Characterizing Breast Cancer in a Population with Increased Prevalence of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Androgen Receptor and ALDH1 Expression in Ghanaian Women.

BACKGROUND: The androgen receptor (AR) is a commonly-expressed hormone receptor in breast cancer and may be a marker of response to targeted anti-androgen therapy, a particularly attractive option for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Gene expression studies suggest that ARs may distinguish a luminal/AR TNBC subtype from stem cell-like subtypes. TNBC frequency is two to three times higher in African American and African breast cancers compared with White American and European breast cancers, yet little is known regarding TNBC subtypes in high-frequency African-ancestry populations. We evaluated ARs and the mammary stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) among breast cancers from Ghana, Africa. METHODS: Overall, 147 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded invasive breast cancers from the Komfo Anoyke Teaching Hospital in Ghana were studied at the University of Michigan, and analyzed immunohistochemically for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2/neu, ALDH1, and AR expression. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 45 years. Only 31 cases (21 %) were ER-positive, and 14 (10 %) were HER2-positive; 89 (61 %) were TNBCs. For the entire group, 44 % were AR-positive and 45 % were ALDH1-positive. ER/PR-positive tumors were more likely to be AR-positive compared with ER/PR-negative tumors (87 vs. 26 %; p < 0.0001), but there was no association between ALDH1 and AR expression. Among the TNBC cases, 45 % were ALDH1-positive and 24 % were AR-positive. ALDH1 positivity was associated with AR positivity within the subset of TNBC (36 vs. 14 %; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: We confirmed other studies showing a high frequency of TNBC in Africa. Surprisingly, ALDH1 was found to correlate with AR expression among TNBC, suggesting that novel TNBC subtypes may exist among populations with African ancestry.

Breast Cancer and African Ancestry: Lessons Learned at the 10-Year Anniversary of the Ghana-Michigan Research Partnership and International Breast Registry.

Women with African ancestry in western, sub-Saharan Africa and in the United States represent a population subset facing an increased risk of being diagnosed with biologically aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer that are negative for the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the HER2/neu marker. These tumors are commonly referred to as triple-negative breast cancer. Disparities in breast cancer incidence and outcome related to racial or ethnic identity motivated the establishment of the International Breast Registry, on the basis of partnerships between the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana, the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, Michigan. This research collaborative has featured educational training programs as well as scientific investigations related to the comparative biology of breast cancer in Ghanaian African, African American, and white/European American patients. Currently, the International Breast Registry has expanded to include African American patients throughout the United States by partnering with the Sisters Network (a national African American breast cancer survivors' organization) and additional sites in Ghana (representing West Africa) as well as Ethiopia (representing East Africa). Its activities are now coordinated through the Henry Ford Health System International Center for the Study of Breast Cancer Subtypes. Herein, we review the history and results of this international program at its 10-year anniversary.