[(EXPERIENCE WITH ALBENDAZOLE TREATMENT IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS)].

The tolerability and efficiency of specific chemotherapy with albendazole were analyzed in 18 patients with cystic echinococcosis at various sites. The most common complication of albendazole treatment was its hepatotoxic effect. Al- bendazole chemotherapy during at least its 3 cycles was observed to be highly effective in preventing recurrent echinococ- cosis in children. If there were small-sized hydatid cysts in the liver and lung, there was a reduction in their number and sizes after 4-5 albendazole treatment cycles.

[Pseudoinvasion and transient carriage of the larvae of arthropods and soil nematodes in humans: problems and consequences. The authors' observations and a literature review].

The paper describes cases of pseudoinvasion and transient carriageof the larvae of arthropods and geohelminths. It highlights the objective and subjective factors in the diagnosis of arthropod-borne diseases and geohelminthiasis, which give rise to misdiagnosis. Distinctions between real invasion, transient invasion, and pseudoinvasion are pointed out. The fact that there are special problems with the misdiagnosis of people with mental diseases is emphasized. The key factors for preventing and diagnosing pseudoinvasions and transient carriage are defined.

[Results of studies of human dirofilariasis in Russia].

Human dirofilariasis is a pressing health problem in Russia. By 2014, there have been as many as 850 Dirofilaria repens-infested people living in 42 subjects of the Russian Federation. One of the favorable factors for circulation and spread of invasion is a temperature of above +20-24 degrees C; when the latter is maintained during at least 20 days there may be 1.-1.5 circulations of invasion in the carrier and a 2.8-fold increase in transmission intensity. The border ofa dirofilariasis area with a temperate climate is southward to 58 degrees N in European Russia and West Siberia and southward to 50 degrees N in the Far East. The conditions in the human body have been found to be more favorable for the development of Dirofilaria than considered before and allow the helminth to achieve sexual maturity and to propagate. If man has microfilaremia, he may be a source of invasion. It is necessary to examine venous blood by the enrichment method and, if possible, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay, which make it possible to establish a diagnosis in occult invasion and to identify a pathogen species.

[Dirofilariasis in the Moscow Region, a low disease transmission risk area].

The spread of canine and human dirofilariasis was first studied in the Moscow Region, a low disease transmission risk area. D.repens infestation was found to have a tendency to increase in Moscow residents with the imported cases being predominant. In 33 (84.6%) districts of the Moscow Region, dogs were registered to have D. immitis and D. repens infestation, with the former being preponderant in 31 districts. An original map of dirofilariasis distribution was compiled with the areas being singled out at a distance of Moscow: 15-20 km (6 districts) (the first ring); as long as 70 km (11 districts) (the second ring), and over 70 km (16 districts) where infestation rates greatly varied in both the number of infected animals and human beings and the species of causative agents.

[Migrating subcutaneous myasis with systemic manifestations caused by gadfly larvae]. / Migriruiushchii podkozhnyi miaz s sitemnymi proiavleniiami, vyzvannyi lichinkami ovoda.

The paper describes a case of cutaneous myiasis caused by the larvae of Hypoderma bovis. Its prolonged recurrent course over 4 months was observed. It appeared as migrating mass lesions, toxicoallergic reactions, and syncope. The paper is the first to show it possible to perform chemotherapy of myiasis with the antibiotic ivermectin in combination with aversectin ointment.

[Opisthorchiasis and alcoholism: a clinico-epidemiological and social psychology study]. / Opistorkhoz i alkogolizm: kliniko-épidemiologicheskoe i sotsial'no-psikhologicheskoe issledovanie.

49% of patients who abused alcohol were detected among 119 persons with O. felineus infection in the focus of the infection in the Komi-Permiak Autonomous Okrug by screening questionnaire test. The abuse of alcohol in the given focus was shown to be associated with consumption of low-salt fish mostly by men. Alcoholism promotes failure to keep medical recommendations on the prevention of Opisthorchis infection and reduced motivation of opisthorchiasis treatment, and due to re- and superinvasion it decreases the efficiency of chemotherapy. Comparing the results of praziquantel treatment a month or a year after, treatment efficiency among those abusing alcohol was shown to decrease from 88% to 68%.

[The first trial of azinox treatment in a clonorchiasis focus in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam]. / Pervyi opyt lecheniia azinoksom v ochage klonorkhoza v SRV.

Trials of biltricide (Merck, India) and azinox, its analog manufactured in this country, carried out in a mixed focus of clonorchiasis and intestinal nematodiases in Vietnam, have not shown any noticeable difference in the efficacy and tolerance of these drugs, that were administered for 3 days in total doses of 60 and 75 mg/kg. The mean efficacy of clonorchiasis therapy was 59.2%, and the invasion intensity reduced by more than 98%. Slight side effects were observed in 86.7% of patients.

[Intestinal trematodiases (metagonimiasis, nanophyetiasis): clinico-parasitological research and the first trial of using Azinox in a focus of the lower Amur River valley]. / Kishechnye trematodozy (metagonimoz, nanofietoz): kliniko-parazitologicheskoe issledovanie i pervyi opyt primeneniia azinoksa v ochage Nizhnego Priamur'ia.

A focus of metagonimiasis and nanophyetiasis is described with the average human prevalence of 66.7 and 4.2%, respectively and low intensity of invasions (less than 100 eggs per 1 g). Metagonimiasis and nanophyetiasis are clinically expressed as chronic enterocolitis. A high effect of a single dose 10 mg/kg of azinox against metagonimiasis (98%) and nanophyetiasis (100%) was shown. The treatment course was proved to be useful in the foci of the Amur basin.

[Clonorchiasis in the People's Republic of Vietnam. 2. The clinico-parasitological examination of a focus and a trial of prazinquantel treatment]. / Klonorkhoz v SRV. Soobshchenie 2. Kliniko-parazitologicheskoe obsledovanie ochaga i opyt lecheniia prazikvantelem.

Examinations of 1599 residents of a polyinvasion focus at a seaside province Ha Nam Nin, Vietnam, have revealed clonorchiasis in approximately 13.9% of the examinees; in subjects aged over 30 this value was 29.3%. Factors conducive to a lower incidence of clonorchiasis were detected, among them a moderate intensity of the invasion: the mean arithmetic was 1419 +/- 306 eggs/g, the mean geometric 673 egg/g, as shown by the Kato-Kats' technique. Analysis of five therapeutic schemes used in clonorchiasis, making use of chloxilin, medamin or praziquantel, has demonstrated a low efficacy of all of them. Praziquantel therapy in a daily dose of 25 mg/kg for 2 days was found the most effective (52%), being conducive to a reduction of the invasion intensity by at least 90%. Such therapy was associated with a high incidence of side effects (91.2%), this ruling out a higher dosage.

[Clinico-parasitological research in a mixed focus of clonorchiasis and intestinal nematodiasis in Hanamnin Province (the Socialist Republic of Vietnam)]. / Kliniko-parazitologicheskie issledovaniia v smeshannom ochage klonorkhoza i kishechnykh nematodozov v provintsii Khanamnin' (SRV).

The authors described the clonorchiasis focus in the Vietnam province at the seaside delta of the Red River where the aforementioned invasion was accompanied with multiple invasions with intestinal nematodes. Clonorchiasis infestation rate was 28.4% ascaridiasis, 50.5%, trichocephaliasis, 21.3% ancylostomiasis, 7.0%. Clonorchiasis invasion was the result of consumed uncooked carp fish in the salad. It was revealed that the fish was reared in the ponds near the settlements and was fed untreated human and animal feces. The meal was more common among the male persons in the presence of the alcohol intake. Clinical symptoms of the mixed clonorchiasis and intestinal nematodiasis invasion was featured by pains, dyspepsia and the asthenoneurotic syndrome.

[The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of opisthorchiasis foci in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the treatment results with praziquantel]. / Kliniko-épidemiologicheskaia kharakteristika ochagov opistorkhoza v Iamalo-Nenetskom avtonomnom okruge i rezul'taty lecheniia prazikvantelem.

A clinical and epidemiological study of opisthorchiasis foci in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was carried out. 764 people were surveyed, including 473 aborigines of the north, 207 denizens, and 84 migrants. Opisthorchiasis infection rate in villages was 40.5-45.7%. The intensity of infection was lower than 200 eggs per g faeces. The modelling of opisthorchiasis prevalence performed after Muench showed the highest correlation with the "simple" and "reversible" models. Factors determining the infection spread and limiting its intensity and those influencing the effect of chemotherapy were defined. Theoretically determined radical suppressive low-dose praziquantel chemotherapy was carried out. The efficacy of the drug, 25, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg, varied from 76.5 to 92.0% (mean 88.1%), and the decrease of the egg density was more than 60%. The incidence of side effects of the therapy averaged 45.3%.

[Differences in the dynamics of the eosinophilia, blood immunoglobulin E and the level of circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic opisthorchiasis treated with different doses of praziquantel]. / Razlichiia v dinamike éozinofilii krovi, immunoglobulinemii E i soderzhaniia tsirkuliruiushchikh immunnykh kompleksov u bol'nykh khronicheskim opistorkhozom, lechennykh raznymi dozami prazikvantelia.

Sixty patients with a chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection were administered one-day therapy with praziquantel in doses 25, 40, or 60-75 mg/kg b. m. The former two doses of the drug did not much improve the levels of the examined immunologic parameters. In patients treated with the highest dose of praziquantel a significant decrease of the total and specific IgE and CIC levels, reaching that in the reference groups, was observed in 6-8 months after the treatment, this indicating a 92% efficacy of the drug in this group of patients.

[Strongyloidiasis im Moscow region]. / Sluchai zarazheniia strongiloidozom v Moskovskoi oblasti.

The paper presents two cases of infection with Strongyloides stercoralis (in a 13-year-old boy and in a 93-year-old female), occurred in the Moscow Region, which is indicative of the resurgence of stronglyoidiasis in the Moscow Region. Although the likelihood of this infection in this region is little, nevertheless, strongyloidiasis should be borne in mind in examining patients who are not leaving for well-known endemic areas if they have an allergic reaction of unclear etiology, eosinophilia, and digestive disorders. In these cases, the syndromic-and-empiric approach to justifying and performing chemotherapy is recommended due to the inadequate efficiency of parasitological methods for diagnosing strongyloidiasis at the low rate of invasion. These cases are indicative of the rather low virulence of Moscow strains, but at the same time of their capacity for autoinvasion and accordingly for the long-term infection of patients without recurrent infections.

[Comprehensive assessment of an opisthorchiasis focus in the Komi-Permiak Autonomous Okrug]. / Kompleksnaia otsenka ochaga opistorkhoza v Komi-Permiatskom avtonomnom okruge.

Unfavourable sanitary and hygienic conditions in 2 settlements have been established; the authors revealed specific features of the invasion spreading in this focus where high invasion rates of intermediate and final hosts were associated with low invasion rates. Different factors have been established, which contribute to the invasion spreading among the population. A three-score assessment has been proposed of the manifestations of the clinical symptomatology in digestive disease in opisthorchiasis which is suitable for in the field. A retrospective analysis has been made of the reasons for ineffective chemotherapy with chloxyl in this focus. The age-related affliction with opisthorchiasis in the focus is the most adequately described by a "reversible catalytic" model with a force of infection of 0.055.

[The initial experience with embovin treatment in a a focus of intestinal nematode infections in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam]. / Pervyi opyt lecheniia émbovinom v ochage kishechnykh nematodozov v SRV.

Comparative trials of pirantel analogs--combatrin (Pfizer, Philippines) and embovin (Russia) were carried out in a hyperendemic focus of intestinal nematodoses in Vietnam. The drugs were prescribed in a single dose of 10 mg/kg. No significant differences in the efficacies of the drugs were revealed: combatrin and embovin efficacies in ascariasis were 94.3 and 98.0%, respectively (p > 0.05), in ankylostomiasis 76.3 and 58.3%, respectively (p > 0.05).

[An analysis of the results of clinical trials of praziquantel analogs in intestinal cestode and trematode infections. 2. The treatment of liver trematode infections (opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis) and schistosomiasis]. / Analiz rezul'tatov klinicheskikh ispytanii analogov prazikvantelia pri kishechnykh tsestodozakh i trematodozakh. Soobshchenie 2. Lechenie trematodozov pecheni (opistorkhoz i fastsiolez) i shistosomozov.

The authors did not detect any differences in the efficacies and tolerance of praziquantel analogs manufactured by various firms (azinox, Russia; pikitor, China; cesol, cisticide, biltricide, Bayer, Merk, Germany, India). These drugs were found highly effective in opisthorchiasis (87.8%) and schistosomiasis (91.7%) and ineffective in fascioliasis. The efficacy and tolerance of azinox, a drug manufactured in this country, was similar to those of its foreign analogs.

[An analysis of the results of clinical trials of praziquantel analogs in intestinal cestode and trematode infections. 1. The treatment of intestinal cestode infections (diphyllobothriasis, taeniasis, hymenolepiasis)]. / Analiz rezul'tatov klinicheskikh ispytanii analogov prazikvantelia pri kishechnykh tsestodozakh i trematodozakh. 1. Lechenie kishechnykh tsestodozov (difillobrotrioz, teniidozy, gimenolepidoz).

The studies have demonstrated a high efficacy of prasiquantel in therapy of enteric cestodiases. No differences in the efficacy and tolerance of prasiquantel analogs manufactured by various pharmaceutic firms (azinox, CIS; pikiton, China; biltricide, Bayer, India; cesol, Merk, India; cisticide, Merk India) were detected. Prasiquantel single dose (15 mg/kg) efficacies in diphyllobothriasis, taeniarhynchiasis, and taeniasis made up 91.4, 98.5, and 100%, respectively. In hymenolepiasis the efficacy of a total dose (40 and 50 mg/kg given twice with a 10-day interval) was 88.9%.

[Radionuclide and sonographic diagnosis of lesions of the hepatobiliary system in opisthorchiasis]. / Radionuklidnaia i sonograficheskaia diagnostika porazhenii gepatobiliarnoi sistemy pri opistorkhoze.

Radionuclide and sonographic studies of liver and biliary tract of 37 patients infested with O. felineus, including 7 patients with an early and 30 with late chronic disease were performed. Alterations in radionuclide and sonographic characteristics were revealed, pointing to dyskinetic disturbances in the gallbladder and to the cholestatic syndrome (reduced secretory function of the liver, dilated bile ducts, late visualization and reduced concentration function of the gallbladder). The most profound abnormalities in the indices were seen in patients early in the disease. Prasiquantel treatment contributed to rapid restoration of gallbladder motor function.

[A fatal case of trichinelliasis with intensive invasion and acute massive hemorrhage from a stomach ulcer]. / Letal'nyi sluchai trikhinelleza s intensivnoi invaziei i ostrym massivnym krovotecheniem iz iazvy zheludka.

The paper deals with a fatal case of trichinosis in a 61-year-old male due to acute massive gastric hemorrhage from the old silent gastric ulcer developed at week 8 after the onset of infection (or at week 3 after the appearance of the first clinical signs). At autopsy, the method of ingestion of cross-striated muscular samples revealed high Trichinella spiralis infection rates: from 135 larvae per g of muscles of the tongue to 512 larvae in the diaphragm. Infection had occurred due to long-term (1-month) ingestion of the pork obtained from a subsidiary farm of Moscow Province. A role of alcohol used by the patient for the infection period (about 30 days) and some other factors which could contribute to intensive infection and death are discussed.

[Prasiquantel treatment of patients under ambulatory conditions in an opisthorchiasis focus in the Komi-Permyak autonomous area]. / Lechenie prazikvantelem v ambulatornykh usloviiakh bol'nykh v ochage opistorkhoza Komi-Permiatskogo avtonomnogo okruga.

90 Opisthorchis felineus invaded patients were subjected to prasiquantel treatment. Single doze of the drug (40 mg/kg) was administered under ambulatory conditions. Treatment efficacity 6 months after administration attained 85.9%. Side-effects were observed in 89.7% of patients, the neurotropic effects' rate being 85.4%. Lower side-effects' rate was established in case of prasiquantel administration with milk. Positive clinical effect of prasiquantel treatment was observed in 69.3% patients.