Epigenetic therapy inhibits metastases by disrupting premetastatic niches.

Cancer recurrence after surgery remains an unresolved clinical problem1-3. Myeloid cells derived from bone marrow contribute to the formation of the premetastatic microenvironment, which is required for disseminating tumour cells to engraft distant sites4-6. There are currently no effective interventions that prevent the formation of the premetastatic microenvironment6,7. Here we show that, after surgical removal of primary lung, breast and oesophageal cancers, low-dose adjuvant epigenetic therapy disrupts the premetastatic microenvironment and inhibits both the formation and growth of lung metastases through its selective effect on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In mouse models of pulmonary metastases, MDSCs are key factors in the formation of the premetastatic microenvironment after resection of primary tumours. Adjuvant epigenetic therapy that uses low-dose DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine and entinostat, disrupts the premetastatic niche by inhibiting the trafficking of MDSCs through the downregulation of CCR2 and CXCR2, and by promoting MDSC differentiation into a more-interstitial macrophage-like phenotype. A decreased accumulation of MDSCs in the premetastatic lung produces longer periods of disease-free survival and increased overall survival, compared with chemotherapy. Our data demonstrate that, even after removal of the primary tumour, MDSCs contribute to the development of premetastatic niches and settlement of residual tumour cells. A combination of low-dose adjuvant epigenetic modifiers that disrupts this premetastatic microenvironment and inhibits metastases may permit an adjuvant approach to cancer therapy.

Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy confers a modest benefit over surgery alone for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In early-phase trials, nivolumab-based neoadjuvant regimens have shown promising clinical activity; however, data from phase 3 trials are needed to confirm these findings. METHODS: In this open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned patients with stage IB to IIIA resectable NSCLC to receive nivolumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy or platinum-based chemotherapy alone, followed by resection. The primary end points were event-free survival and pathological complete response (0% viable tumor in resected lung and lymph nodes), both evaluated by blinded independent review. Overall survival was a key secondary end point. Safety was assessed in all treated patients. RESULTS: The median event-free survival was 31.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.2 to not reached) with nivolumab plus chemotherapy and 20.8 months (95% CI, 14.0 to 26.7) with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio for disease progression, disease recurrence, or death, 0.63; 97.38% CI, 0.43 to 0.91; P = 0.005). The percentage of patients with a pathological complete response was 24.0% (95% CI, 18.0 to 31.0) and 2.2% (95% CI, 0.6 to 5.6), respectively (odds ratio, 13.94; 99% CI, 3.49 to 55.75; P<0.001). Results for event-free survival and pathological complete response across most subgroups favored nivolumab plus chemotherapy over chemotherapy alone. At the first prespecified interim analysis, the hazard ratio for death was 0.57 (99.67% CI, 0.30 to 1.07) and did not meet the criterion for significance. Of the patients who underwent randomization, 83.2% of those in the nivolumab-plus-chemotherapy group and 75.4% of those in the chemotherapy-alone group underwent surgery. Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 33.5% of the patients in the nivolumab-plus-chemotherapy group and in 36.9% of those in the chemotherapy-alone group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with resectable NSCLC, neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy resulted in significantly longer event-free survival and a higher percentage of patients with a pathological complete response than chemotherapy alone. The addition of nivolumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy did not increase the incidence of adverse events or impede the feasibility of surgery. (Funded by Bristol Myers Squibb; CheckMate 816 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02998528.).

Maryland's Global Budget Revenue Program and Equitable Access to Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated equity in access to esophagectomy after Maryland's 2014 "Global Budget Revenue" (GBR) implementation, which equalizes reimbursement rates irrespective of patient insurance and employs an annual hospital revenue ceiling to incentivize reductions in unnecessary resource utilization. We hypothesized that more traditionally underserved patients would undergo surgical treatment for esophageal cancers after GBR. METHODS: Using Maryland's Health Services Cost Review Commission database, we retrospectively analyzed patient demographics, insurance statuses, inflation-adjusted hospital charges, postoperative outcomes, and discharge dispositions for esophagectomies for neoplasms between 2012 and 2018. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty six patients were included: 22.0% (107) pre-GBR and 78.0% (379) post-GBR. The proportion of African-American patients increased post-GBR (5.6% versus 12.9%, P = 0.035) and subsequently exhibited year-over-year increases. While not statistically significant, the proportion of Medicaid patients increased from 4.7% to 10.0% (P = 0.085). The post-GBR era also saw patients from 10 new counties, six of which were in Maryland's bottom half of counties ranked by median household income, receive operative esophageal cancer treatment without losing representation from pre-GBR counties. Patient age and sex were comparable between the two groups, and there were no significant differences in mortality or 30-day readmissions. Inflation-adjusted hospital charges and length of hospital stay did not appreciably change post-GBR, including after adjusting for age, comorbidities, and surgical approach. CONCLUSIONS: GBR increased access to esophagectomy for African-Americans, those insured by Medicaid, and those from lower socioeconomic status counties. Contrary to prior studies of outpatient and emergency room settings, we found the GBR program's goal of reduction of resource utilization and cost were not apparent in this complex surgical population.

Rectus Abdominis Muscle Atrophy and Asymmetry After Pulmonary Lobectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary lobectomy can result in intercostal nerve injury, leading to denervation of the rectus abdominis (RA) resulting in asymmetric muscle atrophy or an abdominal bulge. While there is a high rate of intercostal nerve injury during thoracic surgery, there are no studies that evaluate the magnitude and predisposing factors for RA atrophy in a large cohort. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 357 patients who underwent open, thoracoscopic or robotic pulmonary lobectomy at a single academic center. RA volumes were measured on computed tomography scans preoperatively and postoperatively on both the operated and nonoperated sides from the level of the xiphoid process to the thoracolumbar junction. RA volume change and association of surgical/demographic characteristics was assessed. RESULTS: Median RA volume decreased bilaterally after operation, decreasing significantly more on the operated side (-19.5%) versus the nonoperated side (-6.6%) (P < 0.0001). 80.4% of the analyzed cohort experienced a 10% or greater decrease from preoperative RA volume on the operated side. Overweight individuals (body mass index 25.5-29.9) experienced a 1.7-fold greater volume loss on the operated side compared to normal weight individuals (body mass index 18.5-24.9) (P = 0.00016). In all right-sided lobectomies, lower lobe resection had the highest postoperative volume loss (Median (interquartile range): -28 (-35, -15)) (P = 0.082). CONCLUSIONS: This study of postlobectomy RA asymmetry includes the largest cohort to date; previous literature only includes case reports. Lobectomy operations result in asymmetric RA atrophy and predisposing factors include demographics and surgical approach. Clinical and quality of life outcomes of RA atrophy, along with mitigation strategies, must be assessed.

The COVID-19 Era Is Associated With Delays in Esophageal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially affected the delivery of healthcare globally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of this era with the timeline of care in esophageal cancer patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart-review of patients presenting to a single high-volume tertiary care center with the diagnosis of esophageal cancer. COVID era was defined as March 2020-December 2020 and compared with the year before (3/2019-12/2019). RESULTS: In total, 117 patients presented in the COVID-era versus 190 in pre-COVID. Stage 3 + 4 disease was found in 77.8% of the patients in the COVID-era compared to 68.9% in the pre-COVID era (P = 0.34). Diagnoses through emergency department admission were 35.5% in the COVID versus 26.7% in the pre-COVID group (P = 0.15). In the COVID era it took a median of 78 d to visit primary care provider (versus 52 d, P = 0.12 in pre-COVID), 45 d to endoscopy (versus 18 d, P = 0.004) and 38 d to treatment initiation (versus 36 d, P = 0.48). Thirty-five percent of the patients underwent esophagectomy compared to 26% in the pre-COVID-era. Median days of intensive-care-unit (ICU) (2 versus 3, P = 0.16) and hospital stay (14 versus 15, P = 0.28) were similar in both groups as well as postoperative 30-day morbidities (63 versus 63%, P = 0.48). One-year follow-up showed 83.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 73.8%-90.1%) survival in the COVID-group compared to 76.4% (95% CI: 66.9%-83.5%) in the pre-COVID-group (P = 0.58). Only three patients had a positive COVID result. CONCLUSIONS: Our institution treated fewer esophageal cancer patients during COVID-19 accompanied by a delay in endoscopic diagnosis. Postoperative outcomes and 1-year survival remained similar.

Plain language summary of the CheckMate 816 study results: nivolumab plus chemotherapy given before surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: In this article, we summarize results from the ongoing phase 3 CheckMate 816 clinical study that were published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2022. The goal of CheckMate 816 was to find out if nivolumab, an immunotherapy that activates a person's immune system (the body's natural defense system) to fight cancer, plus chemotherapy works better than chemotherapy alone when given before surgery in people with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that can be removed surgically (resectable NSCLC). WHAT HAPPENED IN THE STUDY?: Adults who had not previously taken medications to treat NSCLC and whose cancer could be removed with surgery were included in CheckMate 816. During this study, a computer randomly assigned the treatment each person would receive before surgery for NSCLC. In total, 179 people were randomly assigned to receive nivolumab plus chemotherapy, and 179 people were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy alone. The researchers assessed whether people who received nivolumab plus chemotherapy lived longer without the cancer geting worse or coming back and whether there were any cancer cells left in the tumor and lymph nodes removed by surgery. The researchers also assessed how adding nivolumab to chemotherapy affected the timing and outcomes of surgery and whether the combination of these drugs was safe. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS?: Researchers found that people who took nivolumab plus chemotherapy lived longer without the cancer getting worse or coming back compared with those who took chemotherapy alone. More people in the nivolumab plus chemotherapy group had no cancer cells left in the tumor and lymph nodes removed by surgery. Most people went on to have surgery in both treatment groups; the people who took nivolumab plus chemotherapy instead of chemotherapy alone had less extensive surgeries and were more likely to have good outcomes after less extensive surgeries. Adding nivolumab to chemotherapy did not lead to an increase in the rate of side effects compared with chemotherapy alone, and side effects were generally mild and manageable. WHAT DO THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY MEAN?: Results from CheckMate 816 support the benefit of using nivolumab plus chemotherapy before surgery for people with resectable NSCLC. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02998528 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Neoadjuvant PD-1 Blockade in Resectable Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Antibodies that block programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein improve survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but have not been tested in resectable NSCLC, a condition in which little progress has been made during the past decade. METHODS: In this pilot study, we administered two preoperative doses of PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab in adults with untreated, surgically resectable early (stage I, II, or IIIA) NSCLC. Nivolumab (at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight) was administered intravenously every 2 weeks, with surgery planned approximately 4 weeks after the first dose. The primary end points of the study were safety and feasibility. We also evaluated the tumor pathological response, expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), mutational burden, and mutation-associated, neoantigen-specific T-cell responses. RESULTS: Neoadjuvant nivolumab had an acceptable side-effect profile and was not associated with delays in surgery. Of the 21 tumors that were removed, 20 were completely resected. A major pathological response occurred in 9 of 20 resected tumors (45%). Responses occurred in both PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative tumors. There was a significant correlation between the pathological response and the pretreatment tumor mutational burden. The number of T-cell clones that were found in both the tumor and peripheral blood increased systemically after PD-1 blockade in eight of nine patients who were evaluated. Mutation-associated, neoantigen-specific T-cell clones from a primary tumor with a complete response on pathological assessment rapidly expanded in peripheral blood at 2 to 4 weeks after treatment; some of these clones were not detected before the administration of nivolumab. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant nivolumab was associated with few side effects, did not delay surgery, and induced a major pathological response in 45% of resected tumors. The tumor mutational burden was predictive of the pathological response to PD-1 blockade. Treatment induced expansion of mutation-associated, neoantigen-specific T-cell clones in peripheral blood. (Funded by Cancer Research Institute-Stand Up 2 Cancer and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02259621 .).

The STS 2024 Risk Models for Lung Cancer Resection: Continued Refinement and Improved Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database (STS GTSD) has been used to develop risk models for patients undergoing pulmonary resection for cancer. Leveraging a contemporary and more inclusive cohort, we sought to refine these models. METHODS: The study population consisted of adult patients in the STS GTSD who underwent pulmonary resection for cancer between 2015 and 2022. Unlike previous models, non-elective operations were included. Separate risk models were derived for operative mortality, major morbidity, and composite morbidity or mortality. Logistic regression with backward selection was used with predictors retained in models if p<0.10. All derived models were validated using 9-fold cross validation. Model discrimination and calibration were assessed for the overall cohort and for surgical procedure, demographic, and risk factor subgroups. RESULTS: Data from 140,927 patients at 337 participating centers were included in the study. Overall operative mortality rate was 1.1%, major morbidity 7.3%, and composite morbidity or mortality 7.6%. Novel predictors of short-term outcomes included interstitial lung disease, DLCO, and payor status. Overall discrimination was superior to previous STS pulmonary resection models for operative mortality [C-statistic = 0.80] and for composite morbidity or mortality [C-statistic = 0.70]. Model discrimination was comparable and model calibration was excellent across all procedure- and demographic-specific sub-cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Among STS GTSD participants, major morbidity and operative mortality rates remain low following pulmonary resection. The newly derived pulmonary resection risk models demonstrate superior performance compared to previous models, with broader real-life applicability and clinical face validity.

Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus LAG-3 inhibitor relatlimab in resectable esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer: a phase Ib trial and ctDNA analyses.

Gastroesophageal cancer dynamics and drivers of clinical responses with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) remain poorly understood. Potential synergistic activity of dual programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) inhibition may help improve immunotherapy responses for these tumors. We report a phase Ib trial that evaluated neoadjuvant nivolumab (Arm A, n = 16) or nivolumab-relatlimab (Arm B, n = 16) in combination with chemoradiotherapy in 32 patients with resectable stage II/stage III gastroesophageal cancer together with an in-depth evaluation of pathological, molecular and functional immune responses. Primary endpoint was safety; the secondary endpoint was feasibility; exploratory endpoints included pathological complete (pCR) and major pathological response (MPR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). The study met its primary safety endpoint in Arm A, although Arm B required modification to mitigate toxicity. pCR and MPR rates were 40% and 53.5% for Arm A and 21.4% and 57.1% for Arm B. Most common adverse events were fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia and dermatitis. Overall, 2-year RFS and OS rates were 72.5% and 82.6%, respectively. Higher baseline programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and LAG-3 expression were associated with deeper pathological responses. Exploratory analyses of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) showed that patients with undetectable ctDNA post-ICI induction, preoperatively and postoperatively had a significantly longer RFS and OS; ctDNA clearance was reflective of neoantigen-specific T cell responses. Our findings provide insights into the safety profile of combined PD-1 and LAG-3 blockade in gastroesophageal cancer and highlight the potential of ctDNA analysis to dynamically assess systemic tumor burden during neoadjuvant ICI that may open a therapeutic window for future intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03044613 .

Characterizing the cancer genome in lung adenocarcinoma.

Somatic alterations in cellular DNA underlie almost all human cancers. The prospect of targeted therapies and the development of high-resolution, genome-wide approaches are now spurring systematic efforts to characterize cancer genomes. Here we report a large-scale project to characterize copy-number alterations in primary lung adenocarcinomas. By analysis of a large collection of tumours (n = 371) using dense single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, we identify a total of 57 significantly recurrent events. We find that 26 of 39 autosomal chromosome arms show consistent large-scale copy-number gain or loss, of which only a handful have been linked to a specific gene. We also identify 31 recurrent focal events, including 24 amplifications and 7 homozygous deletions. Only six of these focal events are currently associated with known mutations in lung carcinomas. The most common event, amplification of chromosome 14q13.3, is found in approximately 12% of samples. On the basis of genomic and functional analyses, we identify NKX2-1 (NK2 homeobox 1, also called TITF1), which lies in the minimal 14q13.3 amplification interval and encodes a lineage-specific transcription factor, as a novel candidate proto-oncogene involved in a significant fraction of lung adenocarcinomas. More generally, our results indicate that many of the genes that are involved in lung adenocarcinoma remain to be discovered.

Spiral Laminar Flow is Associated with a Reduction in Disturbed Shear in Patient-Specific Models of an Arteriovenous Fistula.

PURPOSE: Areas of disturbed shear that arise following arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation are believed to contribute to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). The presence of helical flow can suppress areas of disturbed shear, which may protect the vasculature from IH. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine if helical flow, specifically spiral laminar flow (SLF), is present in patient-specific AVF models and is associated with a reduction in exposure to disturbed shear. METHODS: Four AVF were imaged using MRI within the first two weeks following fistula creation. Patient-specific boundary conditions were obtained using phase-contrast MRI and applied at the inlet and outlets of each model. Computational fluid dynamics was used to analyse the hemodynamics in each model and compare the helical content of the flow to the distribution of disturbed shear. RESULTS: BC-1 and RC-2 are characterised by the presence of SLF, which coincides with the lowest distribution of disturbed shear. Contrastingly, SLF is absent from BC-2 and RC-1 and experience the largest amount of disturbed shear. Interestingly, BC-2 and RC-1 developed an anastomosis stenosis, while BC-1 and RC-2 remained stenosis free. CONCLUSION: These findings are in agreement with previous clinical studies and further highlight the clinical potential of SLF as a prognostic marker for a healthy AVF, as its presence correlates with an overall reduction in exposure to disturbed shear and a decrease in the incidence of AVF dysfunction, albeit in a small sample size.

Five-Year Clinical Outcomes after Neoadjuvant Nivolumab in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy has shown promise for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We reported the first phase I/II trial of neoadjuvant nivolumab in resectable NSCLC, finding it to be safe and feasible with encouraging major pathological responses (MPR). We now present 5-year clinical outcomes from this trial, representing to our knowledge, the longest follow-up data for neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in any cancer type. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two doses of nivolumab (3 mg/kg) were administered for 4 weeks before surgery to 21 patients with Stage I-IIIA NSCLC. 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and associations with MPR and PD-L1, were evaluated. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 63 months, 5-year RFS and OS rates were 60% and 80%, respectively. The presence of MPR and pre-treatment tumor PD-L1 positivity (TPS ≥1%) each trended toward favorable RFS; HR, 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15-2.44] and HR, 0.36 (95% CI, 0.07-1.85), respectively. At 5-year follow-up, 8 of 9 (89%) patients with MPR were alive and disease-free. There were no cancer-related deaths among patients with MPR. In contrast, 6/11 patients without MPR experienced tumor relapse, and 3 died. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year clinical outcomes for neoadjuvant nivolumab in resectable NSCLC compare favorably with historical outcomes. MPR and PD-L1 positivity trended toward improved RFS, though definitive conclusions are limited by cohort size.

Impact of Chest Wall Resection on Mortality After Lung Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer invading the chest wall is treated with concomitant en bloc lung and chest wall resection (CWR). It is unclear how CWR affects postoperative outcomes of lung resection. We hypothesized that CWR would be associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes after lung cancer resection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) General Thoracic Surgery Database from 2016-2019. Patients with superior sulcus tumors were excluded. Patient demographic and operative outcomes were compared between those with and without CWR. Chest wall resection was added to existing STS lung risk models to determine the association with a composite adverse outcome, which included major morbidity and death. RESULTS: Among 41 310 lung resections, 306 (0.74%) occurred with concomitant CWR. Differences between those with and without CWR included demographic and comorbidities. Patients undergoing CWR were more likely to have the composite adverse outcome (64 of 306 [20.9%] vs 3128 of 41 004 [7.6%] for non-CWR resections, P < .001). Mortality was also increased among the CWR cohort (2.9% vs 1.1%, P = .003). CWR was associated with an increased risk of adverse composite outcome among all lung resection patients in a multivariable model (odds ratio 1.74, P = .0003) and the lobectomy subgroup (odds ratio 2.35, P < .0001). Among institutions with ≥10 lung resections, 49.1% performed lung resections with CWR. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant CWR adds risk of adverse outcomes after lung cancer resection. As a subset of intuitions perform CWR, quality assessments should control for CWR. This variable will be incorporated into the STS lung cancer and lobectomy quality composite measures.

Epidemiologic Trends in Pleural Infection. A Nationwide Analysis.

Rationale: Recent trends in the care and outcomes of pleural infection are not well characterized.Objectives: To investigate trends in hospital-based healthcare use, outcomes, and management of pleural infection across the United States.Methods: We identified adult hospitalizations for pleural infection from 2005 through 2014 in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-National Inpatient Sample using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. We calculated weighted estimates of national trends in hospitalization, hospital length of stay, hospital mortality, inflation-adjusted cost, and management practices. We tested trend significance using fitted regression models.Results: Over one decade, there was a significant decline in hospitalizations (54.4 per million to 41.2 per million U.S. adult population), length of stay (13.5 ± 0.2 to 11.2 ± 0.2 d), mortality (4.2-2.6%), and costs ($32,829 to $29,458) (all P < 0.001). Both tube thoracostomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery saw an increase as the procedure of first choice, along with declining use of thoracotomy (all P < 0.001). Most patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (94%) or tube thoracostomy (64.9%) as the initial procedure did not require a second invasive procedure.Conclusions: Over the 21st century's first decade and a half, inpatient costs, use, and mortality have improved among U.S. adults hospitalized with pleural infection. Simultaneously, there has been a shift toward less invasive interventions upfront.

Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor long-term survival and graft failure after lung transplantation.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the prognostic value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) on long-term outcomes and graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients receiving a lung transplant at our institution from 2011 to 2014. The primary exposure was elevated NLR at the time of transplant, defined by NLR>4. The primary outcomes were graft failure and three-year all-cause mortality. Multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to analyze outcomes. RESULTS: 95 patients were included. 40 patients (42%) had an elevated NLR. Elevated NLR was associated with graft failure (OR: 4.7 [1.2-18.8], p = 0.02), and three-year mortality (OR: 5.4 [1.3-23.2], p = 0.03) on multivariate logistic regression. Patients with elevated NLR demonstrated significantly lower survival on Kaplan-Meier analysis (50% versus 74%, p = 0.02). The c-statistic for our multivariate model was 0.91. CONCLUSION: Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor long-term survival and graft failure after lung transplantation.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database: 2021 Update on Outcomes and Research.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database (STS GTSD) remains the largest and most robust thoracic surgical database in the world. Participating sites receive risk-adjusted performance reports for benchmarking and quality improvement initiatives. The GTSD also provides several mechanisms for high-quality clinical research using data from 271 participant sites and nearly 720,000 procedures since its inception in 2002. Participant sites are audited at random annually for completeness and accuracy. During the last year and a half, the GTSD Task Force continued to refine the data collection form, ensuring high-quality data while minimizing data entry burden. In addition, the STS Workforce on National Databases has supported robust GTSD-based research program, which led to 10 scholarly publications in 2020. This report provides an update on outcomes, volume trends, and database improvements as well as a summary of research productivity resulting from the GTSD over the preceding year.

Variability in Smoking Status for Lobectomy Among Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database Participants.

BACKGROUND: Current smokers undergoing lobectomy are at greater risk of complications than are former smokers. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) composite score for rating program performance for lobectomy adjusts for smoking status, a modifiable risk factor. This study examined variability in the proportion of current smokers undergoing lobectomy among STS database participants. Additionally, the study determined whether each participant's rating changed if smoking was excluded from the risk adjustment model. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the STS cohort used to develop the composite score for rating program performance for lobectomy. The study summarized the variability among STS database participants for performing lobectomy on current smokers and compared star ratings developed from models with and without smoking status. RESULTS: There were 24,912 patients with smoking status data: 23% current smokers, 62% former smokers, and 15% never smokers. There was significant variability among participants in the proportion of current smokers undergoing lobectomy (3% to 48.6%; P < .001). Major morbidity or mortality (composite) was greater in current smokers (12.1%) than in former smokers (8.6%) and never smokers (4.2%) (P < .001). Using the current risk adjustment model, participant star ratings were as follows: 1 star, n = 6 (3.2%); 2 stars, n = 170 (91.4%); and 3 stars, n = 10 (5.4%). When smoking status was excluded from the model, 1 participant shifted from a 2-star to a 3-star program. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial variability among STS database participants with regard to the proportion of current smokers undergoing lobectomy. However, exclusion of smoking status from the model did not significantly affect participant star rating.