RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a short-term neuromuscular electrical stimulation program on exercise tolerance in hospitalized patients with advanced heart failure who have suffered an acute decompensation and are under continuous intravenous inotropic support. DESIGN: A randomized controlled study. SUBJECTS: Initially, 195 patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure were recruited, but 70 were randomized. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomized into two groups: control group subject to the usual care ( n = 35); neuromuscular electrical stimulation group ( n = 35) received daily training sessions to both lower extremities for around two weeks. MAIN MEASURES: The baseline 6-minute walk test to determine functional capacity was performed 24 hours after hospital admission, and intravenous inotropic support dose was daily checked in all patients. The outcomes were measured in two weeks or at the discharge if the patients were sent back home earlier than two weeks. RESULTS: After losses of follow-up, a total of 49 patients were included and considered for final analysis (control group, n = 25 and neuromuscular electrical stimulation group, n = 24). The neuromuscular electrical stimulation group presented with a higher 6-minute walk test distance compared to the control group after the study protocol (293 ± 34.78 m vs. 265.8 ± 48.53 m, P < 0.001, respectively). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation group also demonstrated a significantly higher dose reduction of dobutamine compared to control group after the study protocol (2.72 ± 1.72 µg/kg/min vs. 3.86 ± 1.61 µg/kg/min, P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: A short-term inpatient neuromuscular electrical stimulation rehabilitation protocol improved exercise tolerance and reduced intravenous inotropic support necessity in patients with advanced heart failure suffering a decompensation episode.
Assuntos
Cardiotônicos/administração & dosagem , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Teste de CaminhadaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare pulmonary function, functional capacity, and clinical outcomes among conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV), early open-lung (EOL), and late open-lung (LOL) strategies after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, and double-blinded study. SETTING: Two hospitals of the Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-three patients undergoing elective first-time OPCAB. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized into 3 groups: CMV (n=31); LOL (n=32) initiated upon intensive care unit (ICU) arrival; EOL (n = 30) initiated after intubation. MEASURAMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Spirometry was performed at bedside preoperatively and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 5. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and pulmonary shunt fraction were evaluated presurgically and on POD 1; 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed presurgically and on POD 5. Both open-lung groups demonstrated higher forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second on PODs 1, 3 and 5 compared to the CMV group (p<0.05). Similar results were found in relation to the 6MWT distance. Shunt fraction was lower and PaO2 was higher in both open-lung groups (p<0.05). Open-lung groups had shorter intubation time and hospital stay as well as fewer respiratory events (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found relative to the aforementioned results when the EOL and LOL groups were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Both open-lung strategies were able to promote higher pulmonary function preservation and greater recovery of functional capacity with better clinical outcomes after OPCAB. No difference in outcome was found when comparing initiation of OLS intraoperatively or after ICU arrival.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea/métodos , Respiração Artificial , Adulto , Idoso , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxigênio/sangue , Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Estudos Prospectivos , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In heart transplantation (HT) recipients, several factors are critical to promptly adopting appropriate rehabilitation strategies and may be important to predict outcomes way after surgery. This study aimed to determine preoperative patient-related risk factors that could adversely affect the postoperative clinical course of patients undergoing HT. METHODS: Twenty-one hospitalized patients with heart failure undergoing HT were evaluated according to respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity before HT. Mechanical ventilation (MV) time, reintubation rate, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay were recorded, and assessed postoperatively. RESULTS: Inspiratory muscle strength as absolute and percentpredicted values were strongly correlated with MV time (r=-0.61 and r=-0.70, respectively, at P<0.001). Concerning ICU length of stay, only maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) absolute and percent-predicted values were significantly associated. The absolute |MIP| was significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.58 at P=0.006) and the percent-predicted MIP was also significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.68 at P=0.0007). No associations were observed between preoperative functional capacity, age, sex, and clinical characteristics and MV time and ICU length of stay in the cohort included in this study. Patients with respiratory muscle weakness had a higher prevalence of prolonged MV, reintubation, and delayed ICU length of stay. CONCLUSION: An impairment of preoperative MIP was associated with poorer short-term outcomes following HT. As such, inspiratory muscle strength is an important clinical preoperative marker in patients undergoing HT.
Assuntos
Transplante de Coração , Debilidade Muscular , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Pressões Respiratórias Máximas , Debilidade Muscular/etiologia , Respiração Artificial , Músculos RespiratóriosRESUMO
In December 2019, a striking appearance of new cases of viral pneumonia in Wuhan led to the detection of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). By analyzing patients with severe manifestations, it became apparent that 20 to 35% of patients who died had preexisting cardiovascular disease. This finding warrants the important need to discuss the influence of SARS-CoV2 infection on the cardiovascular system and hemodynamics in the context of clinical management, particularly during mechanical ventilation. The SARS-CoV2 enters human cells through the spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is important to cardiovascular modulation and endothelial signaling. As ACE2 is highly expressed in lung tissue, patients have been progressing to acute respiratory injury at an alarming frequency during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, COVID-19 leads to high D-dimer levels and prothrombin time, which indicates a substantial coagulation disorder. It seems that an overwhelming inflammatory and thrombogenic condition is responsible for a mismatching of ventilation and perfusion, with a somewhat near-normal static lung compliance, which describes two types of pulmonary conditions. As such, positive pressure during invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) must be applied with caution. The authors of this review appeal to the necessity of paying closer attention to assess microhemodynamic repercussion, by monitoring central venous oxygen saturation during strategies of IMV. It is well known that a severe respiratory infection and a scattered inflammatory process can cause non-ischemic myocardial injury, including progression to myocarditis. Early strategies that guide clinical decisions can be lifesaving and prevent extended myocardial damage. Moreover, cardiopulmonary failure refractory to standard treatment may necessitate the use of extreme therapeutic strategies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Assuntos
Sistema Cardiovascular/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Hemodinâmica , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Miocárdio/patologia , Pandemias , Respiração Artificial , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of extended- versus short-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on pulmonary function, tissue perfusion, and clinical outcomes in the early postoperative period following coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with preserved left ventricular function. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups according to noninvasive positive pressure ventilation intensity: short-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation n=20 (S-NPPV) and extended-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation n=21 (E-NPPV). S-NPPV was applied for 60 minutes during immediate postoperative period and 10 minutes, twice daily, from postoperative days 1-5. E-NPPV was performed for at least six hours during immediate postoperative period and 60 minutes, twice daily, from postoperative days 1-5. As a primary outcome, tissue perfusion was determined by central venous oxygen saturation and blood lactate level measured after anesthetic induction, immediately after extubation and following noninvasive positive pressure ventilation protocols. As a secondary outcome, pulmonary function tests were performed preoperatively and in the postoperative days 1, 3, and 5; clinical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Significant drop in blood lactate levels and an improvement in central venous oxygen saturation values in the E-NPPV group were observed when compared with S-NPPV group after study protocol (P<0.01). The E-NPPV group presented higher preservation of postoperative pulmonary function as well as lower incidence of respiratory events and shorter postoperative hospital stay (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic E-NPPV administered in the early postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery resulted in greater improvements in tissue perfusion, pulmonary function and clinical outcomes than S-NPPV, in patients with preserved left ventricular function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical trial - RBR7sqj78 - http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Pneumopatias/prevenção & controle , Ventilação não Invasiva/métodos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodos , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Tempo de Internação , Pneumopatias/sangue , Pneumopatias/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxigênio/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction may increase cardiac performance by decreasing inspiratory effort and left-ventricular afterload. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of noninvasive ventilation on central-venous oxygen saturation (ScvÌO2 ) and blood lactate in subjects with left-ventricular dysfunction during the early postoperative phase of coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: This study included 100 subjects during the postoperative phase of elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Blood samples, at 5 time points, were collected to assess tissue perfusion markers (ie, ScvÌO2 and blood lactate) as follows: (1) the intraoperative period (after anesthesia induction); (2) 20 min after ICU arrival, under intermittent mandatory ventilation; (3) 20 min after extubation with spontaneous breathing; (4) after 1 h of noninvasive ventilation; and (5) 20 min after discontinuation of noninvasive ventilation. RESULTS: A significant increase in the blood lactate and a drop in the ScvÌO2 were observed on arrival to the ICU compared with intraoperative values (P < .001). After extubation, during spontaneous breathing, the ScvÌO2 significantly decreased (P = .02), whereas the blood lactate increased, although not significantly (P = .21) compared with intermittent mandatory ventilation on arrival to the ICU. During the application of noninvasive ventilation, the ScvÌO2 significantly increased (P = .048) and the blood lactate significantly decreased (P = .008) compared with spontaneous breathing values after extubation. After noninvasive ventilation discontinuation, the ScvÌO2 and blood lactate did not change compared with measures taken during noninvasive ventilation; higher values of ScvÌO2 were maintained compared with those obtained after extubation (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute application of noninvasive ventilation improved ScvÌO2 and decreased the blood lactate in subjects with left-ventricular dysfunction during the early postoperative phase after coronary artery bypass grafting. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02767687.).
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Ventilação não Invasiva , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Gasometria , Feminino , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Período Pós-Operatório , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/sangue , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) precipitates the extreme manifestation of pulmonary hypertension, which leads to severe functional limitation and poor quality of life. The propose of the current study was: 1) examined the acute effects of 40% oxygen supplementation during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT); and 2) evaluate the relation between exercise capacity and clinical cardiac parameters in patients with ES. METHODS: Thirty subjects were prospectively included; all were submitted to a 6MWT with compressed air and with 40% of oxygen. Heart rate recovery at the first minute (HRR1) and perceived effort Borg scale for dyspnea and lower limb fatigue were recorded in both tests scenarios. RESULTS: The 6MWT distance was modestly, negatively associated with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) [r=0.46, p=0.02]. Patients improved 6MWT distance (p<0.001) and exhibited a faster HRR1 (p<0.001) with 40% supplemental oxygen compared to compressed air. With 40% supplemental oxygen, subjects revealed lower dyspnea and lower limb fatigue compared to 6MWT without oxygen supplementation (p<0.001). The amount of change in the 6MWT distance from air to oxygen was moderate, positively associated with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) [r=0.50, p=0.03; r=0.64, p<0.001, respectively]. CONCLUSION: Acute 40% oxygen supplementation in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome led to an improvement in 6MWT distance, faster HRR1 and lower dyspnea and lower limb fatigue perception. Moreover, functional capacity was positively associated with right ventricular parameters.
Assuntos
Complexo de Eisenmenger/terapia , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Oxigenoterapia/métodos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Resistência Vascular/fisiologia , Função Ventricular Direita/fisiologia , Adulto , Ecocardiografia , Complexo de Eisenmenger/fisiopatologia , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Objective: To compare pulmonary function, functional capacity and clinical outcomes amongst three groups of patients with left ventricular dysfunction following off-pump coronary artery bypass, namely: 1) conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV); 2) late open lung strategy (L-OLS); and 3) early open lung strategy (E-OLS). Methods: Sixty-one patients were randomized into 3 groups: 1) CMV (n=21); 2) L-OLS (n=20) initiated after intensive care unit arrival; and 3) E-OLS (n=20) initiated after intubation. Spirometry was performed at bedside on preoperative and postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 5. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and pulmonary shunt fraction were evaluated preoperatively and on POD1. The 6-minute walk test was applied on the day before the operation and on POD5. Results: Both the open lung groups demonstrated higher forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second on PODs 1, 3 and 5 when compared to the CMV group (P<0.05). The 6-minute walk test distance was more preserved, shunt fraction was lower, and PaO2 was higher in both open-lung groups (P<0.05). Open-lung groups had shorter intubation time and hospital stay and also fewer respiratory events (P<0.05). Key measures were significantly more favorable in the E-OLS group compared to the L-OLS group. Conclusion: Both OLSs (L-OLS and E-OLS) were able to promote higher preservation of pulmonary function, greater recovery of functional capacity and better clinical outcomes following off-pump coronary artery bypass when compared to conventional mechanical ventilation. However, in this group of patients with reduced left ventricular function, initiation of the OLS intra-operatively was found to be more beneficial and optimal when compared to OLS initiation after intensive care unit arrival.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Volume Expiratório Forçado/fisiologia , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/cirurgia , Capacidade Vital/fisiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Espirometria , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a cycle ergometer exercise program on exercise capacity and inspiratory muscle function in hospitalized patients with heart failure awaiting heart transplantation with intravenous inotropic support. Methods: Patients awaiting heart transplantation were randomized and allocated prospectively into two groups: 1) Control Group (n=11) - conventional protocol; and 2) Intervention Group (n=7) - stationary cycle ergometer exercise training. Functional capacity was measured by the six-minute walk test and inspiratory muscle strength assessed by manovacuometry before and after the exercise protocols. Results: Both groups demonstrated an increase in six-minute walk test distance after the experimental procedure compared to baseline; however, only the intervention group had a significant increase (P =0.08 and P =0.001 for the control and intervention groups, respectively). Intergroup comparison revealed a greater increase in the intervention group compared to the control (P <0.001). Regarding the inspiratory muscle strength evaluation, the intragroup analysis demonstrated increased strength after the protocols compared to baseline for both groups; statistical significance was only demonstrated for the intervention group, though (P =0.22 and P <0.01, respectively). Intergroup comparison showed a significant increase in the intervention group compared to the control (P <0.01). Conclusion: Stationary cycle ergometer exercise training shows positive results on exercise capacity and inspiratory muscle strength in patients with heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation while on intravenous inotropic support.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Volume Expiratório Forçado/fisiologia , Transplante de Coração , Capacidade Inspiratória/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculos Respiratórios/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ergometria , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: In heart transplantation (HT) recipients, several factors are critical to promptly adopting appropriate rehabilitation strategies and may be important to predict outcomes way after surgery. This study aimed to determine preoperative patient-related risk factors that could adversely affect the postoperative clinical course of patients undergoing HT. Methods: Twenty-one hospitalized patients with heart failure undergoing HT were evaluated according to respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity before HT. Mechanical ventilation (MV) time, reintubation rate, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay were recorded, and assessed postoperatively. Results: Inspiratory muscle strength as absolute and percentpredicted values were strongly correlated with MV time (r=-0.61 and r=-0.70, respectively, at P<0.001). Concerning ICU length of stay, only maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) absolute and percent-predicted values were significantly associated. The absolute -MIP- was significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.58 at P=0.006) and the percent-predicted MIP was also significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.68 at P=0.0007). No associations were observed between preoperative functional capacity, age, sex, and clinical characteristics and MV time and ICU length of stay in the cohort included in this study. Patients with respiratory muscle weakness had a higher prevalence of prolonged MV, reintubation, and delayed ICU length of stay. Conclusion: An impairment of preoperative MIP was associated with poorer short-term outcomes following HT. As such, inspiratory muscle strength is an important clinical preoperative marker in patients undergoing HT.
Assuntos
Transplante de Coração , Debilidade Muscular/etiologia , Respiração Artificial , Músculos Respiratórios , Pressões Respiratórias Máximas , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a home-based walking program on erectile function and the relation between functional capacity and erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with recent myocardial infarctions. Patients with acute myocardial infarctions deemed to be at low cardiovascular risk were randomized into 2 groups: (1) a home-based walking group (n = 41), instructed to participate in a progressive outdoor walking program, and (2) a control group (n = 45), receiving usual care. Functional capacity was determined by the 6-minute walk test and evaluation of sexual function by the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire; the 2 tests were performed at hospital discharge and 30 days later. In the overall cohort, 84% of patients reported previous ED at hospital discharge. After 30 days, ED had increased by 9% in the control group in relation to baseline (p = 0.08). However, the home-based walking group had a significant decrease of 71% in reported ED (p <0.0001). The 6-minute walk distance was statistically significant higher in the home-based walking group compared with the control group (p = 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between 6-minute walk distance and ED 30 days after hospital discharge (r = -0.71, p <0.01). In conclusion, an unsupervised home-based progressive walking program led to significant improvements in functional capacity in men at low cardiovascular risk after recent acute myocardial infarctions. In addition, this intervention demonstrated a link between functional capacity and exercise training and erectile function improvement.
Assuntos
Disfunção Erétil/terapia , Terapia por Exercício , Infarto do Miocárdio/reabilitação , Autocuidado , Caminhada , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Deambulação Precoce , Disfunção Erétil/complicações , Tolerância ao Exercício , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Introdução: Com o início da pandemia, inquietações quanto à condução da parada cardiorrespiratória em casos suspeitos e confirmados da COVID-19 surgiram ante as peculiaridades e publicações científicas quanto à temática. Dessa forma, o presente estudo apresenta uma reflexão e demonstra as novas recomendações acerca dos cuidados necessários a serem adotados pela equipe multiprofissional. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de reflexão teórica, de caráter descritivo e abordagem qualitativa com base em documentos convencionais e não convencionais emitidos pelos principais órgãos reguladores e revistas de grande impacto que abordam as temáticas discorridas. Além disso, não houve recorte temporal para a seleção do referencial bibliográfico. Resultados: Os resultados expostos abordaram o cuidado relacionado com os recursos humanos e materiais envolvendo a temática, o manejo da via aérea nesse evento em pacientes que estavam ou não em uso de intubação endotraqueal, assim como em relação aos indivíduos em posição prona. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Diante das discussões apresentadas, é evidente a necessidade de atualização por parte das instituições de saúde em suas rotinas e dos profissionais que se encontram neste estudo como mecanismo de proteção e manutenção da qualidade do cuidado prestado
Introduction: With the onset of the pandemic, concerns emerged about the management of cardiorespiratory arrest in suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 considering its singularities and scientific publications on the subject. Thus, this study presents a reflection about the new recommendations for patient care that must be adopted by multiprofessional teams. Method: This is a theoretical qualitative descriptive study that analyzed conventional and unconventional documents issued by the main regulatory bodies and high impact magazines addressing the study topics. No time frame was considered when selecting the bibliographic references. Results: The results addressed patient care with human and material resources involving the theme, the airway management in patients affected by COVID-19, whether they were using endotracheal intubation or not, and the approach for individuals in prone position. Conclusion and implications for the practice: In view of the discussions presented, health institutions and professionals must update their routines as a mechanism to protect and maintain the quality of care provided
Introducción: Con el inicio de la pandemia, preocupaciones sobre la conducción del paro cardiorrespiratorio en casos sospechosos y confirmados de COVID-19 ante las peculiaridades y publicaciones científicas sobre el tema. Así pues, este estudio presenta una reflexión y demuestra las nuevas recomendaciones sobre los cuidados que deben adoptarse por el equipo. Método: Se trata de un estudio de reflexión teórica, de carácter descriptivo y enfoque cualitativo, basado em documentos convencionales y no convencionales emitidos por los principales organismos reguladores y revistas de alto impacto que abordan los temas tratados. Además, no hubo un recorte temporal para la selección de la referencia bibliográfica. Resultados: Los resultados expuestos abordaron el cuidado relacionado con los recursos humanos y materiales involucrando la temática, el manejo de la vía aérea en este evento, en pacientes que usaban o no intubación endotraqueal, como también en relación de individuos en posición prona. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: Ante las discusiones presentadas, es evidente la necesidad de actualización por las instituciones de salud en sus rutinas y de los profesionales que se encuentran en este estudio, como mecanismo de protección y mantenimiento de la calidad del cuidado ministrado
Assuntos
Humanos , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/normas , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Paciente para o Profissional/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Parada Cardíaca/reabilitação , Riscos Ocupacionais , Equipamento de Proteção IndividualRESUMO
Abstract In December 2019, a striking appearance of new cases of viral pneumonia in Wuhan led to the detection of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). By analyzing patients with severe manifestations, it became apparent that 20 to 35% of patients who died had preexisting cardiovascular disease. This finding warrants the important need to discuss the influence of SARS-CoV2 infection on the cardiovascular system and hemodynamics in the context of clinical management, particularly during mechanical ventilation. The SARS-CoV2 enters human cells through the spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is important to cardiovascular modulation and endothelial signaling. As ACE2 is highly expressed in lung tissue, patients have been progressing to acute respiratory injury at an alarming frequency during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, COVID-19 leads to high D-dimer levels and prothrombin time, which indicates a substantial coagulation disorder. It seems that an overwhelming inflammatory and thrombogenic condition is responsible for a mismatching of ventilation and perfusion, with a somewhat near-normal static lung compliance, which describes two types of pulmonary conditions. As such, positive pressure during invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) must be applied with caution. The authors of this review appeal to the necessity of paying closer attention to assess microhemodynamic repercussion, by monitoring central venous oxygen saturation during strategies of IMV. It is well known that a severe respiratory infection and a scattered inflammatory process can cause non-ischemic myocardial injury, including progression to myocarditis. Early strategies that guide clinical decisions can be lifesaving and prevent extended myocardial damage. Moreover, cardiopulmonary failure refractory to standard treatment may necessitate the use of extreme therapeutic strategies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , Sistema Cardiovascular/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Hemodinâmica , Respiração Artificial , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Betacoronavirus , Miocárdio/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of an early cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and functional capacity in patients who recently experienced an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This program was initiated in the inpatient setting and was followed by an unsupervised outpatient intervention. METHODS: After the same inpatient care plan, low-risk patients who experienced an AMI were randomized into 2 groups: (1) a control group (CG) (n = 43) entailing usual care and (2) an intervention group (IG) (n = 45) entailing outpatient (unsupervised) CR primarily centered on a progressive walking program. Initially, all patients underwent a supervised exercise program with early mobilization beginning 12 hours after an AMI. On hospital discharge, all patients were classified according to cardiovascular risk. Quality of life was evaluated by the MacNew Heart Disease HRQL questionnaire 30 days after discharge. Functional capacity was determined by a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance on the day of inpatient discharge as well as 30 days afterward. RESULTS: The HRQL global score was higher in the IG compared with the CG 30 days after discharge (P < 0.001); physical and emotional domain scores were both significantly higher in the IG (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the IG showed a greater 6MWT distance compared with the CG (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A CR program based on early progressive exercises, initiated by supervised inpatient training and followed by an unsupervised outpatient program, improved HRQL and functional capacity in patients at low cardiovascular risk who recently experienced an AMI.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Pacientes Internados , Infarto do Miocárdio/reabilitação , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Qualidade de Vida , Caminhada , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/psicologia , Cooperação do Paciente , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lung function and clinical outcome in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting with left internal thoracic artery graft, comparing the pleural drain insertion in the intercostal versus subxyphoid region. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were randomized into two groups according pleural drain site: II group (n=27) - pleural drain in intercostal space; SI group (n=29) - pleural drain in the subxyphoid region. Spirometry values (Forced Vital Capacity - and Forced expiratory volume in 1 second) were obtained on preoperative and 1, 3 and 5 postoperative days. Chest x-ray from preoperative until postoperative day 5 (POD5) was performed for monitoring respiratory events, such as atelectasis and pleural effusion. Pulmonary shunt fraction and pain score was evaluate preoperatively and on postoperative day 1. RESULTS: In both groups there was a significant decrease of the spirometry values (Forced Vital Capacity and Forced expiratory volume in 1 second) until POD5 (P<0.05). However, when compared, SI group presented less decrease in these parameters (P<0.05). Pulmonary shunt fraction was significantly lower in SI group (P<0.05). Respiratory events, pain score, orotracheal intubation time and postoperative length of hospital stay were lower in the SI group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Subxyphoid pleural drainage in severe Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients determined better preservation and recovery of pulmonary capacity and volumes with lower pulmonary shunt fraction and better clinical outcomes on early postoperative off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea/métodos , Drenagem/métodos , Pulmão/fisiologia , Artéria Torácica Interna/cirurgia , Pleura , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/reabilitação , Adulto , Idoso , Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Derrame Pleural/prevenção & controle , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/reabilitação , Período Pós-Operatório , Atelectasia Pulmonar/prevenção & controle , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/etiologia , Espirometria , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this trial was to compare functional capacity, pulmonary shunt fraction and clinical outcomes between patients undergoing pleurotomy with a pleural drain inserted in the sub-xyphoid position and patients with a pleural drain placed in the intercostal position after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups according to the pleural drain site: Group II (n = 33 intercostal pleural drain); and Group SI (n = 35 sub-xyphoid pleural drain). Functional capacity was assessed by the distance covered on the 6-min walking test performed preoperatively and on postoperative day (POD) 5; in addition, pulmonary function test was determined preoperatively and on POD 1 and 5. Pulmonary shunt fraction was evaluated preoperatively and on POD 1, and clinical outcomes were recorded throughout the study. RESULTS: Group SI had better preservation of lung volumes and capacities in POD compared with Group II (P <0.05). Pulmonary shunt fraction increased in both groups postoperatively; however, Group SI showed a smaller pulmonary shunt fraction (0.26 ± 0.04 vs 0.21 ± 0.04%; P = 0.0014). Functional capacity was significantly reduced in both groups on POD 5; however, Group SI showed better preservation of functional capacity (P = 0.0001). Group SI had better postoperative clinical results, with lower incidence of atelectasis and pleural effusion (P <0.05), lower pain scores (P <0.0001), and shorter orotracheal intubation and hospitalization lengths (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sub-xyphoid pleural drain determined better functional capacity and exercise tolerance with a smaller pulmonary shunt fraction and improved clinical outcomes compared with intercostal pleural drainage after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Drenagem/métodos , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Brasil , Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Drenagem/efeitos adversos , Teste de Esforço , Tolerância ao Exercício , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pleura , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Testes de Função Respiratória , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Capacidade Vital , CaminhadaRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of extended- versus short-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on pulmonary function, tissue perfusion, and clinical outcomes in the early postoperative period following coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with preserved left ventricular function. Methods: Patients were randomized into two groups according to noninvasive positive pressure ventilation intensity: short-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation n=20 (S-NPPV) and extended-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation n=21 (E-NPPV). S-NPPV was applied for 60 minutes during immediate postoperative period and 10 minutes, twice daily, from postoperative days 1-5. E-NPPV was performed for at least six hours during immediate postoperative period and 60 minutes, twice daily, from postoperative days 1-5. As a primary outcome, tissue perfusion was determined by central venous oxygen saturation and blood lactate level measured after anesthetic induction, immediately after extubation and following noninvasive positive pressure ventilation protocols. As a secondary outcome, pulmonary function tests were performed preoperatively and in the postoperative days 1, 3, and 5; clinical outcomes were recorded. Results: Significant drop in blood lactate levels and an improvement in central venous oxygen saturation values in the E-NPPV group were observed when compared with S-NPPV group after study protocol (P<0.01). The E-NPPV group presented higher preservation of postoperative pulmonary function as well as lower incidence of respiratory events and shorter postoperative hospital stay (P<0.05). Conclusion: Prophylactic E-NPPV administered in the early postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery resulted in greater improvements in tissue perfusion, pulmonary function and clinical outcomes than S-NPPV, in patients with preserved left ventricular function. Trial Registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical trial - RBR7sqj78 - http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodos , Ventilação não Invasiva/métodos , Pneumopatias/prevenção & controle , Oxigênio/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/sangue , Fatores de Tempo , Capacidade Vital , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Variância , Resultado do Tratamento , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Tempo de Internação , Pneumopatias/etiologia , Pneumopatias/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous investigations reported that the cuff pressure (CP) can decrease secondary to the CP evaluation itself. However is not established in literature if this loss of CP is able to generate alterations on expired tidal volume (ETV). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential consequences of the endotracheal CP assessment maneuver on CP levels and ETV in the early postoperative of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: A total of 488 patients were analyzed. After the operation, the lungs were ventilated in pressure-assist-control mode and the same ventilatory settings were adjusted for all patients. After intensive care unit arrival, the cuff was fully deflated and then progressively inflated by air injection, to promote a minimal volume to occlude the trachea. To assist the cuff inflation and the air leakage identification, the graphical monitoring of the volume-time curve was adopted. After 20 minutes a first cuff pressure evaluation was performed (P1) and a second measurement (P2) was taken after 20 minutes with an analog manometer. ETV was obtained always pre and post P1 measurement. RESULTS: The CP assessment maneuver promoted a significant drop of P2 in relation to P1 when the manometer was attached to the pilot balloon (p < 0.0001). When compared the moments, pre-P1 versus post-P1, a significant drop of the ETV was also observed (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The CP assessment maneuver promoted a significant decrease in CP values and occurrence of air leakage with reduction of ETV in the early postoperative of CABG.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Expiração/fisiologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Manometria/métodos , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar/fisiologia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Masculino , Manometria/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pressão , Estudos Prospectivos , Respiração Artificial/instrumentação , Respiração Artificial/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exacerbation of pulmonary dysfunction has been reported in patients receiving a pleural drain inserted through the intercostal space in comparison to patients with an intact pleura undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Evidence suggests that shifting the site of pleural drain insertion to the subxyphoid position minimizes chest wall trauma and preserves respiratory function in the early postoperative period. The aim of this study was to compare the pulmonary function parameters, clinical outcomes, and pain score between patients undergoing pleurotomy with pleural drain placed in the subxyphoid position and patients with intact pleural cavity after off-pump CABG (OPCAB) using left internal thoracic artery (LITA). METHODS: Seventy-one patients were allocated into two groups: I (n = 38 open left pleural cavity and pleural drain inserted in the subxyphoid position); II (n = 33 intact pleural cavity). Pulmonary function tests and clinical parameters were recorded preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3 and 5. Arterial blood gas analysis and shunt fraction were evaluated preoperatively and in POD1. Pain score was assessed on POD1. To monitor pleural effusion and atelectasis chest radiography was performed routinely 1 day before operation and until POD5. RESULTS: In both groups a significant impairment was found in lung function parameters until on POD5. However, no significant difference in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second were seen between groups. A significant decrease in partial pressure of arterial oxygen and an increase in shunt fraction values were observed on POD1 in both groups, but no statistical difference was found when the groups were compared. Pleural effusion and atelectasis until on POD5 were similar in both groups. There were no statistical differences in pain score, duration of mechanical ventilation and postoperative hospital stay between groups. CONCLUSION: Subxyphoid insertion of pleural drain provides similar effects to preserved pleural integrity in pulmonary function, clinical outcomes, and thoracic pain after OPCAB. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that once pleural cavities are incidentally or purposely opened during LITA dissection, subxyphoid placement of the pleural drain is recommended.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea , Pulmão/fisiologia , Pleura/cirurgia , Sucção/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Artéria Torácica Interna , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes de Função Respiratória , Processo XifoideRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and chest pain in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) using internal thoracic artery grafts comparing pleural drain insertion site at the subxyphoid region versus the lateral region. METHODS: Forty patients were randomized into two groups in accordance with the pleural drain site. Group II (n = 19) -pleural drain exteriorized in the intercostal space; group (SI) (n = 21) chest tube exteriorized at the subxyphoid region. All patients underwent assessment of respiratory muscle strength (inspiratory and expiratory) on the pre, 1, 3 and 5 postoperative days (POD). Arterial blood gas analysis was collected on the pre and POD1. The chest pain sensation was measured 1, 3 and 5 POD. RESULTS: A significant decrease in respiratory muscle strength (inspiratory and expiratory) was seen in both groups until POD5 (P <0.05). When compared, the difference between groups remained significant with greater decrease in the II (P <0.05). The blood arterial oxygenation fell in both groups (P <0.05), but the oxygenation was lower in the II (P <0.05). Referred chest pain was higher 1, 3 and 5 POD in the II group (P <0.05). The orotracheal intubation time and postoperative length of hospital stay were higher in the II group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients submitted to subxyphoid pleural drainage showed less decrease in respiratory muscle strength, better preservation of blood oxygenation and reduced thoracic pain compared to patients with intercostal drain on early OPCAB postoperative.