[Postoperative radiation therapy in lung carcinom]. / La radiothérapie postopératoire a-t-etlle une place dans le cancer pulmonaire ?

Locally advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a very heterogeous disease, the role of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) in pN2 patients with completly resected NSCLC remains controversial. Although an improvment in local control has been described in several studies, the effect on survival has been contradictory or inconclusive. Retrospective evaluation suggest a positive effect of PORT in high risk patients with pN2 disease: RI-resected NSCLC, bulky and multilevel N2. However further evaluation of PORT in prospectively randomized studies in completely resected pN2 NSCLC is needed.

Lung stereotactic radiation therapy: Intercomparison of irradiation devices in terms of outcome and predictive factors.

PURPOSE: To compare three different radiotherapy devices able to perform pulmonary stereotactic radiotherapy: CyberKnife® (CK), Helical Tomotherapy® (HT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). This study aims to define the patients' outcome in terms of SBRT efficacy and toxicities depending of the device choice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, radiological, and dosimetric data of patients treated with lung SBRT between 2016 and 2020 at Lausanne University Hospital, using the Chi2 test for proportions, the t-test for means comparisons, the Kaplan-Meier method for survival, and the Log-rank test and Cox-regression for intergroups comparisons. RESULTS: We identified 111 patients treated by either CK (59.9%), VMAT (38.0%), or HT (2.1%). Compared to other techniques, CK treated comparable gross tumor volume (GTV; 2.1 vs. 1.4cm3, P=0.84) with smaller planning treatment volume (PTV; 12.3 vs. 21.9cm3, P=0.013) and lower V5 (13.5 vs. 19.9cm3, P=0.002). Local control rates at 2years were not different whatever the irradiation device, respectively of 96.2% (range, 90.8-100) and 98.1% (range, 94.4-100), P=0.68. Toxicity incidence significantly increased with V5 value>17.2% (56.0 vs. 77.4%, P=0.021). CONCLUSION: Compared to other SBRT techniques, CK treatments permitted to treat comparable GTV with reduced PTV and V5. Toxicity incidence was less frequent when reducing the V5. CK is particularly attractive in case of multiple courses of lung SBRT or lung reirradiation.

[Melanoma: a new therapeutic era]. / Mélanome: une nouvette ère thérapeutique.

Melanoma is the cancer with the fastest incidence increase in Switzerland. 30% of the cases arise before the age of 50 years. Once metastatic, the median survival under current systemic therapies is about 8 months, with less than 5% of patients alive at 5 years. Many efforts in the understanding of cellular biology, intracellular signaling pathways, as well as the role of cellular immunity have been made in the recent years. This has resulted in the development of novel and very promising therapies. In this review, we will cover the results obtained with targeted therapies such as "tyrosin kinase inhibitors" (TKI), as well as those obtained with a monoclonal antibody directed against the CTLA-4 receptor of lymphocytes.

Late-onset and long-lasting immune-related adverse events from immune checkpoint-inhibitors: An overlooked aspect in immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised cancer therapy but frequently cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Description of late-onset and duration of irAEs in the literature is often incomplete. METHODS: To investigate reporting and incidence of late-onset and long-lasting irAEs, we reviewed all registration trials leading to ICI's approval by the US FDA and/or EMA up to December 2019. We analysed real-world data from all lung cancer (LC) and melanoma (Mel) patients treated with approved ICIs at the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) from 2011 to 2019. To account for the immortal time bias, we used a time-dependent analysis to assess the potential association between irAEs and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Duration of irAEs and proportion of patients with ongoing toxicities at data cut-off were not specified in 56/62 (90%) publications of ICIs registration trials. In our real-world analysis, including 437 patients (217 LC, 220 Mel), 229 (52.4%) experienced at least one grade ≥2 toxicity, for a total of 318 reported irAEs, of which 112 (35.2%) were long-lasting (≥6 months) and about 40% were ongoing at a median follow-up of 369 days [194-695] or patient death. The cumulative probability of irAE onset from treatment initiation was 42.8%, 51.0% and 57.3% at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. The rate of ongoing toxicity from the time of first toxicity onset was 42.8%, 38.4% and 35.7% at 6, 12 and 24 months. Time-dependent analysis showed no significant association between the incidence of irAEs and OS in both cohorts (log Rank p = 0.67 and 0.19 for LC and Mel, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Late-onset and long-lasting irAEs are underreported but common events during ICIs therapy. Time-dependent survival analysis is advocated to assess their impact on OS. Real-world evidence is warranted to fully capture and characterise late-onset and long-lasting irAEs in order to implement appropriate strategies for patient surveillance and follow-up.

Isodose 20 Gy found as a threshold dose for radiation recall dermatitis.

Radiation recall is a rare phenomenon that can be observed in the field of radiotherapy, months or years after irradiation when a patient is exposed to certain pharmaceutical agents. In this report, we relate a case of radiation recall dermatitis induced after the application of a topical natural cream, 2 years after the initial radiotherapy treatment. Skin reactions were severe and limited to the irradiated volume, whereas a large part of the skin where the cream was applied outside the radiation field was strictly normal. More precisely, the radiation recall dermatitis matched with the isodose 20 Gy, whereas no recall reaction was observed in the lower dose areas (5, 10 or 15 Gy) despite these areas were also largely exposed to the cream. In conclusion, this is the first report that could provide a threshold dose for the occurrence of a radiation recall dermatitis, which was not observed below 20 Gy, in the context of this topical reagent.

A PET-based nomogram for oropharyngeal cancers.

PURPOSE: In the context of locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer (LAOC) treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT) (combined with chemotherapy or cetuximab), the aims of this study were: (1) to identify PET-FDG parameters correlated with overall survival (OS) from a first cohort of patients; then (2) to compute a prognostic score; and (3) finally to validate this scoring system in a second independent cohort of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 76 consecutive patients (training cohort from Rennes) treated with chemoradiotherapy or RT with cetuximab for LAOC were used to build a predictive model of locoregional control (LRC) and OS based on PET-FDG parameters. After internal calibration and validation of this model, a nomogram and a scoring system were developed and tested in a validation cohort of 46 consecutive patients treated with definitive RT for LAOC in Lausanne. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, the metabolic tumour volume (MTV) of the primary tumour and the lymph nodes were independent predictive factors for LRC and OS. Internal calibration showed a very good adjustment between the predicted OS and the observed OS at 24 months. Using the predictive score, two risk groups were identified (median OS 42 versus 14 months, p < 0.001) and confirmed in the validation cohort from Lausanne (median OS not reached versus 26 months, p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a PET-based nomogram in oropharyngeal cancer. Interestingly, it appeared stronger than the classical prognostic factors and was validated in independent cohorts markedly diverging in many aspects, which suggest that the observed signal was robust.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy with helical TomoTherapy for medically inoperable early stage primary and second-primary non-small-cell lung neoplasm: 1-year outcome and toxicity analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effectiveness of stereotactic body radiotherapy with helical TomoTherapy (T-SBRT) for treating medically inoperable primary and second-primary early stage non-small-cell lung neoplasm (SPLN) and evaluated whether the movement of organizing pneumonia (OP) within the irradiation field (IF) can be detected via analysis of radiological changes. METHODS: Patients (n = 16) treated for 1 year (2011-12) at our hospital by T-SBRT at a total dose of 60 Gy in five fractions were examined retrospectively. Outcome and toxicity were recorded and were separately described for SPLN. CT scans were reviewed by a single radiologist. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients, 5 (31.3%) had primary lung malignancies, 10 (62.5%) had SPLN, and 1 case (6.3%) had isolated mediastinal metastasis of lung neoplasm. Pathological evidence was obtained for 72.2% of all lesions. The median radiological follow-up was 11 months (10.5 months for SPLN). For all cases, the 6- and 12-month survival rates were 100% and 77.7% (100% and 71.4%, respectively, for SPLN), and the 6- and 12-month locoregional control rates were 100% in all cases. 2 (12.5%) of 16 patients developed grade 3 late transient radiation pneumonitis following steroid therapy and 1 (6.3%) presented asymptomatic infiltrates comparable to OP opacities. CONCLUSION: T-SBRT seems to be safe and effective. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Mild OP is likely associated with radiation-induced anomalies in the IF, identification of migrating opacities can help discern relapse of radiation-induced opacities.