[Urethral diverticulum. Our casuistic and the literatura review]. / Divertículos uretrales. Revisión de nuestra casuística y de la literatura.

PURPOSE: The possible etiopathogenic factors, symptoms, diagnostic methods, surgical management and complications of the urethral diverticula are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of the clinical charts with urethral diverticula diagnosis during the period 1986-2006 was carried out. RESULTS: In the last 20 years a total of 19 patients have been treated for this pathology: 15 females and 4 males. Five of the females started with a sensation of vaginal mass; the rest were diagnosed of micturitional (irritative) syndrome, urinary incontinence or urinary infection. In the case of males, 3 of them had a palpable tumour in the penis. The most used diagnostic method was retrograde and voiding cystourethrography; urethrography with double-occlusion balloon catheter was used in 5 cases and urethroscopy in 4 patients; other techniques of image diagnosis like magnetic resonance imaging were necessary for the most complex cases. The treatment was the excision of the diverticulum, except for one of the females who rejected the treatment. The evolution in all treated women was successful, according to follow up 2 years after the treatment. In males, two of them had complex recurrent diverticula. CONCLUSIONS: Urethral diverticula are nosologic entities of difficult diagnosis, due to their low prevalence and their unspecific clinic, therefore diagnosis is sometimes incidental. The etiopathogenity is acquired in most cases and its surgical treatment is more challenging in males than in females probably linked to the fact that diverticula appear in urethras with previous surgery, endourologic manipulation or associated injuries.

Cultural adaptation to Spanish (Spain) of the "Overactive Bladder - Family Impact Measure (OAB-FIM)" questionnaire. / Adaptación cultural al español (España) del cuestionario Overactive Bladder Family Impact Measure (OAB-FIM).

OBJECTIVE: The OAB-FIM was developed as a measure of the impact of an overactive bladder (OAB) on relatives who live with the patient. The objective of this study was conduct a cultural adaptation to Spanish (Spain) of the OAB-FIM questionnaire. METHODS: The adaptation included a conceptual and linguistic validation phase, as well as a phase for measuring the psychometric properties in 25 relatives [mean age, 63.0 years (SD, 14.3); 44% women] who regularly live with patients with OAB, who are of either sex and 18 years of age or older. We measured conceptual and linguistic equivalence, internal reliability, construct validity and content validity. We assessed the applicability and administration load. RESULTS: The OAB-FIM was conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original, maintaining its 6 domains: social, travel, worry, irritability, sleep and sex. The interagreement correctly placed all items in their domain, except for number 10, which was placed more in worry than in irritability, motivates its reformulation. Some 2.95% of the items were missing. The floor and ceiling effects of the items varied, respectively, between 20-28%, and 0-16%. The mean time for completing the questionnaire was 5.2minutes (SD, 2.8), and 24% of the participants required some type of assistance. The α-Cronbach coefficient varied between 0.948-0.839. The correlations with similar scales in the family were moderate-high (0.407-0.753) or small-moderate with those administered to the patient (0.004-0.423). CONCLUSION: We obtained a Spanish (Spain) version of the OAB-FIM that was conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original. The questionnaire showed good internal consistency, content and construct validity and applicability.

[Double J catheter loop as consequence of endourologic procedure: case report]. / Bucle intrapiélico con catéter doble J en procedimiento endourológico: a propósito de un caso.

We present a report of a patient that had a iatrogenic double J catheter loop after endourology procedure (neumatic balloon dilatation of ureteral estenosis) as well as its therapeutic management.

Diagnostic performance of power doppler and ultrasound contrast agents in early imaging-based diagnosis of organ-confined prostate cancer: Is it possible to spare cores with contrast-guided biopsy?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of gray scale transrectal ultrasound-B-mode US (BMUS), power Doppler (PDUS), and sonographic contrast (CEUS) in early imaging-based diagnosis of localized prostate cancer (PCa) and to compare the diagnostic profitability of randomized biopsy (RB), US-targeted prostate biopsy by means of PDUS and CEUS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single-center, prospective, transversal, epidemiological study was conducted from January 2010 to January 2014. We consecutively included patients who an imaging study of the prostate with BMUS, PDUS, and CEUS was performed, followed by prostate biopsy due to clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PSA 4-20ng/mL and/or rectal exam suggestive of malignancy). The diagnostic performance of BMUS, PDUS, and CEUS was determined by calculating the Sensitivity (S), Specificity (Sp), Predictive values (PV), and diagnostic odds ratio (OR) of the diagnosis tests and, for these variables, in the population general and based on their clinical stage according to rectal exam (cT1 and cT2). PCa detection rates determined by means of a randomized 10-core biopsy scheme were compared with detection rates of CEUS-targeted (SonoVue) 2-core biopsies. RESULTS: Of the initial 984 patients, US contrast SonoVue was administered to 179 (18.2%). The PCa detection rate by organ of BMUS/PDUS in the global population was 38% versus 43% in the subpopulation with CEUS. The mean age of the patients was 64.3±7.01years (95% CI, 63.75-64.70); mean total PSA was 8.9±3.61ng/mL (95% CI, 8.67-9.13) and the mean prostate volume was 56.2±29cc (95% CI, 54.2-58.1). The detection rate by organ of targeted biopsy with BMUS, PDUS, and CEUS were as follows: Global population (10.6, 8.2, 24.5%), stage cT1 (5.6, 4.2, 16.4%), and stage cT2 (32.4, 22.3, 43.5%). Comparing the detection rates of the CEUS-targeted biopsy and randomized biopsy, the following results were obtained: Global population (24.5% vs. 41.8%), stage cT1 (16% vs. 35%), and stage cT2 (43.5% vs. 66.6%), with a p value<0.05. Following the "core-by-core" analysis, the detection rates by core of CEUS-targeted biopsy versus randomized biopsy were: Global population (16% vs. 13%), stage cT1 (30.3% vs. 28%), and stage cT2 (48% vs. 37%), with a p value>0.05. The NNT for CEUS-targeted biopsy was 83.3. CONCLUSIONS: The low sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of gray scale-B-mode, PDUS and CEUS represent scant diagnostic performance of these variables in prostate cancer detection. Prostate cancer detection rates yielded by randomized biopsy were superior than the detection rate of targeted biopsy using B-mode, PDUS and CEUS; as a result, randomized biopsy versus CEUS-targeted biopsies cannot be excluded from biopsy strategy plans for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

[Endoscopic treatment of pielo-uretheral lithiasis with Holmium-YAG laser. Two years of experience]. / Tratamiento endoscópico de la litiasis pieloureteral mediante láser Holmium-YAG. Dos años de experiencia.

OBJECTIVE: To show the efficiency and safety of Holmium laser in the treatment of pyeloureteral lithiasis, based on our own experience since the introduction of this source of energy in our department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2002 to February 2004, we have carried out 198 ureterorenoscopies using Holmium laser to treat lithiasis located in the upper urinary tract. In all cases, a previous radiological study demonstrated the stone. Follow-up, where the efficacy of the treatment was assessed, was done with a scout x-ray after 3-4 weeks. We evaluated the localization and features of the lithiasis, technical aspects, results and complications of our series. RESULTS: The most common localization of the lithiasis was the pelvic ureter (59%), with the number of treated cases in both the iliac and lumbar ureter being similar (16%). 70% of the lithiasis had a size between 0.5 and 1.5 cm, and 15% showed a diameter bigger than 1.5 cm. In 61.8% of cases, laser lithotripsy was carried out under spinal anaesthesia, being the average of the pulses used 2532 (confidence interval 95%), using a working power of 1 J in all cases. The overall efficacy of the procedure in terms of size and localization was 95.5%. The complication rate was scarce (2.19%). CONCLUSIONS: Holmium laser lithotripsy is a very effective and safe procedure since in our experience it is 95.5% efficient for pyeloureteral lithiasis treatment and has a low rate of complications.

[Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with urinary diversion]. / Litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque en pacientes con derivación urinaria.

Presentation of a review on nine patients (10 renal units) with urinary by-pass and renoureteral lithiasis who underwent shock wave extracorporeal lithotrity in our hospital. The justification for the by-pass was an infiltrant vesical tumour in 6 patients, myelomeningocele in 2, and vesicourethral trauma in the remaining one. All cases were being treated for a Bricker-type by-pass except the last one (bilateral ureterosigmoidostomy). Outcome of treatment was: absence of residual lithiasis in 6, minimal residues in 1 (2 renal units), failure in 1. The remaining patient suffered anaphylactic shock induced by the latex in the ureteral catheter placed prior to lithotrity which caused the patient's death.

[Antimicrobial prophylaxis in urologic endoscopic surgery: pefloxacin versus ceftriaxone]. / Profilaxis antimicrobiana en cirugía endoscópica urológica: pefloxacino versus ceftriaxona.

Prospective, randomized study in 96 patients undergoing urologic endoscopic surgery to assess the efficacy of two antimicrobials, pefloxacin and ceftriaxone, in the prevention of urinary tract infections. The disease most frequently prompting surgery was vesical tumour and prostate adenoma. All patients had sterile pre-operative urine. Drugs were given endovenously two hours prior surgery in one single dose. Prophylactic efficacy was measured through urine culture before removal of the catheters. Incidence of bacteriuria greater than 100,000 colonies/ml was 20% for the pefloxacin group compared to 15.2% for ceftriaxone. These differences were not statistically significant (Squared-chi test). These results show that pefloxacin is as effective as ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of endoscopic urological surgery. A single dose schedule was not entirely suitable to reduce post-operative bacteriuria.

[Treatment with shock-wave lithotripsy in children: our experience]. / Tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque en niños: nuestra experiencia.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the efficacy and complication rates of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the paediatric age group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1989 to 2000, 29 children (mean age 8 years, range 1-14) underwent ESWL for urinary calculi at our institution. A total of forty-four ESWL sessions were performed in 36 calculi and a previous double pigtail stent was inserted in 11 patients. Intravenous anesthesia was used in the vast majority of cases. RESULTS: Complete removal of all stone fragments was achieved in 24 (66.7%) renal units after a first session, 6 (16.7%) after a second session. The rest of the patients became stone-free after 3 sessions in 3 patients, open lithotomy in 1 patient and ureteroscopy in another patient. In one case a watchful waiting was decided after the failure of the first session of ESWL. Mean hospital stay was 3.2 days (range 1-11) for each session. Complications appeared in 10 patients: 4 had renal colic, 3 haematuria, 2 fever and 1 subcutaneous hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL is a safe and effective treatment for paediatric urolithiasis so it should be considered the first-line treatment.

[Complications of uretero-renoscopy]. / Complicaciones de la uretero-renoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: Since its clinical introduction ureteroscopy (URS) has experienced an impressive development due to the technical improvements of new and smaller urological armamentarium. Currently, ureteroscopy is a worldwide procedure with a varied number of diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. However, the technique has complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyse the complications of URS in a series of 4.645 ureteroscopic procedures performed from january 1990 to december 2001, 2972 (64%) female and 1673 (36) male. The objectives of URS were diagnostic (haematuria) and therapeutic (ureteral stones, tumors, strictures and placement of stents). RESULTS: Fever was the most frequent complication (11.7%), with sepsis in 15 patients. Another complications were: ureteral perforation (1.2%), ureteral avulsion (0.06%), renal injury (0.04%), extrusion (0.4%) and uretero-iliac fistulae (0.02%). The most common treatment was conservative with endourological approach. CONCLUSION: Carefully performed ureteroscopy is a superb tool for the urologist either for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes with a low ratio of complications. The majority of these complications can be solved with conservative management.

[Melanosis of the bladder: a very uncommon entity]. / Melanosis vesical: una entidad de muy infrecuente presentación.

Melanosis of the bladder is a rare entity characterized by anomalous deposits of melanin-containing pigment on the vesical urothelium without melanocytic atypia or associated malignant melanoma. To our knowledge and following such strict criteria, there are only five cases previously reported. The biological potential of this entity is uncertain because of the rarity of their. We report one case of simple melanosis of the bladder confirmed by histological examination and inmunohistochemistry analysis. We believe that recognition of this entity is important.

[Adenocarcinoma of the kidney pelvis]. / Adenocarcinoma de pelvis renal.

We present a case of primitive renal pelvis and calix adenocarcinoma. The clinical evaluation was carried out by means of UIV, echography and TC. Although the tumoral type diagnosis is histologic, the clinical manifestations of chronic renal infection-inflammation, whether associated with obstruction and/or lithiasis or not, are suggestive of this possibility.

[The treatment of ureteral lithiasis with a pulsed dye laser]. / Tratamiento de la litiasis ureteral con láser pulsado colorante.

PURPOSE: Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy has shown to be an effective and safe procedure for treatment of ureteral calculi. We report our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 1000 patients were treated with pulsed dye laser between January 1990 and February 1996. In 450 patients the procedure was performed under general or regional anaesthesia; the remaining 550 patients were treated with the aid of a mild sedation. RESULTS: In the mild sedation group a total of 417 out of 550 patients (75.8%) had their calculi completely cleared (85.6% of effectiveness in women with pelvic lithiasis). Different facts caused the treatment to fail in the remaining patients: severe pain, vagal reaction and technical difficulties. In the anesthesia group the procedure was effective in 346 cases (76.9%). Laser failed to clear calculi in 104 patients in this group due to technical impossibility and persistence of ureteral fragments. Additional treatment options in order to achieve resolution of the calculi were: ESWL, both ESWL and laser, Dormia basket, Zeiss stent, three-prong grasping forceps, ureterolithotomy and nephrectomy. Morbidity was higher in the group treated under anesthesia, being haematuria the most frequent adverse effect. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy is an effective, safe and low morbidity procedure for the treatment of ureteral calculi in women with distal calculi. It is often suitable to perform it with mild sedation with the subsequent benefit for both the patient and health care system regarding to cost-effectiveness balance.

[Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in polycystic kidneys]. / Litotricia extracorporea por ondas de choque en riñones poliquísticos.

Presentation of 6 cases (8 renal units) of lithiasis in polycystic kidneys treated with extracorporeal shockwave lithotrity (ESWL). One patient required puncture of a compressing cyst, prior to ESWL, to facilitate the stones removal. No complications were seen in any of the cases. Therefore, stones in polycystic kidneys can be safely and effectively treated by ESWL.

[Renal involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma]. / Afectación renal por linfoma de Burkitt.

Review of one case of Burkitt's lymphoma in a 60 year-old male diagnosed with a renal tumour based on the symptomatology, intravenous urography (IVU), ultrasound and CT. In spite of the chemotherapy applied, the patient died 31 days after hospitalization. Burkitt's lymphoma is an infrequent tumour in our setting and renal invasion is rarely observed. The tumour's nature is neither revealed by IVU or ultrasound, CT being the most appropriate imaging technique showing a mass of decreased density that surrounds and infiltrates the tumour. The therapeutical approach for renal tumours is the same as for Burkitt's lymphoma. Besides the rarity of Burkitt's lymphoma, our patient was an atypical case for the age of presentation, early stage of renal invasion and fulminant evolution.

[De-diversions. Indications, techniques, and complications]. / Desderivaciones. Indicaciones, técnicas y complicaciones.

Today it is possible to restore the continuity of the urinary tract and to correct the underlying condition that had prompted the diversion procedure. Patients with a Bricker cutaneous ureteroileostomy will essentially benefit from this possibility. However, they must be carefully evaluated and meet the following criteria: patients with upper urinary tract disorders and/or symptoms arising from a malfunctioning urinary diversion, those who refuse a stoma for social or personal reasons, those requiring renal transplantation and those who had undergone urinary diversion for pathologies that can be resolved otherwise today. Undiversion, however, is not free from complications, which may present early (wound infection, suprapubic or intestinal fistula, irritation syndromes, mucus secretion) or late (diminished renal function, incontinence or urinary obstruction, electrolyte imbalance or problems arising from the artificial sphincter. In carefully selected patients, therefore, undiversion permits amending a surgical indication which, in the light of current knowledge and possibilities, can be resolved otherwise.

[Horseshoe kidney: its usefulness in transplantation]. / Riñón en herradura: su utilidad en el trasplante.

The horseshoe kidney is useful as a graft and should be transplanted. The technical difficulties can be avoided by en bloc removal, perfusion in situ with Collins solution, and bench surgery during graft preparation.

[Carvernosometry in impotence: method and standardization of normal values]. / Cavernosometría en la impotencia: método y estandarización de valores normales.

Cavernosometry and cavernosography in conjunction with artificial erection have been included in the protocol for the evaluation of sexual dysfunction in the male. The device is comprised of a volumetric infusion pump with a digital flow indicator, and the technique employed is bilateral puncture of the corpora cavernosa. Pressures are recorded by one needle while saline and contrast medium are introduced through the other. Eight males with no organic disorder were assessed for erection flow (EF) and maintenance flow (MF) to determine the normal and pathologic values for this method of evaluation. These values have a normal distribution. Calculation using formulas with a 99% reliability gave the following as pathological values: EF greater than 181 ml/min. or MF greater than 99 ml/min.

Nocardial infection in immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE: Nocardiosis is a very rare, opportunistic infection caused by microorganisms of the genus Nocardia, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since 1980, our Renal Transplant Unit has carried out 1239 kidney transplants, and five cases of Nocardia infection have occurred during this time. In this retrospective study, special consideration is given to clinical manifestations, treatment response (efficacy and side-effects) and the evolution of both the patient and the graft. Microbiological factors studied included biochemical profiles and antimicrobial sensitivity. RESULTS: Nocardiosis was observed in five men with a mean age of 49.2 years who had received immunosuppressive therapy (generally cyclosporin/azathioprine and prednisone) for a mean of 47.8 months (range 1-148 months). Four of the patients had good previous renal function. The clinical presentation of nocardiosis was as follows: pleuropulmonary pattern of infection, n = 3; subcutaneous abscess, n = 1; and fulminant multi-organ disseminated nocardiosis, n = 1. In all cases, direct observation using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining proved positive, and in vitro culture revealed good sensitivity to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and variable sensitivity to the other groups of antibiotics. Nocardia brasiliensis was isolated in two cases, and Nocardia asteroides in three. Two patients died, one due to multiple organ involvement and the other due to acute respiratory failure associated with severe hepatopathy caused by hepatitis C virus. The remaining cases improved. CONCLUSION: A low incidence of nocardiosis following kidney transplantation was observed. Fatal cases occurred in patients with bacteremia and serious comorbid medical conditions, in whom early diagnosis and specific treatment was required.

[Renal liposarcoma: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations]. / Liposarcoma renal: consideraciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

We report on two cases of renal liposarcoma. The clinical features of this tumor type are described and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are put forward. The usefulness of CT in the diagnosis of this disease entity is underscored. This permits us to evaluate the response to treatment and furthermore, it permits early detection of recurrence.