Progress, challenges and ways forward supporting cancer surveillance in Latin America.

Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) are the only means to provide reliable incidence and survival data as a basis for policy-making and resource allocations within cancer care. Yet, less than 3% and 10% of the respective populations of Central America and South America are covered by high-quality cancer registries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development provides support to improve this situation via the International Agency for Research on Cancer Regional Hub for Latin America. In this paper, we summarize activities (advocacy, technical assistance, training and research) over the last 5 years, their impact and current challenges, including the implementation of new PBCR in four countries in the region. Despite the favorable political support to cancer registration in many countries, the sustainability of cancer registration remains vulnerable. Renewed efforts are needed to improve data quality in Latin America while ensuring maximum visibility of the data collected by disseminating and promoting their use in cancer control.

[Immune response Th1/Th2 to Helicobacter pylori and Helminths in co-infected patients]. / Respuesta inmune Th1/Th2 en pacientes co-infectados con Helicobacter pylori y helmintos.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammation associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is linked to the development of a gastric precancerous lesion. Helminth infections could influence the pro-inflam matory response to such infection from LTCD4+ Th1 to a less harmful LTCD4+ Th2 response. Ob jective: To characterize the polarization of the LTCD4+ Th2 immune response in co-infected pa tients with H. pylori and helminths from low-risk areas for developing gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analyzed 63 patients infected by H. pylori (40 adults and 23 children). Through the Multiplex Analysis technology (xMAP), we determined the serum profiles of the interleukins asso ciated with the polarization of the immune response of LTCD4+ Th1 (IL-1Β, INF-γ, TNF-α) as well as the LTCD4+ Th2 (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13). The ratio between helminths co-infection status in H. pylori-infected patients and the polarization of the immune response mediated by LTCD4+ Th1 and LTCD4+ Th2 was assessed using a Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Model. RESULTS: The frequency of helminths was similar between adults (15%) and children (17%). The polarization of the immu ne response was more prevalent in LTCD4+ Th1. Serum values of interleukins associated with the immune response polarization of LTCD4+ Th1 (IL-1Β, INF-γ, and TNF-α) and LTCD4+ Th2 (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) were independent of helminths infection status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of in testinal parasitic infection was high and the immune response polarization was mainly LTCD4 + Th1.

Caregivers' Self-Reported Absence of Social Support Networks is Related to Treatment Abandonment in Children With Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Treatment abandonment (TxA) is a primary cause of therapy failure in children with cancer in low-/middle-income countries. We explored the absence of social support network (SSN), among other predictive factors, and TxA in children with cancer in Cali, Colombia. PROCEDURE: In this prospective cohort study, we included children diagnosed with cancer at a public university hospital. A social worker and a psychologist administered semistructured questionnaires to patients' caregivers. We extracted information from the questionnaires about social, economic, and psychological conditions of the patients' families. Outcomes were death, relapse, and TxA. Failure either to start or to continue the planned course of curative treatment for 4 weeks or more was defined as TxA. We identified events with Cali's childhood cancer outcomes surveillance system (VIGICANCER). We adjusted the hazard ratios (HRs) for potential confounders using multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Among 188 patients diagnosed from January 2011 to June 2013, 99 interviews were conducted. Median age was 5 years old (range: 0.3, 14.9), 53% were male, 17% were of Colombian-Indian ethnicity, and 68% lived in rural areas. The 2-year cumulative incidence of TxA was 21% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13, 35) and the annual proportion was 14%. The adjusted HR for the absence of SSN was 4.9 (95% CI: 1.6, 15.3). CONCLUSIONS: We found a strong association between the absence of SSN and TxA that was independent of other covariates, including surrogate measures of wealth. Our findings highlight the imperative understanding of social ties and support surrounding children's families for planning strategies to prevent TxA.

Epidemiology of cervical cancer in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, mortality, time trends and prognostic factors for cervical cancer in Cali, Colombia, and to review the molecular epidemiological evidence showing that HPV is the major and necessary cause of cervical cancer and the implications of this discovery for primary and secondary prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Incidence rates of cervical cancer during a 45-year period (1962-2007) were estimated based on the population-based cancer registry of Cali and the mortality statistics from the Municipal Health Secretariat of Cali. Prognostic factors were estimated based on relative survival. Review of the molecular epidemiological evidence linking HPV to cervical cancer was focused on the studies carried out in Cali and in other countries. RESULTS: Incidence rates of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) declined from 120.4 per 100 000 in 1962-1966 to 25.7 in 2003-2007 while those of adenocarcinoma increased from 4.2 to 5.8. Mortality rates for cervical cancer declined from 18.5 in 1984-1988 to 7.0 per 100 000 in 2009-2011. Survival was lower in women over 65 years of age and in clinical stages 3-4. Review of the molecular epidemiological evidence showed that certain types of HPV are the central and necessary cause of cervical cancer. CONCLUSIONS: A decline in the incidence and mortality of SCC and an increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma during a 45-year period was documented in Cali, Colombia.

Burden of breast cancer in Cali, Colombia: 1962-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the behavior of breast cancer (BC)during the 1962-2012 period from information provided by the Cali Cancer Registry and the Municipal Health Secretariat of Cali. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The incidence trend (1962-2007) and mortality trend (1984-2012) for breast cancer was studied and relative survival (RS)(1995-2004) was estimated. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates to the world population (ASIR(w)/ASMR(w)) were expressed per 100000 persons-year. Their temporal trend was examined with the annual percent of change (APC), and the Cox model was used to analyze the variables that influenced the survival of women with breast cancer. RESULTS: The risk of breast cancer significantly increased in Cali through the 1962-2007 period, with an APC =1.7(95%CI:1.4-2.0). The ASIR(w) of BC increased from 27.1 in 1962 to 48.0 in 2007 and currently there are more than 500 cases reported annually. The mortality for BC has remained stable since 1984; in the 2009-2012 period, the ASMR(w) was 14.2. The 5-year RS was 69% (95%CI:66-71) from 2000-2004 and 62% (95%CI:59-65) from 1995-1999. The risk of death (HR) from BC was greater in persons from lower socioeconomic strata (SES) than from higher SES, HR=1.9(95%CI:1.3-2.9) and in those older than 70 years vs. <50, HR=1.6(95%CI:1.1-2.2). CONCLUSION: Mortality remained stable while incidence increased and survival improved, which may be associated with better detection and advances in treatment.

[Colorectal cancer incidence, mortality and survival in Cali, Colombia, 1962-2012]. / Incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia por cáncer colorrectal en Cali, Colombia, 1962-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To study the colorectal cancer (CRC) behavior in Cali, Colombia, during the 1963-2012 period using data from the Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali and the Municipal Health Secretariat of Cali. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ecological time series analysis to study the CRC incidence (1962-2007) and mortality (1984-2012) rate trends; and a survival analysis of CRC cases registered in Cali between 1995 and 2004 were conducted. The age-standardized temporal trend of incidence (I-ASR) and mortality (M-ASR) rates were studied using an annual percent change (APC). The 5-year relative survival was estimated and a multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: During the 1962-2007 period, CRC TTIR increased in men and women living in Cali [APC= 2.6 (95% CI 2.2-3.0) and APC= 2.2% (95% CI 1.8-2.7), respectively]. In the 1984-2012 period, the TTMR remained stable in women but increased in men in all age groups [APC= 1.8 (95% CI 0.8-2.8)]. The 5-year relative survival was independent of sex and increased from 29.7% in 1995-1999 to 39.8% in 2000-2004. The risk of dying from CRC was higher in people of lower socio-economic status (SES) vs higher SES [HR= 2.1 (95% CI: 1.7-2.6)], among people older than 70 years of age vs younger than 50 years [HR= 2.4 (95% CI: 1.9-2.9)], and for the 1995-1999 period vs 2000-2004 period [HR= 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.7)]. CONCLUSION: CRC is beginning to take a prominent place among the most important cancers in Cali, Colombia.

[Oral cancer in Cali, Colombia: a population-based analysis of incidence and mortality trends]. / Cáncer oral en Santiago de Cali, Colombia: análisis poblacional de la tendencia de incidencia y mortalidad.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the time trends of the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer (OC) in Cali, Colombia between 1962-2007. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Age-standardized (Segi's world population) incidence (ASIR) and mortality (ASMR) rates for oral cancer were estimated using data from the Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali, Colombia and from the database of the Municipal Secretary of Public Health (MSPH) respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was used to measure the changes in rates over time. RESULTS: 1637 new cases of oral cancer were registered in the CPCR and the mean age upon diagnosis was 60 years. The ASIR decreased from 1962-2007 in men APC= 1.3 (IC95%:-2.0; -0.6) and women APC= -1.0 (IC95%: -1.7; -0.4).The ASMR decreased from 1984-2001 only in men, APC=2.8 (IC95%: -4.1; -1.5). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decrease in the incidence and mortality rates for OC in Cali, Colombia. The type of tumor associated to these changes was the squamous cell carcinoma.

[Prostate cancer in Cali, Colombia, 1962-2011: incidence, mortality and survival]. / Incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia al cáncer de próstata en Cali, Colombia, 1962-2011.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend in prostate cancer survival, incidence and mortality rates in Cali, Colombia from 1962 to 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the Cancer Registry of Cali, Colombia and the mortality registry of the City's Public Health Secretary, incidence, mortality age-standardized rates and relative survival were calculated during 1962-2011. RESULTS: Prostate cancer incidence rates increased sharply between 1986 and 2002 (APC: 6.21%) and then leveled off. Mortality diminished in 1997 in men older than 70 years-old while in men aged 50-69 years declined since 1981. The 5-year-relative-survival was 69.8% (CI95% 67.5-72.0) and it was significantly associated with age, quinquennial period of diagnosis and socioeconomic strata. CONCLUSION: The increase in incidence rates of prostate cancer in time coincides with the implementation of the PSA in Cali. There is evidence of improvement in prostate cancer survival, and decreased prostate cancer mortality.

Population-based Study of Gastric Cancer Survival and Associations in Rural Western Honduras.

BACKGROUND: Two-thirds of global cancer occur in low/middle income countries (LMICs). Northern Central America is the largest LMIC region in the western hemisphere, and lack cancer registries to guide cancer control. We conducted a gastric cancer (GC) survival study in rural western Honduras, characterized as having among the highest GC incidence rates in Latin America. METHODS: The cohort of incident GC diagnosed between 2002-2015 was studied with active follow-up, with household visits. The regional gastric cancer registry was primary for case identification, with completeness examination with hospital data and national death certificates. Cox regression models were used for survival calculations. RESULTS: Survival follow-up was achieved in 741/774 patients (95.7%). Household interviews were conducted in 74.1% (n=549). 65.7% were male, median age at diagnosis was 64 years, 24.5% were <55. 43.9% of tumors had pyloric obstruction. 45.2%, 43.2%, and 7.3% of histology was intestinal, diffuse, and mixed, respectively. 24.7% patients received treatment. 5-year survival rates were 9.9% for both males and females, 7.7% for age <45, and 7.9% for diffuse GC. Median survival time was 4.8 months (95%CI,4.2-5.6). In the final Cox regression model including age, sex, Lauren subtype, and poverty index, only treatment was significantly associated with survival (HR 2.43, 95%CI,1.8-3.2). CONCLUSIONS: Markedly low gastric cancer 5-year survival rates are observed in rural Central America. The majority of patients present with advanced disease, and a minority have access to therapy. IMPACT: The findings have implications for cancer control in the Central America LMICs and for U.S. Latino populations.

High Gastric Cancer Mortality and Years of Life Lost in Nicaragua: A Population-Based Study 1997 - 2012.

BACKGROUND: Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and leading infection-associated cancer. GC has striking geographic variability, with high incidence in East Asia and mountainous Latin America. Reliable cancer data and population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) are lacking for the majority of LMICs, including the Central American Four region (CA-4, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala). METHODS: Mortality data for Nicaragua were obtained from the highly-rated Ministry of Health death registry. All the patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer between 1997 and 2012 (ICD-10 codes C16.0-C16.9) and death due to any cause were included in the study. Data on variables such as sex, age (stratified by 5-year age groups), municipality, urban/rural, altitude, and year of death were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 3,886 stomach cancer deaths were reported in Nicaragua between 1997 and 2012, of which 2,214 (56.9%) were male. The ASMR were 13.1 and 8.7 per 100,000 habitants for males and females, respectively, and without significant change during the study period (APC= -0.7, P=0.2). An average of 17.9 years were lost per death (AYLL), accounting for 67,964 years of life lost (YYL). CONCLUSIONS: The burden of gastric cancer mortality is high in Nicaragua with significantly elevated ASMR, YYL, and AYLL. IMPACT: The projected increase in mortality portends the double cancer burden in northern Central America, with persistent infection-associated cancers and growing transition cancers (e.g., breast and colon cancers), which has implications for cancer control in Mesoamerica and U.S. Latino populations.

Risk of recurrent Helicobacter pylori infection 1 year after initial eradication therapy in 7 Latin American communities.

IMPORTANCE: The long-term effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication programs for preventing gastric cancer will depend on recurrence risk and individual and community factors. OBJECTIVE: To estimate risk of H. pylori recurrence and assess factors associated with successful eradication 1 year after treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort analysis of 1463 randomized trial participants aged 21 to 65 years from 7 Latin American communities, who were treated for H. pylori and observed between September 2009 and July 2011. INTERVENTIONS: Randomization to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 14-day lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin (triple therapy); 5-day lansoprazole and amoxicillin followed by 5-day lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole (sequential); or 5-day lansoprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole (concomitant). Participants with a positive (13)C-urea breath test (UBT) 6 to 8 weeks posttreatment were offered voluntary re-treatment with 14-day bismuth-based quadruple therapy. MEASUREMENTS: Recurrent infection after a negative posttreatment UBT and factors associated with successful eradication at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Among participants with UBT-negative results who had a 1-year follow-up UBT (n=1091), 125 tested UBT positive, a recurrence risk of 11.5% (95% CI, 9.6%-13.5%). Recurrence was significantly associated with study site (P = .03), nonadherence to initial therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.94; 95% CI, 1.31-6.13; P = .01), and children in the household (AOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.35 per child; P = .03). Of the 281 with positive posttreatment UBT results, 138 completed re-treatment, of whom 93 tested UBT negative at 1 year. Among the 1340 who had a 1-year UBT, 80.4% (95% CI, 76.4%-83.9%), 79.8% (95% CI, 75.8%-83.5%), and 77.8% (95% CI, 73.6%-81.6%) had UBT-negative results in the triple, sequential, and concomitant groups, respectively (P = .61), with 79.3% overall effectiveness (95% CI, 77.1%-81.5%). In a single-treatment course analysis that ignored the effects of re-treatment, the percentage of UBT-negative results at 1 year was 72.4% (95% CI, 69.9%-74.8%) and was significantly associated with study site (P < .001), adherence to initial therapy (AOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.15-0.42; P < .001), male sex (AOR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.25-2.13; P < .001), and age (AOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.27 per decade; P = .02). One-year effectiveness among all 1463 enrolled participants, considering all missing UBT results as positive, was 72.7% (95% CI, 70.3%-74.9%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: One year after treatment for H. pylori infection, recurrence occurred in 11.5% of participants who had negative posttreatment UBT results. Recurrence determinants (ie, nonadherence and demographics) may be as important as specific antibiotic regimen in determining the long-term success of H. pylori eradication interventions. Study findings are relevant to the feasibility of programs for the primary prevention of gastric cancer in high-incidence regions of Latin America. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01061437.

Epidemiology of Eye Cancer in Cali, Colombia: A 55-Year Study.

PURPOSE: To describe the epidemiology, incidence, mortality and survival of ocular cancer in Cali between 1962 and 2019. METHODS: Ecological population-based study analyzing data of incidence, mortality, and 5-years survival of malignant ocular tumors from the Populational Cancer Registry of Cali between 1962 and 2019. RESULTS: Between 1962 and 2019, 586 ocular tumors were found, 50.5% occurred in females, the mean age at diagnosis was 45 years (standard deviation = 25), 70.3% of ocular malignancies occurred in >14 years. The average annual incidence rate was 7.8 per million for male and 6.9 per million for females. Retinoblastoma (21%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%), melanoma (16%) and lymphoma (8%) were the most common neoplasm. In those <15 years, the most frequent malignant tumors were retinoblastomas (85.7%), followed by non-specified malignant neoplasm (NOS, 7.9%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (3.6%). In those >14 years, there were NOS (30%), followed by squamous cell carcinomas (28%), melanomas (23%), and lymphomas (9.7%). Conjunctiva (38.2%), retina (21%) and orbit (10%) constituted the majority of anatomical sites of ocular tumors. The survival rate was about 83.2% and mortality did not show a decreasing trend over time (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ocular cancer in Cali has a slightly increasing trend, with stable behavior in the last decades. Squamous cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, melanoma and lymphoma are the most frequent ocular cancers, with being retinoblastoma more frequent than melanoma. In general, ocular cancer had good survival rates in Cali.

Gastric adenocarcinoma burden, trends and survival in Cali, Colombia: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) has changed in recent decades. Cancer estimates are often calculated from population-based cancer registries, which lack valuable information to guide decision-making (clinical outcomes). We describe the trends in clinical practice for GA using a hospital-based cancer registry over a timespan of 15 years. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Data were gathered from adults diagnosed and treated for GA at Fundación Valle del Lili (FVL), between 2000 and 2014, from the hospital's own cancer registry and crossed with Cali's Cancer Registry. Additional data were obtained directly from clinical records, pathology reports and the clinical laboratory. Patients younger than 18 years and those for whom limited information was available in the medical history were excluded. A survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 500 patients met eligibility criteria. Median age was 64 years (IQR: 54-74 years), 39.8% were female, 22.2% were at an early stage, 32.2% had a locally advanced disease, and 29% a metastatic disease, 69% had intestinal subtype, 48.6% had a positive H. pylori test, 85.2% had a distal lesion, 62% underwent gastrectomy, 60.6% lymphadenectomy, and 40.6% received chemotherapy. Survival at 5 years for all cases was 39.9% (CI 95% 35.3-44.5). Survival decreased over time in all groups and was lower in age-groups <39 and 60-79 with either locally advanced or metastatic disease. Prognostic factors that were significant in the Cox proportional-hazards model were late stages of the tumor (locally advanced: HR=2.52; metastatic: HR=4.17), diffuse subtype (HR=1.40), gastrectomy (subtotal: HR=0.42; total: 0.44) and palliative chemotherapy (HR=0.61). Conclusions: The treatment of GA has changed in recent decades. GA survival was associated with clinical staging, diffuse subtype, gastrectomy and palliative chemotherapy. These findings must be interpreted in the context of a hospital-based study.

Primary central nervous system tumors survival in children in ten Colombian cities: a VIGICANCER report.

Purpose: Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common cancer in children and adolescents, leading to premature death and disability. Population-based survival estimates aid decision-making in cancer control, however data on survival for primary CNS tumors in Latin America is lacking. We describe survival rates for children with primary CNS tumors treated in ten Colombian cities. Methods: We analyzed data from children and adolescents newly diagnosed with cancer between 2012 and 2021, participating in the Childhood Cancer Clinical Outcomes Surveillance System (VIGICANCER) in ten cities in Colombia. VIGICANCER collects information on clinical outcomes from twenty-seven pediatric oncology units and conducts active follow-up every three months. VIGICANCER does not register craniopharyngiomas; we excluded intracranial germ cell tumors for this report. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the overall survival probability, stratified by sociodemographic variables, topography, WHO grading, receipt of radiation therapy, and type of surgical resection. We analyzed the prognostic capacity of variables using multivariate proportional Cox's regression, stratified by city and year of diagnosis. Results: During the study period, VIGICANCER included 989 primary CNS tumors in 879 children and 110 adolescents. The cohort median age was 9 years; 53% of patients were males, and 8% were Afro-descendants. Most common tumors were supratentorial astrocytomas (47%), astrocytic tumors (35%), medulloblastomas (20%), ependymomas (11%), and mixed and unspecified gliomas (10%). Five-year overall survival of the entire cohort was 54% (95% CI, 51-58); for supratentorial gliomas, WHO grade I was 77%, II was 62%, III-IV was 27%, respectively, and for medulloblastoma was 61%. The adjusted hazard rate ratio for patients with WHO grade III and IV, for those with subtotal resection, for brainstem location, and for those not receiving radiation therapy was 7.4 (95% CI, 4.7-11.8), 6.4 (95% CI, 4.2-9.8), 2.8 (95% 2.1-3.8), 2.0 (95% CI, 1.3-2.8) and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.7-3.0), respectively. Conclusion: We found that half of Colombia's children and adolescents with primary CNS tumors survive five years, compared to 70% to 80% in high-income countries. In addition to tumor biology and location, gross total resection was crucial for improved survival in this cohort. Systematic monitoring of survival and its determinants provides empirical data for guiding cancer control policies.

14-day triple, 5-day concomitant, and 10-day sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in seven Latin American sites: a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from Europe, Asia, and North America suggests that standard three-drug regimens of a proton-pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin are significantly less effective for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection than are 5-day concomitant and 10-day sequential four-drug regimens that include a nitroimidazole. These four-drug regimens also entail fewer antibiotic doses than do three-drug regimens and thus could be suitable for eradication programmes in low-resource settings. Few studies in Latin America have been done, where the burden of H pylori-associated diseases is high. We therefore did a randomised trial in Latin America comparing the effectiveness of four-drug regimens given concomitantly or sequentially with that of a standard 14-day regimen of triple therapy. METHODS: Between September, 2009, and June, 2010, we did a randomised trial of empiric 14-day triple, 5-day concomitant, and 10-day sequential therapies for H pylori in seven Latin American sites: Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Mexico (two sites). Participants aged 21-65 years who tested positive for H pylori by a urea breath test were randomly assigned by a central computer using a dynamic balancing procedure to: 14 days of lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin (standard therapy); 5 days of lansoprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole (concomitant therapy); or 5 days of lansoprazole and amoxicillin followed by 5 days of lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole (sequential therapy). Eradication was assessed by urea breath test 6-8 weeks after randomisation. The trial was not masked. Our primary outcome was probablity of H pylori eradication. Our analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT01061437. FINDINGS: 1463 participants aged 21-65 years were randomly allocated a treatment: 488 were treated with 14-day standard therapy, 489 with 5-day concomitant therapy, and 486 with 10-day sequential therapy. The probability of eradication with standard therapy was 82·2% (401 of 488), which was 8·6% higher (95% adjusted CI 2·6-14·5) than with concomitant therapy (73·6% [360 of 489]) and 5·6% higher (-0·04% to 11·6) than with sequential therapy (76·5% [372 of 486]). Neither four-drug regimen was significantly better than standard triple therapy in any of the seven sites. INTERPRETATION: Standard 14-day triple-drug therapy is preferable to 5-day concomitant or 10-day sequential four-drug regimens as empiric therapy for H pylori infection in diverse Latin American populations. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US National Institutes of Health.

[Immunotyping of lymphocytes in the gastric mucosa of patients infected by H. pylori in two regions with contrast in the risk of developing gastric cancer]. / Inmunotipificación de linfocitos en mucosa gástrica de pacientes infectados por H. pylori en dos regiones geográficas con contraste en el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection involves multiple factors internal and external to the host. Among the internal factors, the immune response plays a fundamental role in the process of antigen presentation, lymphocytic response and cytokine-mediated regulatory response that are directly as sociated with disease progression and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare the immune response in gas tric mucosa of H. pylori infected patients in two regions comparing the risk of developing gastric can cer. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 71 participants with symptoms of dyspepsia were included. The samples for biopsies were collected from different regions of the gastric mucosa; the identification of H. pylori was carried out by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the ureA gene. For the characteri zation of the histopathological alterations and the immunophenotyping of lymphocytes, anti-human mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for each antigen were used: T lymphocytes: CD3 and CD8; B lymphocytes: CD20; Natural Killer Cells: CD56; Macrophages: CD68. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori was 83.1%, the predominant types of gastritis were chronic gastritis and multifocal atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (63.4% and 22.5%, respectively). The cellular response was charac terized mainly by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and positive anti-CD8 reactivity both in stroma and epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal atrophic gastritis was more prevalent in the high-risk region for gastric cancer (GC) while non-atrophic gastritis and the expression of CD3 and CD8 antigens in the foveolar epithelium was higher in the low-risk region.

Factors associated with the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus in the oral cavity of high school students from the city of Cali (Colombia).

INTRODUCTION: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is classified as a group 1 carcinogen. The main route of EBV transmission is oral, through saliva. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of EBV detection in the oral cavity in high school students in the city of Cali (Colombia). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study in order to determine the frequency of EBV detection in the oral cavity, the reasons for its prevalence and its association with several factors, in 1565 individuals. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic factors, oral hygiene, oral health, sexual behavior, cigarrete smoking and alcohol intake. The association between the EBV detection and the variables evaluated was done through a generalized linear regression model with logarithmic linkage and Poisson distribution with robust variance. RESULTS: The percentage of exposure to EBV in the oral cavity was 38.40% (CI 95%: 36.02-40.84). The frequency of presenting EBV exposure was 22% higher in men and the risk increased according to sexual behaviour. An inverse association with the school grade was found: the eleventh-grade participants had 27% less frequency of exposure to EBV than the lower grades (sixth to eighth). When analyzing the logistic model to study the association between EBV detection and independent variables, the association was overestimated. The overestimation ranged from 27% to 47% depending on the type of variable. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of EBV detection in the oral cavity of healthy students was similar to that previously described. Factors associated to sexual behavior increased the risk of opportunity to be exposed to EBV.

Trends in long-term cancer survival in Cali, Colombia: 1998-2017.

Background: Population-based cancer survival is an indicator of the effectiveness of cancer services that reflects the survival of all cancer patients in the population, regardless of socioeconomic status and disease characteristics. Aim: Provision of an up-to-date survival estimate of patients recorded within Cali Population Cancer Registry (RPCC) in 1998-2017. As a second objective, results will be compared with those reported by the CONCORD study for cancers prioritized by the current Ten-Year Cancer Control Plan of Colombia, 2012-2021. Methods: Adult cancer cases (aged 15 to 99 years) for nine cancer types diagnosed between 1998 and 2017, with follow-up to 2018, were obtained from the RPCC. The 5-year age-standardized net survival estimates (NS) were estimated using the Pohar-Perme. The results for the period 1995- 2014 were compared with those reported by the CONCORD study for the following locations: stomach (C16), breast (C50), cervix (C53), prostate (C61), and lung (C33-34). Results: Five-year survival estimates for breast and prostate cancers improved ten percentage points through 2007 (70.8 to 81.1 for breast and 79.9 to 90.2 for prostate) and remained stable during 2008-2017. For cervical cancer, survival estimates has remained stable for the last two decades at 53%. For stomach cancer and lung cancer, five-year NS was lower than 25% over the study period. For colorectal cancer, survival estimates increased from 37.9% in 1998-2002 to 54.8% in 2013-2017. Compared to previous 5-year survival estimates of cases diagnosed in 2010-2014, the estimates in this study are significantly higher than those obtained by CONCORD. Survival estimates of patients diagnosed in 1995-2009 showed no difference to CONCORD study. Conclusions: Periodic update of vital status and date of last contact reduces bias in survival estimates in population-based cancer registries with passive follow-up.

Antecedentes: La supervivencia del cáncer es un indicador de la eficacia de los servicios oncológicos que refleja la supervivencia de todos los pacientes con cáncer de la población, independientemente del nivel socioeconómico y las características de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Realizar una estimación actualizada de la supervivencia de los pacientes registrados en el Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali durante 1998-2017. Como segundo objetivo, los resultados se compararán con los reportados por el estudio CONCORD para los cánceres priorizados por el actual Plan Decenal de Control del Cáncer de Colombia, 2012-2021. Métodos: Los casos de cáncer en adultos (15 a 99 años) para nueve tipos de cáncer diagnosticados entre 1998 y 2017, con seguimiento hasta 2018, se obtuvieron del RPCC. Las estimaciones de supervivencia neta (NS) estandarizada por edad a 5 años se estimaron utilizando el método de Pohar-Perme. Los resultados del periodo 1995-2014 se compararon con los obtenidas por el estudio CONCORD para las siguientes localizaciones: estómago (C16), mama (C50), cuello uterino (C53), próstata (C61) y pulmón (C33-34). Resultados: La SN-5a para los cánceres de mama y próstata mejoró diez puntos porcentuales hasta 2007 (SN=70.8 a 81.1 para mama y NS=79.9 a 90.2 para próstata) y se mantuvo estable durante 2008-2017. Para el cáncer de cuello uterino fue 53% y permaneció estable durante dos décadas. Para el cáncer de estómago y el cáncer de pulmón, la SN-5años fue inferior al 25%. Para cáncer colorrectal las estimaciones de supervivencia aumentaron de 37.9% en 1998-2002 a 54.8% en 2013-2017. En comparación con estimaciones anteriores de supervivencia a 5 años de casos diagnosticados en 2010-2014, las estimaciones de este estudio son significativamente más altas que las obtenidas por CONCORD-3. Para la década 1995-2009 no hubo diferencia. Conclusión: La actualización periódica del estado vital y la fecha de último contacto reduce el sesgo en las estimaciones de supervivencia en los registros de cáncer de base poblacional que hacen seguimiento pasivo.

Cancer epidemiology in Cali, 60 years of experience.

Background: The population-based Cancer Registry of Cali Colombia operates continuously since 1962, disseminating incidence information in the XI volumes of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Aim: To describe the incidence and mortality rates for the period 2011-2020 and the changes in the trend of incidence rates (1962-2017) and mortality rates from cancer (1986-2020). Methods: The Joinpoint model and the annual percentage change (APC) were used as summary measures of the changes in the trends of incidence rates (ASR-I) and mortality (ASR-M) standardized by age with the direct method. Results: Trough 1988-2017 the ASR-I for all locations increased 0.4% annually (95% CI: 0.2, 0.6) in men and decreased annually 0.2% (95% CI: -0.3; -0.1) in women. The ASR-Is of cancers related to opportunity screening activities (prostate and breast) increased until the early 21st century and then decreased. The ASR-I of cancers related to infectious agents continue to decrease (cervix, vulva, and stomach). There is evidence of control of cancer related to tobacco consumption (lung, oral cavity, bladder). In both sexes, the ASR-I of thyroid, colorectal and lymphoma cancers increased and those of ovarian cancer decreased. Between 1984-2020 the ASR-M for all locations decreased annually 0.7% (95% CI: -0.9, -0.5) in men and 1.1% (95% CI: -1.3, -0.9) in women. For both sexes, ASR-M decreased for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, lung, bladder, lymphomas, and leukemias; and increased in colorectal cancer. The ASR-M for cervical and prostate cancer decreased annually by 3.5% (95% CI: -3.9, -3.2) and 0.1% (95% CI: -0.5, -0.3), respectively. Comment: This information allows the construction of some indicators to monitor the City Cancer Challenge initiative and the current 10-year plan for cancer control in Colombia, 2011-2021.

Antecedentes: El registro poblacional de Cáncer de Cali-Colombia, opera desde 1962 divulgando continuamente la información de incidencia en los XI volúmenes de Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Objetivo: Describir las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad del periodo 2011-2020 y los cambios en la tendencia de las tasas de incidencia (1962-2017) y mortalidad por cáncer (1986-2020). Métodos: Se utilizó el modelo de Joinpoint y el cambio porcentual anual (APC) como medidas de resumen de los cambios en las tendencias de las tasas de incidencia (ASR-I) y mortalidad (ASR-M) estandarizadas por edad con el método directo. Resultados: Durante el periodo 1988-2017 las ASR-I para todas las localizaciones aumentaron anualmente 0.4% (IC 95%: 0.2; 0.6) en los hombres y disminuyeron anualmente 0.2% (IC 95%: -0.3; -0.1) en las mujeres. Las ASR-I de los cánceres relacionados con actividades de tamización de oportunidad (próstata y mama) aumentaron hasta principios del siglo XXI y luego descendieron. Las ASR-I de los canceres relacionados con agentes infecciosos continúan disminuyendo (cérvix, vulva y estómago). Hay evidencias de control de los cánceres relacionados al consumo de tabaco (pulmón, cavidad oral, vejiga). En ambos sexos aumentaron las ASR-I de los cánceres de tiroides, colorrectal y linfomas y disminuyeron las de cáncer de ovario. Entre 1984-2020 las ASR-M para todas las localizaciones disminuyeron anualmente 0.7% (IC 95%: -0.9; -0.5) en los hombres y 1.1% (IC 95%: -1.3; -0.9) en las mujeres. Para ambos sexos, disminuyeron las ASR-M para los cánceres de esófago, estómago, pulmón, vejiga, linfomas y leucemias; y aumentaron en cáncer colorrectal. Las ASR-M por cáncer de cérvix y próstata disminuyeron anualmente 3.5% (IC 95%: -3.9; -3.2) y 0.1% (IC 95%: -0.5; -0.3), respectivamente. Comentario: Esta información permite construir algunos indicadores para monitorear la iniciativa City Cancer Challenge y el actual Plan Decenal para el Control del Cáncer en Colombia, 2011-2021.

Survival in stomach cancer: analysis of a national cancer information system and a population-based cancer registry in Colombia.

Background: Stomach cancer is among the most frequent, is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Assessing its survival is important to guide evidence-based health policies. Aims: To estimate stomach cancer survival in Colombia (2014-2019) with data from the National Cancer Information System (NCIS) and in Cali with data from the Cali Population Cancer Registry (RPCC) (1998-2017). Methods: NCIS estimated the overall 3-year net survival for 8,549 people, while RPCC estimated 5-year net survival for 6,776 people. Results: The 3-year net survival was 36.8% (95% CI: 35.5-38.1). Net survival was higher in people with special insurance (61.7%; 95% CI: 44.8-74.8) or third payer (40.5%; 95% CI: 38.7-42.3) than state insurance (30.7%; 95% CI: 28.7-32.8). It was also higher in women and people diagnosed at early stages. Multivariable analysis showed consistency with survival estimations with a higher risk of death in men, people with state insurance, and diagnosed at advanced stages. In Cali, the 5-year net survival remained stable in men during the last 20 years. In women the 5-year net survival in women increased 8.60 percentage points, equivalent to a 50% increase compared to the 1998-2002 period. For 2013-17, it was 19.1% (95%CI: 16.2-22.2) in men, and 24.8% (95% CI: 20.4-29.3) in women. Conclusions: Population survival estimates from the RPCC were lower than those observed in the NCIS. The differences in their methods and scope can explain variability. Nevertheless, our findings could be complementary to improve cancer control planning in the country.

Antecedentes: El cáncer de estómago se encuentra entre los más frecuentes y es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Evaluar su supervivencia es importante para orientar las políticas de salud basadas en la evidencia. Objetivos: Estimar la supervivencia del cáncer de estómago en Colombia (2014-2019) con datos del Sistema Nacional de Información del Cáncer (NCIS) y en Cali con datos del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali (RPCC) (1998-2017). Métodos: El NCIS estimó la supervivencia neta a tres años para 8,549 personas y el RPCC la calculó a 5 años para 6,776 personas registradas en sus bases de datos. Resultados: La supervivencia neta a tres años en Colombia fue del 36.8% (IC 95%: 35.5-38.1). La supervivencia neta fue mayor en personas con seguro especial (61.7%; IC 95%: 44.8-74.8) o tercer pagador (40.5%; IC 95%: 38.7-42.3) que el seguro estatal (30.7%; IC 95%: 28.7-32.8). También fue mayor en mujeres y personas diagnosticadas en etapas tempranas. El análisis multivariable mostró consistencia con la estimación de supervivencia con mayor riesgo de muerte en hombres, personas con seguro estatal y diagnosticados en estadios avanzados. En Cali, la supervivencia neta a 5 años se mantuvo estable en los hombres durante los últimos 20 años. En las mujeres aumentó 8.60 puntos porcentuales, equivalente a un aumento del 50% en comparación con el período 1998-2002. Para el período 2013-17 fue 19.1% (IC 95%: 16.2-22.2) en los hombres y 24.8% (IC 95%: 20.4-29.3) en las mujeres. Conclusiones: Las estimaciones de supervivencia del RPCC fueron más bajas que las obtenidas por el NCIS. Las diferencias en sus métodos y alcance pueden explicar la variabilidad. Sin embargo, nuestros hallazgos pueden ser complementarios para mejorar la planificación del control del cáncer en el país..