Mesenchymal stem cells in animal reproduction: sources, uses and scenario.

Studies regarding mesenchymal stem cells turned up in the 1960's and this cell type created a great number of questions about its functions and applicability in science and medicine. When used with therapeutic intent, these cells present an inclination to migrate to sites of injury, inflammation or disease, where they secrete bioactive factors that stimulates the synthesis of new tissue. In this context, studies using rodents reported that MSCs promoted positive effects in the ovarian function in mice with premature aging of follicular reserve. In female bovines, experimental stem cell-based therapies have been used to either generate new oocytes with in vitro quality or stimulate such action in vivo. It is also reported, that the intraovarian application of mesenchymal stem cells generates a greater production of embryos in vitro and the production of early and expanded blastocysts. Additionally, analysis of ovarian tissue in animal subjected to treatment showed an increase in the number of developing follicles. Nevertheless, the treatments involving stem cells with different modes of application, different sources and different species were able to act on the hormonal, tissue, cellular and metabolic levels, generating positive results in the recovery and improvement of ovarian functions.

Estudos sobre células-tronco mesenquimais surgiram na década de 1960 e esse tipo de célula gerou muitas dúvidas sobre suas funções e aplicabilidade na ciência e na medicina. Quando utilizadas com intuito terapêutico, essas células apresentam tendência a migrar para locais de lesão, inflamação ou doença, onde secretam fatores bioativos que estimulam a síntese de novos tecidos. Nesse contexto, estudos utilizando roedores relataram que as CTM promoveram efeitos positivos na função ovariana em camundongos com envelhecimento precoce da reserva folicular. Em fêmeas bovinas, terapias experimentais baseadas em células-tronco têm sido utilizadas para gerar novos oócitos com qualidade in vitro ou estimular tal ação in vivo. É relatado também que a aplicação intraovariana de células-tronco mesenquimais gera maior produção de embriões in vitro e produção de blastocistos precoces e expandidos. Além disso, a análise do tecido ovariano em animais submetidos ao tratamento mostrou aumento no número de folículos em desenvolvimento. Apesar disso, os tratamentos envolvendo células-tronco com diferentes modos de aplicação, diferentes fontes e diferentes espécies foram capazes de atuar nos níveis hormonal, tecidual, celular e metabólico, gerando resultados positivos na recuperação e melhora das funções ovarianas.

Accuracy of p57KIP2 compared with genotyping for the diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing hydatidiform moles (HMs) from non-molar specimens and the subclassification of HM are important because complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is associated with an increased risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. However, diagnosis based solely on morphology has poor interobserver reproducibility. Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of p57KIP2 immunostaining improves diagnostic accuracy for CHM. METHODS: We will conduct a systematic review of prospective and retrospective studies to evaluate the accuracy of p57KIP2 immunostaining compared with molecular genotyping for the diagnosis of CHM. A high-sensitivity search strategy will be employed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, The Grey Literature Report, OpenGrey, OAIster, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Two reviewers will independently screen all identified references for eligibility and extract data. The methodological quality and bias of the included studies will be assessed according to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool, and the overall quality of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. If a meta-analysis is possible, pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios will be calculated using bivariate random-effects models. Statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated with I 2 statistics and explored through sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: There is considerable overlap between the histological features of molar and non-molar pregnancies and between complete and partial HMs, which results in significant interobserver variability in the diagnosis of CHM and its mimics. Therefore, molecular techniques are used to correctly diagnosis and treat CHM. However, these molecular diagnostic methods are technically difficult to perform, relatively costly, and unavailable in most pathology laboratories. According to our results, p57KIP2 immunostaining appears to be a practical and accurate adjunct for the diagnosis of CHM and its mimics because this technique is relatively simple, reliable, cost-efficient, and rapid. This systematic review will help to determine whether p57KIP2 immunostaining is an adequate alternative diagnostic test for CHM. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015024181.