targeted interventions.
Assuntos
Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Distúrbios Nutricionais/etiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Escolaridade , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Mississippi/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Características de Residência , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Animal and human studies have suggested that yogurt containing live active bacteria leads to improved immune and clinical responses. Specific benefits of yogurt containing L. acidophilus on allergic asthma have been hypothesized but not studied. METHODS: In a crossover double-blinded design, the effect of live active yogurt (225 g twice daily) with or without L. acidophilus was studied in 15 adult patients with moderate asthma. Immune and clinical parameters were measured before and after the two 1-month crossover phases. RESULTS: No significant changes were noted in peripheral cell counts, IgE, IL-2, or IL-4 when comparing the two diets to each other. Concanvalin A-stimulated lymphocytes from patients who consumed yogurt containing L. acidophilus produced borderline elevated interferon gamma levels (P = .054). No differences were noted in mean daily peak flows or changes in spirometric values. Quality of life indices were unchanged when comparing the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Yogurt containing L. acidophilus generated trends in the increase in interferon gamma and decreased eosinophilia; however, we were unable to detect changes in clinical parameters in asthma patients in association with these modest immune changes.
Assuntos
Asma/imunologia , Lactobacillus acidophilus/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Lactobacillus acidophilus/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Qualidade de Vida , Testes de Função Respiratória , Iogurte/microbiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of dietary intake of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on multiple indices of infant growth and development. DESIGN: A double-masked, randomized, parallel trial was conducted with term infants fed formulas with or without AA+DHA for 1 year (N = 239). Reference groups of breastfed infants (N = 165) weaned to formulas with and without AA+DHA were also studied. Infants in the formula groups were randomized at =9 days of age to a control formula with no AA or DHA (n = 77) or 1 of 2 otherwise identical formulas containing AA+DHA (AA, 0.46% and DHA, 0.14% of total fatty acids) from either egg-derived triglyceride (egg-DTG [n=80]) or fish oil and fungal oil (fish/fungal [n = 82]) at levels similar to the average in breast milk samples as measured in the reference group. All formulas contained 50% of energy from fat with the essential dietary fatty acids, linoleic acid (20% fatty acids) and alpha-linolenic acid (2% fatty acids). The main study outcomes were AA and DHA levels in plasma and red blood cells, and multiple measures of infant development at multiple ages from birth to 14 months: growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, and temperament. RESULTS: AA and DHA levels in plasma and red cells were higher in AA+DHA-supplemented groups than in the control formula group and comparable to those in reference groups. No developmental test results distinguished these groups. Expected differences in family demographics associated with breastfeeding were found, but no advantages to breastfeeding on any of the developmental outcome demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support adding AA+DHA to formulas containing 10% energy as linoleic acid and 1% energy as alpha-linolenic acid to enhance growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, or temperament in healthy, term infants during the first 14 months after birth.infant development, breast feeding, infant formula, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid.