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AIMS: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in the world, but the pharmaceutical industry's willingness to invest in this field has declined because of the many challenges involved with bringing new cardiovascular drugs to market, including late-stage failures, escalating regulatory requirements, bureaucracy of the clinical trial business enterprise, and limited patient access after approval. This contrasts with the remaining burden of cardiovascular disease in Europe and in the world. Thus, clinical cardiovascular research needs to adapt to address the impact of these challenges in order to ensure development of new cardiovascular medicines. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present paper is the outcome of a two-day workshop held by the Cardiovascular Round Table of the European Society of Cardiology. We propose strategies to improve development of effective new cardiovascular therapies. These can include (i) the use of biomarkers to describe patients who will benefit from new therapies more precisely, achieving better human target validation; (ii) targeted, mechanism-based approaches to drug development for defined populations; (iii) the use of information technology to simplify data collection and follow-up in clinical trials; (iv) streamlining adverse event collection and reducing monitoring; (v) extended patent protection or limited rapid approval of new agents to motivate investment in early phase development; and (vi) collecting data needed for health technology assessment continuously throughout the drug development process (before and after approval) to minimize delays in patient access. Collaboration across industry, academia, regulators, and payers will be necessary to enact change and to unlock the existing potential for cardiovascular clinical drug development. CONCLUSIONS: A coordinated effort involving academia, regulators, industry, and payors will help to foster better and more effective conduct of clinical cardiovascular trials, supporting earlier availability of innovative therapies and better management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/normas , Doenças Cardiovasculares/economia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/economia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Custos e Análise de Custo/economia , Coleta de Dados , Aprovação de Drogas/economia , Aprovação de Drogas/legislação & jurisprudência , Descoberta de Drogas/economia , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Medicina de Precisão/economia , Sociedades Médicas , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica/economia , Terapias em Estudo/economiaRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the effects of Cimlanod, a nitroxyl donor with vasodilator properties, on water and salt excretion after an administration of an intravenos bolus of furosemide. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this randomized, double-blind, mechanistic, crossover trial, 21 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <45%, increased plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and receiving loop diuretics were given, on separate study days, either an 8 h intravenous (IV) infusion of cimlanod (12 µg/kg/min) or placebo. Furosemide was given as a 40 mg IV bolus four hours after the start of infusion. The primary endpoint was urine volume in the 4 h after the bolus of furosemide during infusion of cimlanod compared with placebo. Median NT-proBNP at baseline was 1487 (interquartile range: 847-2665) ng/L. Infusion of cimlanod increased cardiac output and reduced blood pressure without affecting cardiac power index consistent with its vasodilator effects. Urine volume in the 4 h post-furosemide was lower with cimlanod (1032 ± 393 ml) versus placebo (1481 ± 560 ml) (p = 0.002), as were total sodium excretion (p = 0.004), fractional sodium excretion (p = 0.016), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.012), and haemoglobin (p = 0.010), an index of plasma volume expansion. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with heart failure and congestion, vasodilatation with agents such as cimlanod reduces the response to diuretic agents, which may offset any benefit from acute reductions in cardiac preload and afterload.
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Diuréticos , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Diuréticos/uso terapêutico , Furosemida , Vasodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Volume Sistólico , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Sódio , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
While management of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is improved by guideline-conform application of anticoagulant therapy, rate control, rhythm control, and therapy of accompanying heart disease, the morbidity and mortality associated with AF remain unacceptably high. This paper describes the proceedings of the 3rd Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (AFNET)/European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus conference that convened over 60 scientists and representatives from industry to jointly discuss emerging therapeutic and diagnostic improvements to achieve better management of AF patients. The paper covers four chapters: (i) risk factors and risk markers for AF; (ii) pathophysiological classification of AF; (iii) relevance of monitored AF duration for AF-related outcomes; and (iv) perspectives and needs for implementing better antithrombotic therapy. Relevant published literature for each section is covered, and suggestions for the improvement of management in each area are put forward. Combined, the propositions formulate a perspective to implement comprehensive management in AF.
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Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/terapia , Animais , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapêutico , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrilação Atrial/fisiopatologia , Biomarcadores/análise , Feminino , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study described patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF) in Japan who received intravenous (IV) diuretics and/or vasodilators as the initial therapy. METHODS: The Japan Medical Data Vision database was used to identify adult patients hospitalized for AHF during 2013-2017, who were hemodynamically stable at presentation and treated with IV diuretics and/or IV vasodilators as initial therapy. Treatment patterns and use of cardiac rehabilitation, as well as outcomes (e.g., length of stay [LOS], in-hospital mortality, HF-readmission) were reported overall and by year of AHF hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 30,360 patients (mean age = 80.0 years; 52.2% male), 87.0% were treated during the hospitalization with IV diuretics, 63.9% with IV vasodilators, and 13.8% with intensified therapies. On average, the duration of IV therapy was 10.6 days. In-hospital cardiac rehabilitation was utilized by 51.7% of the patients for 11.7 days on average. Mean LOS was 23.3 days, while in-hospital mortality and 30-day HF readmission post-discharge were 13.2 and 9.5%, respectively. Hospitalization outcomes remained stable between 2013 and 2017 despite important changes in AHF management such as a decrease in carperitide use (55.9-40.0% in 2017), and increases in use of tolvaptan (from 14.2% in 2013 to 31.3% in 2017) and of cardiac rehabilitation (from 43.2% in 2013 to 56.1% in 2017). Patients with intensified therapies had the longest IV therapy duration (mean 23.8 days vs. 5.5-9.9 days), the highest cardiac rehabilitation services use (60.2 vs. 38.3-57.0%), the longest LOS (mean 36.7 vs. 16.3-22.2 days), and the highest in-hospital mortality (37.4 vs. 3.1-12.4%) compared to the other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary treatment for AHF hospitalization in Japan comprises a long duration of IV therapy followed by extended use of oral medications and in-hospital cardiac rehabilitation prior to discharge. Patients requiring intensified therapies had much longer LOS and higher in-hospital mortality.
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AIMS: Nitroxyl provokes vasodilatation and inotropic and lusitropic effects in animals via post-translational modification of thiols. We aimed to compare effects of the nitroxyl donor cimlanod (BMS-986231) with those of nitroglycerin (NTG) or placebo on cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized, multicentre, double-blind, crossover trial, 45 patients with stable HFrEF were given a 5 h intravenous infusion of cimlanod, NTG, or placebo on separate days. Echocardiograms were done at the start and end of each infusion period and read in a core laboratory. The primary endpoint was stroke volume index derived from the left ventricular outflow tract at the end of each infusion period. Stroke volume index with placebo was 30 ± 7 mL/m2 and was lower with cimlanod (29 ± 9 mL/m2 ; P = 0.03) and NTG (28 ± 8 mL/m2 ; P = 0.02). Transmitral E-wave Doppler velocity on cimlanod or NTG was lower than on placebo and, consequently, E/e' (P = 0.006) and E/A ratio (P = 0.003) were also lower. NTG had similar effects to cimlanod on these measurements. Blood pressure reduction was similar with cimlanod and NTG and greater than with placebo. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic HFrEF, the haemodynamic effects of cimlanod and NTG are similar. The effects of cimlanod may be explained by venodilatation and preload reduction without additional inotropic or lusitropic effects. Ongoing trials of cimlanod will further define its potential role in the treatment of heart failure.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Método Duplo-Cego , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Óxidos de Nitrogênio , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to identify well-tolerated doses of cimlanod in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Secondary objectives were to identify signals of efficacy, including biomarkers, symptoms, and clinical events. BACKGROUND: Nitroxyl (HNO) donors have vasodilator, inotropic and lusitropic effects. Bristol-Myers Squibb-986231 (cimlanod) is an HNO donor being developed for acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS: This was a phase IIb, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 48-h treatment with cimlanod compared with placebo in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% hospitalized for AHF. In part I, patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to escalating doses of cimlanod or matching placebo. In part II, patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to either of the 2 highest tolerated doses of cimlanod from part I or placebo. The primary endpoint was the rate of clinically relevant hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg or patients became symptomatic). RESULTS: In part I (n = 100), clinically relevant hypotension was more common with cimlanod than placebo (20% vs. 8%; relative risk [RR]: 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83 to 14.53). In part II (n = 222), the incidence of clinically relevant hypotension was 18% for placebo, 21% for cimlanod 6 µg/kg/min (RR: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.58 to 2.43), and 35% for cimlanod 12 µg/kg/min (RR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.04 to 3.59). N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and bilirubin decreased during infusion of cimlanod treatment compared with placebo, but these differences did not persist after treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Cimlanod at a dose of 6 µg/kg/min was reasonably well-tolerated compared with placebo. Cimlanod reduced markers of congestion, but this did not persist beyond the treatment period. (Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of 48-Hour Infusions of HNO (Nitroxyl) Donor in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure [STANDUP AHF]; NCT03016325).
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Doença Aguda , Método Duplo-Cego , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Óxidos de Nitrogênio , Volume Sistólico , Resultado do Tratamento , Função Ventricular EsquerdaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize in-hospital treatment patterns and associated patient outcomes among patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) in U.S. clinical practice. BACKGROUND: Hospitalizations for HF are common and associated with poor patient outcomes. Real-world patterns of in-hospital treatment, including diuretic therapy, in contemporary U.S. practice are unknown. METHODS: Using Optum de-identified Electronic Health Record data from 2007 through 2018, patients hospitalized for a primary diagnosis of HF (ejection fraction ≤40%) and who were hemodynamically stable at admission, without concurrent acute coronary syndrome or end-stage renal disease, and treated with intravenous (IV) diuretic agents within 48 h of admission were identified. Patients were categorized into 1 of 4 mutually exclusive hierarchical treatment groups defined by complexity of treatment during hospitalization (intensified treatment with mechanical support or IV vasoactive therapy, IV diuretic therapy reinitiated after discontinuation for ≥1 day without intensified treatment, IV diuretic dose increase/combination diuretic treatment without intensified treatment or IV diuretic reinitiation, or uncomplicated). RESULTS: Of 22,677 patients hospitalized for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 66% had uncomplicated hospitalizations without escalation of treatment beyond initial IV diuretic therapy. Among 7,809 remaining patients, the highest level of therapy received was IV diuretic dose increase/combination diuretic treatment in 25%, IV diuretic reinitiation in 36%, and intensified therapy in 39%. Overall, 19% of all patients had reinitiation of IV diuretic agents (26% of such patients had multiple instances), 12% were simultaneously treated with multiple diuretics, and 61% were transitioned to oral diuretic agents before discharge. Compared with uncomplicated treatment, IV diuretic reinitiation and intensified treatment were associated with significantly longer median length of stay (uncomplicated: 4 days; IV diuretic reinitiation: 8 days; intensified: 10 days) and higher rates of in-hospital (uncomplicated: 1.6%; IV diuretic reinitiation: 4.2%; intensified: 13.2%) and 30-day post-discharge mortality (uncomplicated: 5.2%; IV diuretic reinitiation: 9.7%; intensified: 12.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary real-world population of U.S. patients hospitalized for HFrEF, one-third of patients had in-hospital treatment escalated beyond initial IV diuretic therapy. These more complex treatment patterns were associated with highly variable patterns of diuretic use, longer hospital lengths of stay, and higher mortality. Standardized and evidence-based approaches are needed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of in-hospital HFrEF care.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Inibidores de Simportadores de Cloreto de Sódio e Potássio/uso terapêutico , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Idoso , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Hospitalisation for acute heart failure remains a major public health problem with high prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and cost. Prior attempts to develop new therapies for this condition have not been successful. Nitroxyl (HNO) plays a unique role in cardiovascular physiology by direct post-translational modification of thiol residues on target proteins, specifically SERCA2a, phospholamban, the ryanodine receptor and myofilament proteins in cardiomyocytes. In animal models, these biological effects lead to vasodilatation, increased inotropy and lusitropy, but without tachyphylaxis, pro-arrhythmia or evidence of increased myocardial oxygen demand. BMS-986231 is an HNO donor being developed as a therapy for heart failure, and initial studies in patients with heart failure support the potential clinical value of these physiological effects. In this manuscript, we describe the ongoing phase II development programme for BMS-986231, which consists of three related randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials, StandUP-AHF, StandUP-Imaging and StandUP-Kidney, which are designed to provide evidence of tolerability and efficacy as well as confirm the anticipated physiological effects in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. These studies will set the stage for the further study of BMS-986231 in future phase III clinical trials.
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Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos/métodos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Óxidos de Nitrogênio/uso terapêutico , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Doença Aguda , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite its limitations, unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the recommended anticoagulant during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Few randomized trials have compared low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and UFH, and most lacked the power to detect a difference between the 2 anticoagulants in terms of safety or efficacy. Our objective was to perform a meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing the efficacy and safety of LMWH vs UFH as anticoagulants in the setting of PCI. METHODS: We used MEDLINE, randomized trials presented at major cardiology conferences, and journal article bibliographies from January 1998 and September 2006. Two reviewers independently identified randomized studies comparing the intravenous administration of LMWH vs UFH among patients undergoing PCI. Data on sample size, baseline characteristics, and outcomes of interest were independently extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Thirteen trials including 7318 patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 4201 patients (57.4%) received LMWH, and 3117 patients (42.6%) received UFH. Intravenous LMWH use was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of major bleeding compared with UFH (odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.82; P = .002). A trend toward a reduction in minor bleeding was also observed among LMWH-treated patients (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.47-1.20; P = .24). Similar efficacy was observed between LMWH and UFH regarding the double end point of death or myocardial infarction (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79-1.24; P = .93). There were no significant differences in death, myocardial infarction, and urgent revascularization between patients receiving LMWH and those receiving UFH. CONCLUSION: The use of intravenous LMWH during PCI is associated with a significant reduction in major bleeding events compared with UFH, without compromising outcomes on hard ischemic end points.
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Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/métodos , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/administração & dosagem , Heparina/análogos & derivados , Isquemia Miocárdica/terapia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Heparina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Despite the availability of a number of different classes of therapeutic agents with proven efficacy in heart failure, the clinical course of heart failure patients is characterized by a reduction in life expectancy, a progressive decline in health-related quality of life and functional status, as well as a high risk of hospitalization. New approaches are needed to address the unmet medical needs of this patient population. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is undertaking a revision of its Guideline on Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products for the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure. The draft version of the Guideline was released for public consultation in January 2016. The Cardiovascular Round Table of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in partnership with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC, convened a dedicated two-day workshop to discuss three main topic areas of major interest in the field and addressed in this draft EMA guideline: (i) assessment of efficacy (i.e. endpoint selection and statistical analysis); (ii) clinical trial design (i.e. issues pertaining to patient population, optimal medical therapy, run-in period); and (iii) research approaches for testing novel therapeutic principles (i.e. cell therapy). This paper summarizes the key outputs from the workshop, reviews areas of expert consensus, and identifies gaps that require further research or discussion. Collaboration between regulators, industry, clinical trialists, cardiologists, health technology assessment bodies, payers, and patient organizations is critical to address the ongoing challenge of heart failure and to ensure the development and market access of new therapeutics in a scientifically robust, practical and safe way.
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Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Consenso , Aprovação de Drogas , HumanosRESUMO
In-hospital and long-term outcomes after coronary angioplasty in 28 dialysis diabetic and 84 dialysis nondiabetic patients were compared with clinical outcomes after coronary angioplasty in 28 nondialysis diabetic and 84 nondialysis, nondiabetic patients matched according to clinical and angiographic characteristics. The rate of angiographic success in diabetic dialysis patients was high and similar in the 4 groups. The risk of 4-year cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction was higher in dialysis diabetics than in dialysis nondiabetics (odds ratio [OR] 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 2.75, p <0.05), nondialysis diabetics (OR 4.27, 95% CI 2.87 to 5.67, p <0.008), and nondialysis nondiabetics (OR 5.2, 95% CI 4.17 to 6.23, p <0.0001).
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Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/efeitos adversos , Estenose Coronária/etiologia , Estenose Coronária/terapia , Complicações do Diabetes , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Renal/complicações , Insuficiência Renal/terapia , Idoso , Angiografia Coronária , Estenose Coronária/diagnóstico por imagem , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico por imagem , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência Renal/diagnóstico por imagem , Stents/efeitos adversos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (Gp IIb/IIIa) inhibitors improve myocardial reperfusion and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but optimal timing of administration remains unclear. No systematic reviews have comprehensively examined the effects of early vs delayed administration of these agents. OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of randomized trials of early (prior to transfer to the catheterization laboratory) vs late (at the time of PCI) intravenous administration of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register search of the literature over the past 10 years; papers presented at major cardiac conferences; consultation with national and international colleagues as well as Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor drug manufacturers; and text and journal article bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: We examined trials of randomized comparisons between early administration at the point of initial contact (emergency department or ambulance) and late administration (catheterization laboratory) of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors in STEMI. Outcome data had to be available on both culprit artery patency evaluated by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grades on admission and mortality. Two authors independently reviewed abstracts or complete articles. Six studies met inclusion criteria. Independent data extraction was performed by 2 reviewers and confirmed by consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 6 trials enrolled 931 STEMI patients treated with abciximab (3 trials) or tirofiban (3 trials) in combination with primary PCI. TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow (41.7% [194/465 vs 29.8% [139/466]) as well as TIMI grade 3 flow (20.3% [84/413] vs 12.2% [51/418]) were significantly more frequent in the early group compared with the late group (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.22; P<.001; and OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.26-2.71; P<.001, respectively). The early administration of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors was associated with a 28% reduction of mortality from 4.7% to 3.4%, which was not significant but consistent with similar trends for reinfarction and the composite ischemic end point. CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials, early administration of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors in STEMI appeared to improve coronary patency with favorable trends for clinical outcomes. These findings are supportive of a strategy of facilitated PCI. Further evaluations in adequately powered large trials are awaited to confirm the clinical benefit of this strategy.
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Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/administração & dosagem , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIIb-IIIa de Plaquetas/antagonistas & inibidores , Terapia Trombolítica , Humanos , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
AIMS: Varying results have been reported in studies evaluating glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition in primary coronary stenting of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), usually with limited clinical follow-up. We performed a meta-analysis on case specific data of primary stenting in STEMI with a long-term evaluation. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this meta-analysis, studies of rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after failed lytic therapy, plain balloon angioplasty studies and studies with an angiographic selection of patients were excluded. The ISAR-2, ADMIRAL, and ACE studies fulfilled inclusion criteria and all individual data were analysed together. The primary endpoint was the composite of death or re-infarction up to 3 years of follow-up. A total of 1101 patients, presenting for primary PCI and stenting of STEMI were randomized to abciximab (n=550) or placebo (n=551). This population had high-risk characteristics with 41% of anterior MI, 30% with a prior history of MI, 8.4% of cardiogenic shock, and 3.1% of previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The primary endpoint of death or re-infarction was significantly reduced from an estimated cumulative hazard rate of 19.0% with placebo to 12.9% with abciximab [RR(95% IC): 0.633 (0.452; 0.887), P=0.008]. The mortality rate was reduced from an estimated cumulative hazard rate of 14.3% in the placebo arm to 10.9% in the abciximab arm [0.695 (0.482; 1.003), P=0.052]. Re-infarction was reduced from an estimated cumulative hazard rate of 5.5% with placebo to 2.3% with abciximab [0.41 (0.203; 0.831), P=0.013]. Major bleedings were 2.5 and 2% with and without abciximab, respectively (NS). In the control arm, both the death or MI cumulative hazard rate (54 vs. 13.5%) and mortality rate (39.7 vs. 10.1%) were four-fold higher in diabetics when compared with non-diabetics. Abciximab provided a significant benefit on the primary endpoint for diabetics [0.525 (0.303; 0.911), P=0.022]. CONCLUSION: Abciximab has a strong and persistent impact on hard clinical endpoints in patients undergoing primary stenting for STEMI.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/uso terapêutico , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Stents , Abciximab , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Recidiva , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized trials that enrolled ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with fibrinolysis to assess the potential benefits of: 1) rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus no PCI; 2) systematic and early (< or =24 h) PCI versus delayed or ischemia-guided PCI; 3) fibrinolysis-facilitated PCI versus primary PCI alone. BACKGROUND: The impact of PCI strategies after fibrinolysis on mortality or reinfarction remains to be established. METHODS: The meta-analysis was performed using the odds ratio (OR) as the parameter of efficacy with a random effect model. Fifteen randomized trials (5,253 patients) were selected. The primary end point was mortality or the combined end point of death or reinfarction. RESULTS: Rescue PCI for failed fibrinolysis reduced mortality (6.9% vs. 10.7%) (OR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.99; p = 0.055) and the rate of death or reinfarction (10.8% vs. 16.8%) (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.89; p = 0.012) compared with a conservative approach. Systematic and early PCI performed during the "stent era" led to a nonsignificant reduction in mortality compared with delayed or ischemia-guided PCI (3.8% vs. 6.7%) (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.05; p = 0.07) and to a 2-fold reduction in the rate of death or reinfarction (7.5% vs. 13.2%) (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.83; p = 0.0067). This benefit contrasted with a nonsignificant increase in the rate of both mortality (5.5% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.33) or death or reinfarction (9.6% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.06) observed in the "balloon era." Fibrinolysis-facilitated PCI was associated with more reinfarction as compared with primary PCI alone (5.0% vs. 3.0%) (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.51; p = 0.013) without significant impact on mortality (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.83; p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support rescue PCI and systematic and early PCI after fibrinolysis. However, the current data do not support fibrinolysis-facilitated PCI in lieu of primary PCI alone.
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Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Doença das Coronárias/terapia , Fibrinólise , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Doença das Coronárias/complicações , Humanos , Recidiva , Fatores de Tempo , Falha de TratamentoRESUMO
This meta-analysis assessed the rates of the efficacy and safety endpoints with intravenous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Subcutaneous LMWH has compared favorably with UFH, but limited experience exists with intravenous LMWH for immediate anticoagulation in PCI. The meta-analysis included data from eight randomized trials in which patients received LMWH (n = 1,037) or UFH (n = 978) during PCI. Seven additional nonrandomized studies/registries were analyzed to assess the efficacy and safety of LMWH during PCI. Efficacy endpoints were ischemic events (usually a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and urgent revascularization) and the safety endpoint was bleeding (major, minor, or all bleeding). In the randomized studies, LMWH was comparable with UFH in terms of efficacy (6.2% vs. 7.5%) and major bleeding (0.9% vs. 1.8%). The analysis of pooled data, randomized or not, suggests potential improved efficacy (5.8% vs. 7.6%) and reduced major bleeding (0.6% vs. 1.8%) with LMWH (n = 3,787) compared with UFH (n = 978). During PCI, intravenous LMWH without coagulation monitoring has the potential to be at least as safe and efficacious as intravenous UFH. Further studies of LMWHs in PCI are therefore required.
Assuntos
Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Doença das Coronárias/terapia , Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/administração & dosagem , Heparina/administração & dosagem , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/efeitos adversos , Fibrinolíticos/efeitos adversos , Heparina/efeitos adversos , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/etiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
In order to determine how renal transplantation modifies in hospital and long-term outcome after coronary angioplasty, we compared dialysis and renal transplant patients with control patients without renal failure. Seventy-five consecutive dialysis patients (group D) and 37 renal transplant patients (group T) undergoing coronary angioplasty, were compared with two control groups (groups control D and control T, respectively) matched 1:1 with groups D and T for clinical and angiographic characteristics. The mean follow-up was 50 months. The rate of angiographic success was high and comparable in the four groups (P=0.7). Renal transplant patients were younger than dialysis non-transplant patients (P=0.004). The risk of 4-year cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction was higher in dialysis compared to control dialysis patients (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.35--5.01, P=0.004), in transplant patients compared to control transplant patients (OR 9.93, 95% CI 1.17--84.04, P=0.03), and there was a trend toward a higher risk in dialysis than in renal transplant patients (OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.8--3.19, P=0.08). The risk of 4-year mortality was higher in dialysis patients than in the other three groups (31% in group D versus 19% in group T, 13% in group control D, and 0% in group control T, P<0.001). After adjusting for age, diabetes, and multivessel disease, long-term mortality risk was similar in dialysis and renal transplant patients. On multivariate analysis, renal function (P=0.002), age (P=0.005), and tobacco consumption (P=0.005) were independently associated with 4-year cardiac death. In patients with end-stage renal disease who undergo coronary angioplasty, renal transplantation was not independently associated with a lower long-term mortality compared to dialysis treatment. Both dialysis and renal transplant patients show lower survival rates compared to matched control patients.