Individual Variability of Broca's Area of the Brain in Women.

In this article, we studied individual features of the macroscopic structure of Broca's area of the brains in 9 women (18 hemispheres) aged from 20 to 30 years, without any mental or neurological disorders. By using MRI, the structures of the sulci and gyri of the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of Broca's area were studied: the anterior and ascending rami of the lateral sulcus, the radial, diagonal, precentral, inferior frontal, and lateral sulci. We also studied the relationship between the pars triangularis and pars opercularis as well as their relationships with neighboring cortical structures. We measured the volume of the pars triangularis and pars opercularis and the thickness of their cortex. Significant individual variability in the location and relationships between the anterior ramus of the lateral sulcus and the ascending ramus of the lateral sulcus, as well as structural features of the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of Broca's area were demonstrated.

Structural Organization of the Motor Speech Area of an Outstanding Writer.

The current study is concerned with the macroscopic and cytoarchitectonic structure of the motor speech area 44 in the left and right hemispheres of the brain of an outstanding writer (age 62 years). In a series of 20-µm frontal total paraffin sections stained with cresyl violet by the Nissl method, the density of total glia, the density of satellite glia, and the density of neurons surrounded by satellite glia were analyzed. The motor speech area of the cortex of the famous writer is characterized by a more complex macroscopic and cytoarchitectonic structure. In Broca's area, the density of total glia, satellite glia, and the neurons surrounded by satellite glia in associative layer III of area 44 were higher than in the control (brains of 5 men aged 59-71 years).

The Brain of an Outstanding Scientist-Inventor: Structural Organization of Area 10 of the Frontal Cortex.

We studied structural organization of cortical area 10 of the prefrontal cortex in the left and right hemispheres of the brain of an outstanding scientist and inventor (age 78 years). To this end, continuous series of 20-µm Nissl-stained frontal slices were compared with cortex sections of the same area from senile men (control group). It was found that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the cortical area 10 of the prefrontal cortex of the brain of an outstanding scientist-inventor is characterized by more pronounced vertical striation, greater thickness of the cortex and association layer III, higher density and size of pyramid neurons and higher density of satellite glia.

[PECULIARITIES OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF AMYGDALA BASOLATERAL NUCLEUS IN THE BRAIN OF MEN AND WOMEN].

Using the morphometric method, neuron profile field areas and the density of neurons and gliocytes were measured in amygdala basolateral nucleus in left and right hemispheres of the brain in 6 men and 6 women aged 19 to 55 years. Women showed a tendency towards hemispheric asymmetry of the indices studied with their greater values found in left hemisphere. In the group of men, the opposite tendency to hemispheric asymmetry was found: greater values of the indices studied were detected in right hemisphere.

[Gender morphology of Broca's motor speech area]. / Gendernaya morfologiya rechedvigatel'noi zony Broka.

OBJECTIVE: To study the general patterns and differences in the macroscopic structure of Broca's motor speech area in the left and right hemispheres of male and female brains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on MRI images of the brains of 9 men and 9 women (36 hemispheres in total). All the people were between the ages of 20 and 30, without any mental or neurological disorders. The localization and structure of the main sulci and gyri of Broca's area, namely the pars triangularis and pars opercularis, were studied. In addition, the topography of the main sulci in Broca's motor speech area, namely their shape, length, and relative position to the other sulci, was analyzed. RESULTS: The features of the localization of the sulci in Broca's area, the differences in the number of additional sulci in the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of male and female brains, as well as the degree of asymmetry of Broca's area in the left and right hemispheres of the brains of men and women were established.In modern neuroscience a new scientific direction of genderology, which studies the behavior and cognitive functions of males and females, is rapidly developing. CONCLUSION: Broca's motor speech area of the brain of men and women differs in macroscopic structure.

[Creative thinking and structural organization of cortical formations of the brain of outstanding scientists]. / Kreativnoe myshlenie i strukturnaya organizatsiya korkovykh formatsii mozga vydayushchikhsya uchenykh.

OBJECTIVE: The study of the features of the cytoarchitectonic structure of the prefrontal cortex, the superial parietal cortex and the Broca's speech motor zone of the lower frontal cortex of two outstanding Russian scientists in comparison with a similar cerebral cortex of the same age men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on a series of frontal paraffin slices of an outstanding physiologist (86 years old) and a physicist (78 years old), as well as a control group of men of a similar age group. The slices are colored with purple cresil according to the Nissl method. Morphometric indicators were studied on the Leica image analysis complex (Germany): the size of neurons, the density of neurons and glial cells. RESULTS: The differences in the neural organization of the studied areas of the cerebral cortex of outstanding scientists are revealed, manifested in a much better expression of radial striation and horizontal stratification of the cortex. CONCLUSION: The size of pyramidal neurons and the number of neurons surrounded by the satellite glia of the cerebral cortex of outstanding scientists significantly exceed similar indicators of the brain of men in the control group.

[Gender-related peculiarities of cytoarchitecture of speech-motor fields 44 and 45].

Cytoarchitecture of brain speech-motor fields 44 and 45 was studied in 5 adult men and 5 women. The width of the cortex and its layers, the profile field area of layer III and V neurons, the numerical density of layer III neurons in area 45, and the numerical density of satellite gliocytes and neurons surrounded by them, were measured in 20 microm thick total frontal sections, stained with cresyl violet. Both in men and women, the tendency for the left hemisphere dominance was detected for the values of the number of the cytoarchitectural indices, including the width of the associative layer III, the value of the profile field area of the neurons of this layer, the increased frequency of large and super large neurons. Interhemispheric differences of these indices were more expressed in men as compared to women. Several signs of sexual dimorphism were found between men and women. The most significant of these were the increase of neuronal numerical density and of the density of satellite gliocytes and neurons surrounded by them, found in women.

[Differences in cytoarchitecture of speech-motor areas of the cerebral cortex between men and women].

Cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of speech-motor areas 44 and 45 in the left and right hemispheres of brain of men and women has been studied. Series of frontal sections stained with cresyl violet using Nissl's method have been investigated. In layer III, the surface of profile area of neurons, its width and the width of the whole cortex diameter have been measured. No significant differences of these values between men and women were detected. However, there was a clear tendency of increased values of these parameters in the left hemisphere in men, as compared with women, while women had highest values in the right hemisphere.

[Peculiarities of neuronal sizes of anterior dorsal and reticular nuclei of the thalamus in women].

Profile field areas (PFA) were studied in 100 neurons in the anterior dorsal (ADN) and reticular nuclei (RN) of the thalamus in the left and right cerebral hemispheres of five women (10 hemispheres) aged from 19 to 33 years, using 20 microm-thick sections stained with Nissl's cresyl violet. Morphometric method using Image Scope Color <> program-device complex (Germany) was applied. <> (Wilcoxon matched pairs test) was used for the analysis of the data obtained. Greater variability of neuronal maximal PFA was detected in both nuclei in the right hemisphere. PFA average value was greater in RN than in ADN, and this difference was more significant in the left hemisphere in all women. The variability of average PFA value was greater in RN than in ADN, however in both nuclei it was greater on the right than on the left. Neuronal PFA variability was more expressed than its interhemispheric asymmetry.

Individual variability in the cytoarchitectonics of anterior limbic field 24 in the human brain.

The aim of the present work was to identify the main cytoarchitectonic characteristics of individual variability in anterior limbic field 24 in the left and right hemispheres of the human brain using state-of-the-art morphometric analysis methods. Computerized morphometric analysis was used to measure neuron profile areas in layers III and V of subfield 24c of the anterior limbic area of the cortex of the human brain, with assessment of the percentage composition of neurons in terms of this parameter, along with the total neuron fraction (proportion of microscope field occupied by neurons). These studies demonstrated significant individual variability in these characteristics, with asymmetry in the left and right hemispheres. Values for these parameters were large and had the greatest level of variability in associative layer III of the right hemisphere.

[Individual variability of the cytoarchitecture of human brain anterior limbic area 24].

The aim of this research was to detect the major cytoarchitectonical features of individual variability in anterior limbic area 24 in the left and right hemispheres of human brain, using the modern morphometric analysis methods. With the aid of DiaMorph (Russia) software-hardware complex, the neuron profile field area was measured, the percentage of neurons of each dimensional class was calculated, and the total fraction of neurons in layers III and V of subarea 24 in the anterior limbic region of human cortex was defined. A considerable individual variability of these characteristics and the asymmetry of their values between the left and right brain hemispheres were detected. It was found that the largest value and greatest scattering of individual differences of these characteristics took place in the associative layer III of the right hemisphere.

No postnatal doubling of number of neurons in human Broca's areas (Brodmann areas 44 and 45)? A stereological study.

In this study we explored whether a postnatal doubling of the total number of neurons occurs in the human Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (Broca's area). We describe the most recent error prediction formulae and their application for the modern stereological estimators for volume and number of neurons. We estimated the number of neurons in 3D optical disector probes systematically random sampled throughout the entire Brodmann areas (BA) 44 and 45 in developing and young adult cases. In the relatively small number of male and female cases studied no substantial postnatal increase in total number of neurons occurred in areas 44 and 45; the volume of these areas reached adult values around 7 years. In addition, we did find indications that a shift from a right-over-left to a left-over-right asymmetry may occur in the volume of BA 45 during postnatal development. No major asymmetry in total number of neurons in BA 44 and 45 was detected.

Some quantitative measures of structural asymmetry in fields 41 and 22 of the human auditory cortex.

The aim of the present work was to perform a quantitative study of the cytoarchitectonic features of cortical fields 41 and 22 in the left and right hemispheres of the human brain. Studies addressed frontal sections of the brains of 10 subjects (right-handers) aged 29-59 years, stained with cresyl violet by the Nissl method; sections were 20 microm thick. The following quantitative parameters were measured: volume of field, thickness of cortex, and neuron field profile area. The results showed that field 22, which is the associative component in the processing of speech stimuli, was characterized by left-hemisphere asymmetry of measures of cortical volume, cortical thickness, and the neuron field profile area. Field 41, which is a projection field involved in the reception of sound stimuli, was characterized by right-hemisphere asymmetry for measures of neuron field profile area but no asymmetry in favour of either hemisphere for cortical volume or cortical thickness.

Variability in the structure of field 39 of the lower parietal area of the cortex in the left and right hemispheres of adult human brains.

The cytoarchitectonics of field 39 of the lower parietal area of the cortex in the left and right hemispheres were studied in normal individuals and professionally gifted world-famous people. Series of frontal sections were studied, stained by the Nissl cresyl violet method. The profile area of neurons was measured in layers III and V and the distribution of neurons in terms of this property was analyzed. Gifted people showed a significantly greater level of individual variability in the measures recorded here, especially in the right hemisphere, with larger proportions of very small and very large neurons.

[Prerequisites for structural asymmetry of Broca's motor speech area of the human brain]. / Predposylki strukturnoi asimmetrii rechedvigatel'noi zony Broka mozga cheloveka.

Structural features of the Broca's speech-motor area in the left and right human cerebral hemispheres were studied. There were some peculiarities in the localization, shape, and structure of the main sulci and gyri of the frontal region in different hemispheres of the human brain. There were differences in the volume of cortical areas 44 and 45 in the left and right hemispheres, as well as in the count of neurons and in the size of pyramidal neurons in cytoarchitectonical layers III and V in the left and right hemispheres of speech-motor areas. It is suggested that left hemispherical asymmetry of Broca's area correlates with the development of human speech functions and oratory.

[Structural bases of individual variability in the human brain]. / Strukturnye osnovy individual'noi variabel'nosti mozga cheloveka.

The paper shows considerable differences in the cytoarchitectonical organization of cortical fields 44, 45, and 4, 6 in the brain of different persons. The profile fields of pyramidal neurons in layers III and V substantially differ from each other for the cortical fields under investigation. The specific features of the total fractions of neurons and glia in the cortical fields in different brains are outlined. The density of neuronal location is an important criterion for individual variability. The magnitude of individual variability manifests itself the right and left hemispheres by different ways.

[The problem of the individual variability of the human brain]. / Problema individualnoi variabelnosti mozga cheloveka.

Series of frontal sections, 20 microns thick, were used to study the individual cytoglio-architectonic features of fields 8.8, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47 of the caudate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, Meynert's nucleus in 12 persons aged 29 to 89 years. The profile fields of neurons, their density and the density of gliocytes, including perineuronal ones were measured by computed morphometry, the cellular composition was determined from size of neurons, as well as the neuroglial and neuroperineuronal indices were defined. In 6 cases (distinguished, gifted persons), all the formations under study showed structural signs (abundant satellitosis, predominant large neurons, etc.) suggesting that there is a high functioning of nerve cells whose quantitative parameters are greater than those in other cases.

[The cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the speech center of the brain in gifted people in the plan to study individual variability of human brain structure]. / Osobennosti tsitoarkhitektoniki rechedvigatel'nykh polei mozga odarennykh liudei v plane izucheniia individual'noi variabel'nosti stroeniia mozga cheloveka.

Cytoarchitectonics of cerebral cortical fields 44 and 45 was studied in gifted people in comparison with the group of people without creative professional talents. Frontal paraffin sections 20 mkm thick were examined. Both histological and modern quantitative methods were used with the aid of "Videoplan" computer. Peculiarities in the cytoarchitectonics of cortical fields 44 and 45 and, in particular, in expression of the nerve cell horizontal and vertical orientation and in the characteristics of the certain cortical fields delimination were demonstrated. Increase of pyramidal neuron glial index and of peculiarities of neurons regrouping in cytoarchitectonic layers III and IV was noted.

[A quantitative analysis of the architectonics of the brain cortical fields during aging]. / Kolichestvennyi analiz arkhitektoniki nekotorykh korkovykh polei mozga pri starenii.

Under study was the cytoarchitectonics of motor cortical fields 4 and 6 and speech cortical fields 44 and 45 in man. Special attention was given to changes of neuron density in layers III and IV, change of the square area of the profile field of neurons and their nuclei, variability of the cellular composition. The investigation has revealed the decreased neuron density, less square area of the profile neuron field and their layers and rearrangement of the neuronal composition of cytoarchitectonic layers. Individual specific features of the process of aging of the brain in different individuals are noted.

[Variability of the structure of area 39 of inferior parietal cortex in the left and right hemispheres of adult human brain]. / Variabel'nost' stroeniia polia 39 nizhnetemennoi oblasti kory v levom i pravom polushariiakh mozga vzroslogo cheloveka.

The cytoarchitecture of area 39 of inferior parietal cortex region in the left and right cerebral hemispheres was studied in usual individuals and in professionally gifted world-famed people. The series of frontal sections, stained using Nissl cresyl violet method, were examined. The profile areas of neurons in cortical layers III and V were measured and their distributions were analyzed. In the group of gifted people, individual variability of the characteristics studied was found to be significantly increased, especially in the right cerebral hemisphere, while the relative content of both very small and very large neurons was elevated.