Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in Early-Onset-Dementia Patients Brain Tissue and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines.

Epigenetics, a potential underlying pathogenic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases, has been in the scope of several studies performed so far. However, there is a gap in regard to analyzing different forms of early-onset dementia and the use of Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We performed a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis on sixty-four samples (from the prefrontal cortex and LCLs) including those taken from patients with early-onset forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and healthy controls. A beta regression model and adjusted p-values were used to obtain differentially methylated positions (DMPs) via pairwise comparisons. A correlation analysis of DMP levels with Clariom D array gene expression data from the same cohort was also performed. The results showed hypermethylation as the most frequent finding in both tissues studied in the patient groups. Biological significance analysis revealed common pathways altered in AD and FTD patients, affecting neuron development, metabolism, signal transduction, and immune system pathways. These alterations were also found in LCL samples, suggesting the epigenetic changes might not be limited to the central nervous system. In the brain, CpG methylation presented an inverse correlation with gene expression, while in LCLs, we observed mainly a positive correlation. This study enhances our understanding of the biological pathways that are associated with neurodegeneration, describes differential methylation patterns, and suggests LCLs are a potential cell model for studying neurodegenerative diseases in earlier clinical phases than brain tissue.

Classifying Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia using machine learning with cross-sectional and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging data.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are common causes of dementia with partly overlapping, symptoms and brain signatures. There is a need to establish an accurate diagnosis and to obtain markers for disease tracking. We combined unsupervised and supervised machine learning to discriminate between AD and FTD using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We included baseline 3T-T1 MRI data from 339 subjects: 99 healthy controls (CTR), 153 AD and 87 FTD patients; and 2-year follow-up data from 114 subjects. We obtained subcortical gray matter volumes and cortical thickness measures using FreeSurfer. We used dimensionality reduction to obtain a single feature that was later used in a support vector machine for classification. Discrimination patterns were obtained with the contribution of each region to the single feature. Our algorithm differentiated CTR versus AD and CTR versus FTD at the cross-sectional level with 83.3% and 82.1% of accuracy. These increased up to 90.0% and 88.0% with longitudinal data. When we studied the classification between AD versus FTD we obtained an accuracy of 63.3% at the cross-sectional level and 75.0% for longitudinal data. The AD versus FTD versus CTR classification has reached an accuracy of 60.7%, and 71.3% for cross-sectional and longitudinal data respectively. Disease discrimination brain maps are in concordance with previous results obtained with classical approaches. By using a single feature, we were capable to classify CTR, AD, and FTD with good accuracy, considering the inherent overlap between diseases. Importantly, the algorithm can be used with cross-sectional and longitudinal data.

The APOE4 effect: structural brain differences in Alzheimer's disease according to the age at symptom onset.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: How the APOE genotype can differentially affect cortical and subcortical memory structures in biomarker-confirmed early-onset (EOAD) and late-onset (LOAD) Alzheimer's disease (AD) was assessed. METHOD: Eighty-seven cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker-confirmed AD patients were classified according to their APOE genotype and age at onset. 28 were EOAD APOE4 carriers (+EOAD), 21 EOAD APOE4 non-carriers (-EOAD), 23 LOAD APOE4 carriers (+LOAD) and 15 LOAD APOE4 non-carriers (-LOAD). Grey matter (GM) volume differences were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry in Papez circuit regions. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the relation between GM volume loss and cognition. RESULTS: Significantly more mammillary body atrophy in +EOAD compared to -EOAD is reported. The medial temporal and posterior cingulate cortex showed less GM in +LOAD compared to -LOAD. Medial temporal GM volume loss was also found in +EOAD compared to -LOAD. With an exception for +EOAD, medial temporal GM was strongly associated with episodic memory in the three groups, whilst posterior cingulate cortex GM volume was more related with visuospatial abilities. Visuospatial abilities and episodic memory were also associated with the anterior thalamic nucleus in -LOAD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the APOE genotype has a significant effect on GM integrity as a function of age of disease onset. Specifically, whilst LOAD APOE4 genotype is mostly associated with increased medial temporal and parietal atrophy compared to -LOAD, for EOAD APOE4 might have a more specific effect on subcortical (mammillary body) structures. The findings suggest that APOE genotype needs to be taken into account when classifying patients by age at onset.

Sex differences in early-onset Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sex is believed to drive heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), although evidence in early-onset AD (EOAD; <65 years) is scarce. METHODS: We included 62 EOAD patients and 44 healthy controls (HCs) with core AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, neurofilament light chain levels, neuropsychological assessment, and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging. We measured cortical thickness (CTh) and hippocampal subfield volumes (HpS) using FreeSurfer. Adjusted linear models were used to analyze sex-differences and the relationship between atrophy and cognition. RESULTS: Compared to same-sex HCs, female EOAD subjects showed greater cognitive impairment and broader atrophy burden than male EOAD subjects. In a direct female-EOAD versus male-EOAD comparison, there were slight differences in temporal CTh, with no differences in cognition or HpS. CSF tau levels were higher in female EOAD than in male EOAD subjects. Greater atrophy was associated with worse cognition in female EOAD subjects. CONCLUSIONS: At diagnosis, there are sex differences in the pattern of cognitive impairment, atrophy burden, and CSF tau in EOAD, suggesting there is an influence of sex on pathology spreading and susceptibility to the disease in EOAD.

Synaptic, axonal damage and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in neurodegenerative dementias.

INTRODUCTION: Synaptic damage, axonal neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation are common features in Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS: Unicentric cohort of 353 participants included healthy control (HC) subjects, AD continuum stages, genetic AD and FTD, and FTD and CJD. We measured cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light (NF-L), neurogranin (Ng), 14-3-3, and YKL-40 proteins. RESULTS: Biomarkers showed differences in HC subjects versus AD, FTD, and CJD. Disease groups differed between them except AD versus FTD for YKL-40. Only NF-L differed between all stages within the AD continuum. AD and FTD symptomatic mutation carriers presented differences with respect to HC subjects. Applying the AT(N) system, 96% subjects were positive for neurodegeneration if 14-3-3 was used, 94% if NF-L was used, 62% if Ng was used, and 53% if YKL-40 was used. DISCUSSION: Biomarkers of synapse and neurodegeneration differentiate HC subjects from neurodegenerative dementias and between AD, FTD, and CJD. NF-L and 14-3-3 performed similar to total tau when AT(N) system was applied.

Free water elimination improves test-retest reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging indices in the brain: A longitudinal multisite study of healthy elderly subjects.

Free water elimination (FWE) in brain diffusion MRI has been shown to improve tissue specificity in human white matter characterization both in health and in disease. Relative to the classical diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) model, FWE is also expected to increase sensitivity to microstructural changes in longitudinal studies. However, it is not clear if these two models differ in their test-retest reproducibility. This study compares a bi-tensor model for FWE with DTI by extending a previous longitudinal-reproducibility 3T multisite study (10 sites, 7 different scanner models) of 50 healthy elderly participants (55-80 years old) scanned in two sessions at least 1 week apart. We computed the reproducibility of commonly used DTI metrics (FA: fractional anisotropy, MD: mean diffusivity, RD: radial diffusivity, and AXD: axial diffusivity), derived either using a DTI model or a FWE model. The DTI metrics were evaluated over 48 white-matter regions of the JHU-ICBM-DTI-81 white-matter labels atlas, and reproducibility errors were assessed. We found that relative to the DTI model, FWE significantly reduced reproducibility errors in most areas tested. In particular, for the FA and MD metrics, there was an average reduction of approximately 1% in the reproducibility error. The reproducibility scores did not significantly differ across sites. This study shows that FWE improves sensitivity and is thus promising for clinical applications, with the potential to identify more subtle changes. The increased reproducibility allows for smaller sample size or shorter trials in studies evaluating biomarkers of disease progression or treatment effects. Hum Brain Mapp 38:12-26, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Down syndrome and sporadic and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate if cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is more frequent in genetically determined than in sporadic early-onset forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (early-onset AD [EOAD]). METHODS: Neuroimaging features of CAA, apolipoprotein (APOE), and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid ß (Aß) 40 levels were studied in subjects with Down syndrome (DS, n = 117), autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD, n = 29), sporadic EOAD (n = 42), and healthy controls (n = 68). RESULTS: CAA was present in 31%, 38%, and 12% of cognitively impaired DS, symptomatic ADAD, and sporadic EOAD subjects and in 13% and 4% of cognitively unimpaired DS individuals and healthy controls, respectively. APOE ε4 genotype was borderline significantly associated with CAA in sporadic EOAD (P = .06) but not with DS or ADAD. There were no differences in Aß040 levels between groups or between subjects with and without CAA. DISCUSSION: CAA is more frequently found in genetically determined AD than in sporadic EOAD. Cerebrospinal fluid Aß40 levels are not a useful biomarker for CAA in AD.

Test-retest reliability of the default mode network in a multi-centric fMRI study of healthy elderly: Effects of data-driven physiological noise correction techniques.

Understanding how to reduce the influence of physiological noise in resting state fMRI data is important for the interpretation of functional brain connectivity. Limited data is currently available to assess the performance of physiological noise correction techniques, in particular when evaluating longitudinal changes in the default mode network (DMN) of healthy elderly participants. In this 3T harmonized multisite fMRI study, we investigated how different retrospective physiological noise correction (rPNC) methods influence the within-site test-retest reliability and the across-site reproducibility consistency of DMN-derived measurements across 13 MRI sites. Elderly participants were scanned twice at least a week apart (five participants per site). The rPNC methods were: none (NPC), Tissue-based regression, PESTICA and FSL-FIX. The DMN at the single subject level was robustly identified using ICA methods in all rPNC conditions. The methods significantly affected the mean z-scores and, albeit less markedly, the cluster-size in the DMN; in particular, FSL-FIX tended to increase the DMN z-scores compared to others. Within-site test-retest reliability was consistent across sites, with no differences across rPNC methods. The absolute percent errors were in the range of 5-11% for DMN z-scores and cluster-size reliability. DMN pattern overlap was in the range 60-65%. In particular, no rPNC method showed a significant reliability improvement relative to NPC. However, FSL-FIX and Tissue-based physiological correction methods showed both similar and significant improvements of reproducibility consistency across the consortium (ICC = 0.67) for the DMN z-scores relative to NPC. Overall these findings support the use of rPNC methods like tissue-based or FSL-FIX to characterize multisite longitudinal changes of intrinsic functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2114-2132, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Predict Clinical Evolution in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND: Determination of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers - 42-amino-acid amyloid-ß (Aß42), total tau and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) - has demonstrated high validity for detecting AD neuropathological changes. However, their prognostic utility to predict the onset of dementia in predementia subjects is still questioned. We aimed to study the prospective clinical evolution of a group of subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to determine the prognostic capacity of AD CSF biomarkers. METHODS: 149 subjects with MCI or SCD, not meeting dementia criteria, underwent a prospective clinical, neuropsychological and CSF biomarker study. Patients were initially classified as SCD or MCI following internationally accepted criteria. CSF sampling was obtained and analysed following consensus protocols. Neuropsychological and clinical evaluations were conducted at the follow-up. Statistical analysis considering the final clinical diagnosis, regression analysis to define risk factors and survival curves for progression were made. RESULTS: 72.4% of subjects (83% MCI and 27% SCD) with a pathological CSF ratio (Aß42/p-tau) met criteria for dementia during the 5-year follow-up versus 18.7% of subjects from the group with a normal ratio. The pathological CSF ratio was a powerful marker of risk for AD dementia (OR 27.1; 95% CI 10.3-71.2). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that only 15% of subjects with a pathological CSF ratio remained free of AD dementia at 5 years of follow-up. All subjects who reverted to normal cognition presented a normal CSF profile at baseline. CONCLUSION: An abnormal AD CSF biomarker profile in predementia subjects is a powerful predictor of cognitive and/or functional decline in the medium term.

Longitudinal reproducibility of automatically segmented hippocampal subfields: A multisite European 3T study on healthy elderly.

Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of automatically segmented subfields of the human hippocampal formation derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, little is known about the test-retest reproducibility of such measures, particularly in the context of multisite studies. Here, we report the reproducibility of automated Freesurfer hippocampal subfields segmentations in 65 healthy elderly enrolled in a consortium of 13 3T MRI sites (five subjects per site). Participants were scanned in two sessions (test and retest) at least one week apart. Each session included two anatomical 3D T1 MRI acquisitions harmonized in the consortium. We evaluated the test-retest reproducibility of subfields segmentation (i) to assess the effects of averaging two within-session T1 images and (ii) to compare subfields with whole hippocampus volume and spatial reliability. We found that within-session averaging of two T1 images significantly improved the reproducibility of all hippocampal subfields but not that of the whole hippocampus. Volumetric and spatial reproducibility across MRI sites were very good for the whole hippocampus, CA2-3, CA4-dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum (reproducibility error∼2% and DICE > 0.90), good for CA1 and presubiculum (reproducibility error ∼ 5% and DICE ∼ 0.90), and poorer for fimbria and hippocampal fissure (reproducibility error ∼ 15% and DICE < 0.80). Spearman's correlations confirmed that test-retest reproducibility improved with volume size. Despite considerable differences of MRI scanner configurations, we found consistent hippocampal subfields volumes estimation. CA2-3, CA4-DG, and sub-CA1 (subiculum, presubiculum, and CA1 pooled together) gave test-retest reproducibility similar to the whole hippocampus. Our findings suggest that the larger hippocampal subfields volume may be reliable longitudinal markers in multisite studies.

Multisite longitudinal reliability of tract-based spatial statistics in diffusion tensor imaging of healthy elderly subjects.

Large-scale longitudinal neuroimaging studies with diffusion imaging techniques are necessary to test and validate models of white matter neurophysiological processes that change in time, both in healthy and diseased brains. The predictive power of such longitudinal models will always be limited by the reproducibility of repeated measures acquired during different sessions. At present, there is limited quantitative knowledge about the across-session reproducibility of standard diffusion metrics in 3T multi-centric studies on subjects in stable conditions, in particular when using tract based spatial statistics and with elderly people. In this study we implemented a multi-site brain diffusion protocol in 10 clinical 3T MRI sites distributed across 4 countries in Europe (Italy, Germany, France and Greece) using vendor provided sequences from Siemens (Allegra, Trio Tim, Verio, Skyra, Biograph mMR), Philips (Achieva) and GE (HDxt) scanners. We acquired DTI data (2 × 2 × 2 mm(3), b = 700 s/mm(2), 5 b0 and 30 diffusion weighted volumes) of a group of healthy stable elderly subjects (5 subjects per site) in two separate sessions at least a week apart. For each subject and session four scalar diffusion metrics were considered: fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial (AD) diffusivity. The diffusion metrics from multiple subjects and sessions at each site were aligned to their common white matter skeleton using tract-based spatial statistics. The reproducibility at each MRI site was examined by looking at group averages of absolute changes relative to the mean (%) on various parameters: i) reproducibility of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the b0 images in centrum semiovale, ii) full brain test-retest differences of the diffusion metric maps on the white matter skeleton, iii) reproducibility of the diffusion metrics on atlas-based white matter ROIs on the white matter skeleton. Despite the differences of MRI scanner configurations across sites (vendors, models, RF coils and acquisition sequences) we found good and consistent test-retest reproducibility. White matter b0 SNR reproducibility was on average 7 ± 1% with no significant MRI site effects. Whole brain analysis resulted in no significant test-retest differences at any of the sites with any of the DTI metrics. The atlas-based ROI analysis showed that the mean reproducibility errors largely remained in the 2-4% range for FA and AD and 2-6% for MD and RD, averaged across ROIs. Our results show reproducibility values comparable to those reported in studies using a smaller number of MRI scanners, slightly different DTI protocols and mostly younger populations. We therefore show that the acquisition and analysis protocols used are appropriate for multi-site experimental scenarios.

Cortical thickness modeling and variability in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) show different patterns of cortical thickness (CTh) loss compared with healthy controls (HC), even though there is relevant heterogeneity between individuals suffering from each of these diseases. Thus, we developed CTh models to study individual variability in AD, FTD, and HC. METHODS: We used the baseline CTh measures of 379 participants obtained from the structural MRI processed with FreeSurfer. A total of 169 AD patients (63 ± 9 years, 65 men), 88 FTD patients (64 ± 9 years, 43 men), and 122 HC (62 ± 10 years, 47 men) were studied. We fitted region-wise temporal models of CTh using Support Vector Regression. Then, we studied associations of individual deviations from the model with cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) and 14-3-3 protein and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Furthermore, we used real longitudinal data from 144 participants to test model predictivity. RESULTS: We defined CTh spatiotemporal models for each group with a reliable fit. Individual deviation correlated with MMSE for AD and with NfL for FTD. AD patients with higher deviations from the trend presented higher MMSE values. In FTD, lower NfL levels were associated with higher deviations from the CTh prediction. For AD and HC, we could predict longitudinal visits with the presented model trained with baseline data. For FTD, the longitudinal visits had more variability. CONCLUSION: We highlight the value of CTh models for studying AD and FTD longitudinal changes and variability and their relationships with cognitive features and biomarkers.

Impact of demographics and comorbid conditions on plasma biomarkers concentrations and their diagnostic accuracy in a memory clinic cohort.

Plasma biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for identifying amyloid beta (Aß) pathology. Before implementation in routine clinical practice, confounding factors modifying their concentration beyond neurodegenerative diseases should be identified. We studied the association of a comprehensive list of demographics, comorbidities, medication and laboratory parameters with plasma p-tau181, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) on a prospective memory clinic cohort and studied their impact on diagnostic accuracy for discriminating CSF/amyloid PET-defined Aß status. Three hundred sixty patients (mean age 66.5 years, 55% females, 53% Aß positive) were included. Sex, age and Aß status-adjusted models showed that only estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, standardized ß -0.115 [-0.192 to -0.035], p = 0.005) was associated with p-tau181 levels, although with a much smaller effect than Aß status (0.685 [0.607-0.763], p < 0.001). Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and eGFR significantly modified GFAP concentration. Age, blood volume (BV) and eGFR were associated with NfL levels. p-tau181 predicted Aß status with 87% sensitivity and specificity with no relevant increase in diagnostic performance by adding any of the confounding factors. Using two cut-offs, plasma p-tau181 could have spared 62% of amyloid-PET/CSF testing. Excluding patients with chronic kidney disease did not change the proposed cut-offs nor the diagnostic performance. In conclusion, in a memory clinic cohort, age, sex, eGFR, BMI, BV and CCI slightly modified plasma p-tau181, GFAP and NfL concentrations but their impact on the diagnostic accuracy of plasma biomarkers for Aß status discrimination was minimal.

Brain morphometry reproducibility in multi-center 3T MRI studies: a comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal segmentations.

Large-scale longitudinal multi-site MRI brain morphometry studies are becoming increasingly crucial to characterize both normal and clinical population groups using fully automated segmentation tools. The test-retest reproducibility of morphometry data acquired across multiple scanning sessions, and for different MR vendors, is an important reliability indicator since it defines the sensitivity of a protocol to detect longitudinal effects in a consortium. There is very limited knowledge about how across-session reliability of morphometry estimates might be affected by different 3T MRI systems. Moreover, there is a need for optimal acquisition and analysis protocols in order to reduce sample sizes. A recent study has shown that the longitudinal FreeSurfer segmentation offers improved within session test-retest reproducibility relative to the cross-sectional segmentation at one 3T site using a nonstandard multi-echo MPRAGE sequence. In this study we implement a multi-site 3T MRI morphometry protocol based on vendor provided T1 structural sequences from different vendors (3D MPRAGE on Siemens and Philips, 3D IR-SPGR on GE) implemented in 8 sites located in 4 European countries. The protocols used mild acceleration factors (1.5-2) when possible. We acquired across-session test-retest structural data of a group of healthy elderly subjects (5 subjects per site) and compared the across-session reproducibility of two full-brain automated segmentation methods based on either longitudinal or cross-sectional FreeSurfer processing. The segmentations include cortical thickness, intracranial, ventricle and subcortical volumes. Reproducibility is evaluated as absolute changes relative to the mean (%), Dice coefficient for volume overlap and intraclass correlation coefficients across two sessions. We found that this acquisition and analysis protocol gives comparable reproducibility results to previous studies that used longer acquisitions without acceleration. We also show that the longitudinal processing is systematically more reliable across sites regardless of MRI system differences. The reproducibility errors of the longitudinal segmentations are on average approximately half of those obtained with the cross sectional analysis for all volume segmentations and for entorhinal cortical thickness. No significant differences in reliability are found between the segmentation methods for the other cortical thickness estimates. The average of two MPRAGE volumes acquired within each test-retest session did not systematically improve the across-session reproducibility of morphometry estimates. Our results extend those from previous studies that showed improved reliability of the longitudinal analysis at single sites and/or with non-standard acquisition methods. The multi-site acquisition and analysis protocol presented here is promising for clinical applications since it allows for smaller sample sizes per MRI site or shorter trials in studies evaluating the role of potential biomarkers to predict disease progression or treatment effects.

Donepezil treatment stabilizes functional connectivity during resting state and brain activity during memory encoding in Alzheimer's disease.

Previous studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated a differential brain activity and connectivity after treatment with donepezil in Alzheimer's disease (AD) when compared to healthy elders. Importantly however, there are no available studies where the placebo or control group included comparable AD patients relative to the treated groups. Fifteen patients recently diagnosed of AD were randomized to treatment (n = 8) or to control group (n = 7); the former receiving daily treatment of donepezil during 3 months. At baseline and follow-up, both groups underwent resting-state as well as task-fMRI examinations, this latter assessing encoding of visual scenes. The treated group showed higher connectivity in areas of the default mode network, namely the right parahippocampal gyrus at follow-up resting-fMRI as compared to the control group. On the other hand, for the task-fMRI, the untreated AD group presented progressive increased activation in the left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral precuneus at the 3-month examination compared to baseline, whereas the treated group exhibited stable patterns of brain activity. Donepezil treatment is associated with stabilization of connectivity of medial temporal regions during resting state and of brain efficiency during a cognitive demand, on the whole reducing progressive dysfunctional reorganizations observed during the natural course of the disease.

Design and validation of the 1-week memory battery for assessing episodic memory and accelerated long-term forgetting in cognitively unimpaired subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Subtle decline in memory is thought to arise in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, detecting these initial cognitive difficulties cross-sectionally has been challenging, and the exact nature of the decline is still debated. Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) has been recently suggested as one of the earliest and most sensitive indicators of memory dysfunction in subjects at risk of developing AD. The objective of this study was to design and validate the 1-week memory battery (1WMB) for assessing episodic memory and ALF in cognitively unimpaired individuals. METHOD: The 1WMB is unique in that it assesses multimodal memory and measures recall at both short delay (20 min) and at long term (1 week). Forty-five cognitively unimpaired subjects were assessed with 1WMB and standardized neuropsychological tests. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), levels of anxiety and depression, and cognitive reserve were also measured. RESULTS: The tests of 1WMB showed a high internal consistency, and concurrent validity was observed with standard tests of episodic memory and executive functions. The analysis revealed a greater loss of information at 1 week compared to short-term forgetting (20 min). Performance in the 1WMB was affected by age and educational level, but was not associated with levels of anxiety and depression. Unlike standard tests, performance in the 1WMB correlated with measures of SCD. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the 1WMB has good psychometric properties, and future studies are needed to explore its potential usefulness to assess cognitively unimpaired subjects at increased risk of developing AD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in adults with Down syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of symptomatic Alzheimer's disease is a clinical challenge in adults with Down syndrome. Blood biomarkers would be of particular clinical importance in this population. The astrocytic Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a marker of astrogliosis associated with amyloid pathology, but its longitudinal changes, association with other biomarkers and cognitive performance have not been studied in individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS: We performed a three-centre study of adults with Down syndrome, autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease and euploid individuals enrolled in Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona (Spain), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona (Spain) and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich (Germany). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma GFAP concentrations were quantified using Simoa. A subset of participants had PET 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, amyloid tracers and MRI measurements. FINDINGS: This study included 997 individuals, 585 participants with Down syndrome, 61 Familial Alzheimer's disease mutation carriers and 351 euploid individuals along the Alzheimer's disease continuum, recruited between November 2008 and May 2022. Participants with Down syndrome were clinically classified at baseline as asymptomatic, prodromal Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Plasma GFAP levels were significantly increased in prodromal and Alzheimer's disease dementia compared to asymptomatic individuals and increased in parallel to CSF Aß changes, ten years prior to amyloid PET positivity. Plasma GFAP presented the highest diagnostic performance to discriminate symptomatic from asymptomatic groups (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI 0.9-0.95) and its concentrations were significantly higher in progressors vs non-progressors (p < 0.001), showing an increase of 19.8% (11.8-33.0) per year in participants with dementia. Finally, plasma GFAP levels were highly correlated with cortical thinning and brain amyloid pathology. INTERPRETATION: Our findings support the utility of plasma GFAP as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome, with possible applications in clinical practice and clinical trials. FUNDING: AC Immune, La Caixa Foundation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Institute on Aging, Wellcome Trust, Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Association, National Institute for Health Research, EU Joint Programme-Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Alzheimer's Society, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Stiftung für die Erforschung von Verhaltens, Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno & European Union's Horizon 2020 und Umwelteinflüssen auf die menschliche Gesundheit.

Applying the new research diagnostic criteria: MRI findings and neuropsychological correlations of prodromal AD.

OBJECTIVE: We describe the neuroimaging characteristics of prodromal AD (PrdAD) patients diagnosed using the new research criteria in a clinical setting. In order to further characterize these patients, we also study the relationship between neuropsychology, CSF biomarkers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. METHODS/PATIENTS: 76 participants--24 controls (CTR), 20 amnesic patients, and 32 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients--were included in the study. PrdAD was defined on the basis of an objective episodic memory deficit and an AD CSF profile. Structural MRI was performed in all participants. RESULTS: After FWE correction, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of PrdAD patients versus CTR showed significant clusters of decreased gray matter (GM) volume in the left hemisphere regions including the parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, precuneus, and middle frontal gyrus. We did not find differences in brain atrophy between PrdAD and mild AD patients. Some significant associations were found between CSF levels and episodic and semantic fluency tests in the PrdAD group. Correlations in the PrdAD group revealed that patients with higher scores on delayed free recall had significantly greater GM volume in the left superior temporal gyrus (t = 6.64, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: PrdAD patients presented mainly medial temporal GM atrophy, which was related with significant episodic memory impairment. The cognitive deficit observed in PrdAD patients was also associated with CSF biomarker levels.

Differential Gene Expression in Sporadic and Genetic Forms of Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia in Brain Tissue and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines.

Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) provide the opportunity to investigate the physiopathological mechanisms in the absence of aging, present in late-onset forms. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) causes early-onset dementia associated to tau or TDP43 protein deposits. A 15% of FTD cases are caused by mutations in C9orf72, GRN, or MAPT genes. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) have been proposed as an alternative to brain tissue for studying earlier phases of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression profile in EOAD, ADAD, and sporadic and genetic FTD (sFTD and gFTD, respectively), using brain tissue and LCLs. Sixty subjects of the following groups were included: EOAD, ADAD, sFTD, gFTD, and controls. Gene expression was analyzed with Clariom D microarray (Affymetrix). Brain tissue pairwise comparisons revealed six common differentially expressed genes (DEG) for all the patients' groups compared with controls: RGS20, WIF1, HSPB1, EMP3, S100A11 and GFAP. Common up-regulated biological pathways were identified both in brain and LCLs (including inflammation and glial cell differentiation), while down-regulated pathways were detected mainly in brain tissue (including synaptic signaling, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction). CD163, ADAMTS9 and LIN7A gene expression disruption was validated by qPCR in brain tissue and NrCAM in LCLs in their respective group comparisons. In conclusion, our study highlights neuroinflammation, metabolism and synaptic signaling disturbances as common altered pathways in different AD and FTD forms. The use of LCLs might be appropriate for studying early immune system and inflammation, and some neural features in neurodegenerative dementias.

Baseline MRI atrophy predicts 2-year cognitive outcomes in early-onset Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: MRI atrophy predicts cognitive status in AD. However, this relationship has not been investigated in early-onset AD (EOAD, < 65 years) patients with a biomarker-based diagnosis. METHODS: Forty eight EOAD (MMSE ≥ 15; A + T + N +) and forty two age-matched healthy controls (HC; A - T - N -) from a prospective cohort underwent full neuropsychological assessment, 3T-MRI scan and lumbar puncture at baseline. Participants repeated the cognitive assessment annually. We used linear mixed models to investigate whether baseline cortical thickness (CTh) or subcortical volume predicts two-year cognitive outcomes in the EOAD group. RESULTS: In EOAD, hemispheric CTh and ventricular volume at baseline were associated with global cognition, language and attentional/executive functioning 2 years later (p < 0.0028). Regional CTh was related to most cognitive outcomes (p < 0.0028), except verbal/visual memory subtests. Amygdalar volume was associated with letter fluency test (p < 0.0028). Hippocampal volume did not show significant associations. CONCLUSION: Baseline hemispheric/regional CTh, ventricular and amygdalar volume, but not the hippocampus, predict two-year cognitive outcomes in EOAD.