Risk factors for intracellular fatty accumulation in rotator cuff muscle: a histologic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Fatty accumulation in rotator cuff muscles has been associated with shoulder dysfunction, risk of repair failure, and poor postoperative outcomes. This study sought to assess risk factors associated with true fatty accumulation based on histologic analysis and determine whether preoperative function directly correlated with this fatty rotator cuff accumulation. METHODS: Supraspinatus muscle biopsy specimens obtained prospectively from patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were stained with LipidTOX to quantify lipid accumulation. Two-step cluster analysis with Goutallier classification was used to define the fatty and non-fatty rotator cuff groups. We further performed a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to confirm the group cutoff values. RESULTS: In total, 51 patients (aged 60.1 ± 10.5 years) were included. There were 19 high-grade partial tears, 10 small tears, 7 medium tears, 10 large tears, and 5 massive tears. Both cluster and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses yielded a cutoff value of 30% LipidTOX/4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) separating the fatty vs. non-fatty groups. In the univariate analysis, patients with fatty rotator cuffs were aged 63.2 years on average compared with 59.7 years in the non-fatty group (P = .038). Female patients made up 57.1% of the fatty cohort, which was statistically higher than the non-fatty group (P = .042). Massive and large tears were more likely to occur in the fatty group (P = .005). In the multivariate analysis, full tendon tears had the largest predictive status of falling into the fatty group (odds ratio, 15.4; P = .008), followed by female sex (odds ratio, 4.9; P = .036). Patients in the fatty group had significantly higher American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (P = .048) and lower visual analog scale scores (P = .002). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This prospective histologic assessment revealed that full-thickness rotator cuff tears and female sex were the largest risk factors for intracellular lipid accumulation. Although tear size correlated with fatty accumulation, the sex disparity is a noteworthy finding that warrants further research.

Treatment Following a First-Time Shoulder Dislocation: What Should I Do?

A first-time shoulder dislocation is a challenging topic that requires consideration of anatomic and patient-specific factors. Initial management is predicated on determining functional demands, activity level, and expectations of the patient, in addition to assessing the risk of recurrent instability. When considering surgical indications, it is imperative to understand the biomechanical implications of injury to the glenohumeral joint complex and how specific surgical procedures can restore stability. It is important to provide an overview of the current treatment algorithm for management of first-time shoulder dislocation, with a special focus on diagnosis and intervention in the young athlete.

Cost comparison of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with arthroscopic vs. open biceps tenodesis.

PURPOSE: To use a nationwide database to determine differences in cost between patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff tear with open vs. arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (BT). METHODS: The 2014 State Ambulatory Surgical and Services Databases from 6 US states was utilized. All cases with CPT codes 29827 (arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [RCR]) and either 23430 (tenodesis of long tendon of biceps) or 29828 (arthroscopic BT) were selected. Cases that included both 23430 and 29828 were excluded, as were those missing demographic data. Generalized linear models were used to model costs based on the surgical and patient variables that were significant in the initial bivariate analysis (P < .05). RESULTS: A total of 3635 RCR and BT cases were identified. There were 2847 (78.3%) with arthroscopic BT and 788 (21.7%) with open BT. Patients undergoing arthroscopic BT were 3.1 years older than patients undergoing open BT (P < .001). For arthroscopic BT, 39.2% of the cases were women compared with 22.6% of the open cases (P < .001). For operative variables, arthroscopic BT required 9 fewer minutes in the OR than open cases (P = .002). Concomitant distal clavicle resection was performed in 35.5% of arthroscopic BT cases compared with 29.8% of open cases (P = .004). While controlling for other significant factors, open BT was associated with $5542 lower costs than arthroscopic BT in the setting of RCR (P < .001). In either case, concomitant subacromial decompression added $10,669 (P < .001), and distal clavicle resection added $3210 (P < .001). High-volume surgical facilities were associated with $4107 lower costs (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In a large series of patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR with open vs. arthroscopic BT, open BT was associated with $5542 lower costs than arthroscopic. Given that both techniques have been shown to be similarly effective in long-term follow-up, surgeons should be aware of opportunities for cost saving, particularly with the advent of bundled surgical reimbursements.

Editorial Commentary: Treatment of Panlabral Shoulder Lesions: The Circle Concept Revisited.

Shoulder instability is common in athletes. Combined labral injuries are also common and appear more frequently in chronic cases, suggesting propagation of smaller tears with each event. Panlabral tears, or 270 tears, represent an extreme form of this phenomenon. Arthroscopy has allowed for improved appreciation of these combined patterns. Although it is essential to fix all labral lesions identified during arthroscopy, it is also crucial to enter surgical cases with a clear diagnosis (i.e., anterior, posterior, or combined instability) to adequately address symptoms.

High Case Volume Predicts Greater Odds of Autograft Use and Meniscal Repair for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate how both annual surgeon and facility volume affect the cost and outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. We also aimed to identify trends in how surgeon caseload predicts graft selection. METHODS: The 2014 State Ambulatory and Surgical Database from Florida was used. Every case with Current Procedural Terminology code 29888 ("Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction") was selected. Surgeon and facility identifiers were used to separate high- and low-volume groups, defined as >25 cases for surgeons and >125 cases for facilities. Univariate analysis was performed for patient demographics and surgical characteristics. Multivariate analysis was performed on significant factors to determine how these variables impact cost and odds of allograft usage, postoperative admission, and meniscal repair. RESULTS: There were 7905 cases performed between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014 after excluding same-year revisions. High-volume surgeons had $6155 lower total charges, were 1.949 times more likely to use an autograft, and had 54.5% lower odds of postoperative admission (all P < .001). They were also 1.196 times more likely to perform a meniscal repair (P = .017). In patients younger than 18, low-volume surgeons were 3.7 times more likely to use an allograft (P < .001). Concomitant multiligamentous procedures were also performed at greater rates in the high-volume group. Postoperative admission added $18,698, and allografts added $9174 (both P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We found that high-volume surgeons were more likely to perform a meniscal repair and less likely to have their patients admitted postoperatively, which was the second largest cost driver of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They were also significantly less likely to use an allograft, especially in patients younger than the age of 18 years. High-volume surgeons had lower costs despite greater rates of concomitant procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, retrospective cohort study.

What Are the Primary Cost Drivers of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the United States? A Cost-Minimization Analysis of 14,713 Patients.

PURPOSE: To analyze the individual costs associated with anterior crucial ligament reconstruction (ACLR), accounting for patient demographics, perioperative decision making, and location of the surgical procedure (hospital vs ambulatory surgery center), utilizing a cost-minimization analysis in a large national database. METHODS: Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were performed to determine which patient and surgical variables were the largest cost drivers for ACLR in the United States according to the State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database. RESULTS: The average cost for ACLR (n = 14,713) was $24,707 (standard deviation, $15,644). When patient variables were considered, younger age (P < .001), male sex (P < .001), Hispanic ethnicity (P < .001), number of chronic medical conditions (P < .001), Medicare insurance (P < .001), and quartile of household income (P < .001) were all associated with higher costs after ACLR. For operative variables, time spent in the operating room (P < .001), meniscal repair (P < .001), and use of general anesthesia alone (P < .001) were all associated with higher costs for ACLR. There was no significant difference between cost of surgery performed at a private surgery center and cost at a hospital-owned center. In the multivariate regression, the 3 variables with the greatest influence on cost of ACLR were use of isolated general anesthesia (associated with an increase of $2,049), Hispanic ethnicity ($1,828), and >1 chronic medical condition ($1,749). Male sex, time in operating room, and older age also significantly increased ACLR cost. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest contributor to cost of ACLR was the use of general anesthesia alone. Time spent in the operating room increased ACLR cost by $108 per minute. Patient factors included greater age, male sex, Hispanic ethnicity, number of chronic medical conditions, Medicare insurance, and annual income. Meniscal repair and regional nerve block did not significantly affect cost as determined by multivariate regression.

The 6-O'clock Anchor Increases Labral Repair Strength in a Biomechanical Shoulder Instability Model.

PURPOSE: To characterize the additive effect of a 6-o'clock anchor in the stabilization of a Bankart lesion. METHODS: Twelve cadaveric shoulders were tested on a 6-df robotic musculoskeletal simulator to measure the peak resistance force due to anterior displacement of 1 cm. The rotator cuff muscles were loaded dynamically. The test conditions consisted of the intact shoulder, Bankart lesion, Bankart repair (3-, 4-, and 5-o'clock anchors), and Bankart repair with the addition of a 6-o'clock anchor. A 13% anterior bone defect was then created, and all conditions were repeated. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed. RESULTS: In the group with no bone loss, the addition of a 6-o'clock anchor yielded the highest peak resistance force (52.8 N; standard deviation [SD], 4.5 N), and its peak force was significantly greater than that of the standard Bankart repair by 15.8% (7.2 N, P = .003). With subcritical glenoid bone loss, the repair with the addition of a 6-o'clock anchor (peak force, 52.6 N; SD, 6.1 N; P = .006) had a significantly higher peak resistance force than the group with bone loss with a Bankart lesion (35.2 N; SD, 5.8 N). Although the 6-o'clock anchor did increase the strength of the standard repair by 6.7%, this was not statistically significant (P = .9) in the bone loss model. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a 6-o'clock suture anchor to a 3-anchor Bankart repair increases the peak resistance force to displacement in a biomechanical model, although this effect is lost with subcritical bone loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides surgeons with essential biomechanical data to aid in the selection of the repair configuration.

The primary cost drivers of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery: a cost-minimization analysis of 40,618 cases.

BACKGROUND: An estimated 250,000 rotator cuff repair (RCR) surgical procedures are performed every year in the United States. Although arthroscopic RCR has been shown to be a cost-effective operation, little is known about what specific factors affect the overall cost of surgery. This study examines the primary cost drivers of RCR surgery in the United States. METHODS: Univariate analysis was performed to determine the patient- and surgeon-specific variables for a multiple linear regression model investigating the cost of RCR surgery. The 2014 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases were used, yielding 40,618 cases with Current Procedural Terminology code 29827 ("arthroscopic shoulder rotator cuff repair"). RESULTS: The average cost of RCR surgery was $25,353. Patient-specific cost drivers that were significant under multiple linear regression included black race (P < .001), presence of at least 1 comorbidity (P < .001), income quartile (P < .001), male sex (P = .012), and Medicare insurance (P = .035). Surgical factors included operative time (P < .001), use of regional anesthesia (P < .001), quarter of the year (January to March, April to June, July to September, and October to December) (P < .001), concomitant subacromial decompression or distal clavicle excision (P < .001), and number of suture anchors used (P < .001). The largest cost driver was subacromial decompression, adding $4992 when performed alongside the RCR. CONCLUSION: There are several patient-specific variables that can affect the cost of RCR surgery. There are also surgeon-controllable factors that significantly increase cost, most notably subacromial decompression, distal clavicle excision, use of regional anesthesia, and number of suture anchors. Surgeons must consider these factors in an effort to minimize cost, particularly as bundled payments become more common.

Risk Factors for Hospital Admission After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To determine patient and surgical risk factors for admission after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database. METHODS: All instances of ACLR from 2005 to 2014 from the ACS NSQIP prospective database were analyzed. Both univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to determine which patient demographics and medical comorbidities were associated with admission after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 9,146 patients undergoing ACLR, 1,197 (13.1%) required admission. Univariate analysis found that the following variables were associated with the need for admission: decreased age, Hispanic ethnicity, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, use of an epidural anesthesia, longer operative times, prior operation within 30 days, dyspnea, smoking, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous cardiac surgery, hypertension, previous revascularization procedure, and a known bleeding disorder. Independent predictors of admission on multivariate analysis included Hispanic ethnicity (odds ratio [OR] 8.9), use of epidural anesthesia (OR 6.3), known bleeding disorder (OR 4.02), increased body mass index (OR 1.03), longer operation time (OR 1.012), and younger age (OR 1.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies Hispanic ethnicity, use of epidural anesthesia, and history of bleeding disorder as major independent risk factors for admission after ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Reported Litigation Associated With Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Greater than 75% of arthroplasty surgeons report having been the subject of a malpractice lawsuit. Despite this, few studies have analyzed the causes of litigation following total joint arthroplasty in the United States. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of malpractice lawsuits following total hip and knee arthroplasty using VerdictSearch, a database encompassing legal cases compiled from February 1988 to May 2015. Complications leading to litigation were categorized and assessed for patient, surgeon, and lawsuit factors. All monetary awards were reflected for inflation. RESULTS: A total of 213 lawsuits were analyzed (119 total hip and 94 total knee arthroplasty cases). Overall, 15.0% of cases ended in settlement and 29.6% ended in a verdict in favor of the plaintiff (physician loss). The average payment for cases lost in court ($1,929,822 ± $3,679,572) was significantly larger than cases that ended in settlement ($555,347 ± $822,098) (P = .006). The most common complication following hip arthroplasty was "nerve injury" (29 cases, settlement rate: 10.3%, physician loss rate: 53.9%, and average payment: $1,089,825). The most common complication following knee arthroplasty was "pain or weakness" (17 cases, settlement rate: 5.9%, physician loss rate: 6.3%, and average payment: $451,867). Technical complications were the most likely complications to result in a physician loss (P = .019). CONCLUSION: While complications like "pain and weakness" are less likely to result in favorable litigation for patients, the presence of an objective technical complication or nerve injury was associated with an increased risk of a physician loss and a higher payment.

The Primary Cost Drivers of Outpatient Distal Radius Fracture Fixation: A Cost-Minimalization Analysis of 15,379 Cases.

Background Distal radius fractures are the most common fracture of the upper extremity. While some distal radius fractures can be managed with closed reduction and immobilization, operative treatment is the standard of care, with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) as a predominant operative method. Questions/Purpose To investigate how patient and surgical characteristics affect the overall costs of internal fixation of distal radius fractures in adults. Patients and Methods The 2014 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases for six states were used to identify cases and surgical characteristics of distal radius fracture ORIF in adult patients. Results Surgical variables that significantly increased cost were postoperative admission within 30 days, regional anesthesia, simultaneous endoscopic carpal tunnel release, and increasing operating room time. Conclusion Substantial contributors to total cost are postoperative hospital admission within 30 days of surgery, use of regional anesthesia, simultaneous endoscopic carpal tunnel release, and longer operative time. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Cadaveric Analysis of Key Anatomic Structures of Athletic Pubalgia.

PURPOSE: This study proposes to establish in-depth inspection of the anatomic structures involved with the pathology of athletic pubalgia in a cadaver model. METHODS: Eight male fresh frozen cadavers were dissected in a layered fashion. The rectus abdominis (RA) and adductor longus (AL) tendon insertions were isolated to quantify the size of the anatomic footprint and distance from the surrounding anatomy. RESULTS: The RA insertional footprint was 1.65 cm (SD, 0.18) in width by 1.02 cm (SD, 0.26) in length, and the AL insertional footprint on the underside of the pubis was 1.95 cm (SD, 0.28) in length by 1.23 cm (SD, 0.33) in width. The ilioinguinal nerve was 2.49 cm (SD, 0.36) lateral to the center of the RA footprint and 2.01 cm (SD, 0.37) lateral to the center of the AL footprint. The spermatic cord and the genitofemoral nerve were just lateral to the ilioinguinal nerve and were 2.76 cm (SD, 0.44) and 2.66 cm (SD, 0.46) from the rectus and AL footprints, respectively. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should be cognizant of these anatomic relations during both initial dissection and tendon repair to optimize repair and avoid iatrogenic injury to critical structures in the anterior pelvis.

Trends in the surgical treatment of posterior shoulder instability in the United States from 2016 to 2020.

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe trends in the incidence of open versus arthroscopic management of posterior shoulder instability (PSI) as well as the patients undergoing these procedures in the United States over time. Methods: The PearlDiver Patient Records Database was utilized for this study. Cases of PSI and surgery were identified via the appropriate ICD-10-CM and CPT codes. Linear regression and two-sample Student's t-test were used to analyze incidence rates, procedure type, number of instability events, and patient age. Results: A total of 5655 patients were identified as having PSI, undergoing a total of 686 capsulorraphies. The incidence of PSI treated surgically increased across the years of the study at a rate of 0.0293 per 100,000 person-years with an incidence in 2019-2020 greater than in 2016-2018 (p = 0.0151). Patients undergoing arthroscopic capsulorrhaphy were on average younger than those undergoing open capsulorrhaphy (p = 0.0021). Patients experienced a higher number of posterior instability events before open surgery compared to arthroscopic (p = 0.0274). Discussion: The incidence of surgical treatment of PSI in the United States is steadily rising, with greater than 90% of cases being treated arthroscopically. Those undergoing arthroscopic posterior stabilization are both younger and face fewer instability events prior to surgery.

Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament: Diagnosis and Management.

¼: The most common type of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) is a purely ligamentous avulsion involving the anterior inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), but other variants are seen, including posterior lesions and those with an osseous avulsion. ¼: A central lesion between the intact anterior and posterior bands of the IGHL is gaining recognition as a distinct clinical entity. ¼: HAGL lesions are most commonly seen in patients with anterior instability without a Bankart tear or in those with persistent symptoms despite having undergone a Bankart repair. ¼: Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive imaging modality. An arthrogram is helpful with subacute and chronic lesions when the joint is not distended. Arthroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. ¼: While some have reported success with nonoperative management, surgical repair with either arthroscopic or open techniques has provided a high rate of successful outcomes; however, the literature is limited to mostly Level-IV and V evidence.

Posterior Glenoid Osteotomy With Capsulolabral Repair Improves Resistance Forces in a Critical Glenoid Bone Loss Model.

Background: There is no widespread consensus on the surgical treatment of posterior shoulder instability with critical posterior glenoid bone loss. Hypothesis: That opening posterior glenoid wedge osteotomy with soft tissue repair would improve the resistance forces of instability when compared with soft tissue repair alone in the setting of 20% critical bone lose. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Native glenoid retroversion was measured on 9 shoulders using computed tomography (CT) scans. The humerus was potted in 90° of forward flexion and 30° of internal rotation relative to the scapula, and a posterior dislocation was performed to create a posterior capsulolabral injury model. The specimens were each taken through a fixed sequence of testing: (1) posteroinferior capsulolabral tear, (2) no glenoid bone loss with posteroinferior capsulolabral repair, (3) 20% posterior glenoid bone loss with posteroinferior capsulolabral repair, and (4) 20% glenoid bone loss with posterior glenoid opening wedge osteotomy and posteroinferior capsulolabral repair. Bone loss was created using a sagittal saw. The resultant peak forces with 1 cm of posterior translation were measured. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare mean force values. Results: After the initial dislocation event, all shoulders had a resultant posterior capsulolabral injury. The resulting labral injury was extended from 6- to 9-o'clock in all specimens to homogenize the extent of injury. Repairing the capsulolabral complex in the 20% posterior glenoid bone loss group did not result in a statistically significant increase in resistance force compared with the labral deficient group (34.1 vs 22.2 N; P = .068). When 20% posterior bone loss was created, the posterior glenoid osteotomy with capsulolabral repair was significantly stronger (43.8 N) than the posterior repair alone both with (34.1 N) and without (31.8 N) bone loss (P = .008 and .045, respectively). Conclusion: In the setting of critical posterior glenoid bone loss, an opening wedge posterior glenoid osteotomy with capsulolabral repair improved resistance to posterior humeral translation significantly compared with capsulolabral repair alone. Clinical Relevance: The results of this biomechanical cadaveric study may aid in surgical planning for this complex patient population.

A quality assessment of YouTube content on shoulder instability.

OBJECTIVES: The Internet is a widely used resource for patients seeking health information, yet little editing or regulations are imposed on posted material. We sought to assess the quality and accuracy of information presented on shoulder instability on the online video platform YouTube. We hypothesize that YouTube videos concerning shoulder instability will be of little quality, accuracy, and reliability. METHODS: The first 50 YouTube videos resulting from the keyword query 'shoulder instability' were analyzed. The Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria (score range, 0-4) was used to assess video accuracy and reliability, and the Global Quality Score (GQS; score range, 0-5) was used to assess the quality of the video's educational content along with a generated Shoulder-Specific Score (SSS). RESULTS: The 50 videos observed collectively had 5,007,486 views, with the mean number of views being 100,149.72 ± 227,218.04. Of all videos observed, 32% were from a medical source and 56% had content relating to pathology information. The mean JAMA score was 2.84 ± 0.74, with the highest scores coming from academic sources. The mean GQS and SSS scores were 2.68 ± 0.84 and 5.30 ± 3.78. The mean GQS score was highest in videos from medical sources (3.3 ± 0.8) and videos about surgical technique/approach (3.2 ± 1.1). Advertisements were negative predictors of the JAMA score (ß = -0.324, P = 0.014), and academic (ß = 0.322, P = 0.015) and physician sources (ß = 0.356, P = 0.008) were positive predictors. CONCLUSION: YouTube videos on shoulder instability are of low quality and accuracy and are not reliable. Care providers should be aware of the overall low quality of information available on YouTube regarding shoulder instability.

Increased Total Cost and Lack of Diagnostic Utility for Emergency Department Visits After ACL Injury.

BACKGROUND: Patients are commonly evaluated at the emergency department (ED) with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, but providers without orthopaedics training may struggle to correctly diagnose these injuries. HYPOTHESIS: It was hypothesized that few patients would be diagnosed with an ACL tear while in the ED and that these patients would be of lower socioeconomic status and more likely to have public insurance. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: The 2017 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database (SASD) and State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) from the state of Florida were utilized in this study. Cases with Current Procedural Terminology code 29888 (arthroscopically aided ACL reconstruction [ACLR]) were selected from the SASD, and data from the SEDD were matched to patients who had an ED visit for a knee injury within 120 days before ACLR. Chi-square analysis was used to test for differences in patient and surgical variables between the ED visit and nonvisit patient groups. A generalized linear model was created to model the effect of ED visit on total cost for an ACL injury. RESULTS: While controlling for differences in patient characteristics and concomitant procedure usage, a visit to the ED added $4587 in total cost (P < .001). The ED visit cohort contained a greater proportion of patients with Medicaid (20.2% vs 9.1%), patients who were Black (18.4% vs 10.3%), and patients in the lowest income quartile (34.4% vs 25.0%) (P < .001 for all). In the ED visit cohort, 14.4% of patients received an allograft versus 10.1% in the non-ED visit cohort (P = .001) despite having a similar mean age. An ACL sprain was diagnosed in only 29 of the 645 (4.5%) patients who visited the ED. CONCLUSION: Utilizing the ED for care after an ACL injury was expensive, averaging a $4587 increase in total cost associated with ACLR. However, patients rarely left with a definitive diagnosis, with only 4.5% of patients who underwent ACLR being correctly diagnosed with an ACL tear in the ED. This additional cost was levied disproportionately on patients of low socioeconomic status and patients with Medicaid.

Cost Comparison of Open and Arthroscopic Treatment Options for SLAP Tears.

PURPOSE: To identify cost drivers of open biceps tenodesis, arthroscopic biceps tenodesis, and arthroscopic SLAP repair in the setting of isolated SLAP tears and to perform a direct cost comparison between the procedures. METHODS: The 2014 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases from 6 US states were used. Cases with Current Procedural Terminology codes 23430 (tenodesis of long tendon of biceps), 29807 (shoulder arthroscopy, repair of SLAP lesion), and 29828 (shoulder arthroscopy, biceps tenodesis) were selected, excluding patients who were >50 years old or had a concomitant rotator cuff repair. Generalized linear models were used to model costs based on surgical and patient variables. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 41.8 years for open biceps tenodesis, 31.6 for arthroscopic SLAP repair, and 41.3 for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (P < .001). Open biceps tenodesis had cost reductions of $5,664 over arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (P = .001) and $2,320 over arthroscopic SLAP repair (P = .043). Male sex was associated with $3,798 more in costs (P < .001), presence of ≥1 comorbidities added $1,829 (P = .002), and each minute in the operating room added $37 (P < .001). Operative time for open biceps tenodesis averaged 114 minutes, and both arthroscopic procedures averaged 94 minutes (P < .001). Low-volume facilities were associated with $5,536 higher costs for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (P = .001). CONCLUSION: In patients aged ≤50 years with isolated SLAP tears, open biceps tenodesis provides cost savings over arthroscopic methods of treatment. There was no significant cost difference between arthroscopic SLAP repairs and arthroscopic biceps tenodesis. Given the increased emphasis on cost containment, surgeons should be aware of the procedural costs associated with the treatment of SLAP tears. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, retrospective cohort study.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Disparities in Early Surgical Stabilization Following Emergency Department Presentation for Shoulder Instability.

PURPOSE: To describe which patients are the most likely to undergo surgical management within the same calendar year as their emergency department visit for anterior shoulder instability. METHODS: The State Emergency Department Databases and State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases from Florida were used. All patients presenting to the emergency department for anterior shoulder subluxation or dislocation between January 1 and September 30, 2017, were selected. Bivariate analysis was performed for associations with demographic variables. A binary logistic regression was performed with all significant factors to assess which were predictors of undergoing surgery the same calendar year. RESULTS: While controlling for all significant factors, we found that patients with recurrent dislocations were 3.14 times more likely to have surgery within the same year (P = .037). Patients younger than 40 years were also 2.04 times more likely to have surgery than those aged 40 years or older (P < .001). White patients were 2.47 times more likely to have surgery than black patients (P < .001). On bivariate analysis, there was an association between greater income quartile and higher odds of undergoing surgery within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Following an emergency department visit for acute shoulder instability, the following variables were associated with undergoing surgical stabilization within the same calendar year: previous dislocation, age younger than 40, and white race. Patients living in the greatest income quartile of patients had a significantly greater percentage of patients having surgery within 30 days. This demonstrates that disparities and barriers to care may exist for patients with shoulder instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective Comparative Study.