The community as an active part in the implementation of interventions for the prevention and control of tuberculosis: a scoping review.

Interventions involving direct community stakeholders include a variety of approaches in which members take an active role in improving their health. We evaluated studies in which the community has actively participated to strengthen tuberculosis prevention and control programs. A literature search was performed in Pubmed, Scopus, ERIC, Global Index Medicus, Scielo, Cochrane Library, LILACS, Google Scholar, speciality journals, and other bibliographic references. The primary question for this review was: what is known about tuberculosis control interventions and programs in which the community has been an active part?. Two reviewers performed the search, screening and selection of studies independently. In cases of discrepancies over the eligibility of an article, it was resolved by consensus. 130 studies were selected, of which 68.47% (n=89/130) were published after 2010. The studies were conducted in Africa (44.62%), the Americas (22.31%) and Southeast Asia (19.23%). It was found that 20% (n=26/130) of the studies evaluated the participation of the community in the detection/active search of cases, 20.77% (n=27/130) in the promotion/prevention of tuberculosis; 23.07% (n=30/130) in identifying barriers to treatment, 46.15% (n=60/130) in supervision during treatment and 3.08% (n=4/130) in social support for patient. Community participation not only strengthens the capacities of health systems for the prevention and control of tuberculosis, but also allows a better understanding of the disease from the perspective of the patient and the affected community by identifying barriers and difficulties through of the tuberculosis care cascade. Engaging key community stakeholders in co-creating solutions offers a critical pathway for local governments to eradicate TB.

The community as an active part in the implementation of interventions for the prevention and care of tuberculosis: A scoping review.

Interventions involving direct community stakeholders include a variety of approaches in which members take an active role in improving their health. We evaluated studies in which the community has actively participated to strengthen tuberculosis prevention and care programs. A literature search was performed in Pubmed, Scopus, ERIC, Global Index Medicus, Scielo, Cochrane Library, LILACS, Google Scholar, speciality journals, and other bibliographic references. The primary question for this review was: ¿what is known about tuberculosis control interventions and programs in which the community has been an active part?. Two reviewers performed the search, screening, and selection of studies independently. In cases of discrepancies over the eligibility of an article, it was resolved by consensus. 130 studies were selected, of which 68.47% (n = 89/130) were published after 2010. The studies were conducted in Africa (44.62%), the Americas (22.31%) and Southeast Asia (19.23%). It was found that 20% (n = 26/130) of the studies evaluated the participation of the community in the detection/active search of cases, 20.77% (n = 27/130) in the promotion/prevention of tuberculosis; 23.07% (n = 30/130) in identifying barriers to treatment, 46.15% (n = 60/130) in supervision during treatment and 3.08% (n = 4/130) in social support for patient. Community participation not only strengthens the capacities of health systems for the prevention and care of tuberculosis, but also allows a better understanding of the disease from the perspective of the patient and the affected community by identifying barriers and difficulties through of the tuberculosis care cascade. Engaging key community stakeholders in co-creating solutions offers a critical pathway for local governments to eradicate TB.

A qualitative investigation of Hispanic construction worker perspectives on factors impacting worksite safety and risk.

BACKGROUND: Hispanic workers have higher rates of injury and death on construction worksites than workers of other ethnicities. Language barriers and cultural differences have been hypothesized as reasons behind the disparate rates. METHODS: We conducted two series of focus groups with union and non-union Hispanic construction workers to ask them about their perceptions of the causes for the unequal rates. Spanish transcripts were translated and coded in QSR NVivo software for common themes. RESULTS: Workers reported a difficult work environment characterized by supervisor pressure, competition for jobs and intimidation with regard to raising safety concerns. Language barriers or cultural factors were not strongly represented as causative factors behind the rates. CONCLUSION: The results of this study have informed the development of an intervention trial that seeks to prevent falls and silica dust exposure by training contractors employing Hispanic construction workers in the elements of safety leadership, including building respect for their Hispanic workers and facilitating their participation in a safety program.

[Artificial intelligence and innovation to optimize the tuberculosis diagnostic process]. / Inteligencia artificial e innovación para optimizar el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis remains an urgent issue on the urban health agenda, especially in low- and middle-income countries. There is a need to develop and implement innovative and effective solutions in the tuberculosis diagnostic process. In this article, We describe the importance of artificial intelligence as a strategy to address tuberculosis control, particularly by providing timely diagnosis. Besides technological factors, the role of socio-technical, cultural and organizational factors is emphasized. The eRx tool involving deep learning algorithms and specifically the use of convolutional neural networks is presented as a case study. eRx is a promising artificial intelligence-based tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis; which comprises a variety of innovative techniques involving remote X-ray analysis for suspected tuberculosis cases. Innovations based on artificial intelligence tools can optimize the diagnostic process for tuberculosis and other communicable diseases.

La tuberculosis sigue siendo un tema urgente en la agenda de la salud urbana, especialmente en países de medianos y bajos ingresos. Existe la necesidad de desarrollar e implementar soluciones innovadoras y efectivas en el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis. En este artículo, se describe la importancia de la inteligencia artificial como una estrategia para enfrentar la tuberculosis, mediante un diagnóstico oportuno. Además de los factores tecnológicos, se enfatiza el rol de los factores sociotécnicos, culturales y organizacionales. Se presenta como caso la herramienta eRx que involucra algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo y, en específico, el uso de redes neuronales convolucionales. eRx es una herramienta prometedora basada en inteligencia artificial para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis que comprende una variedad de técnicas innovadoras que implican el análisis remoto de rayos X para casos sospechosos de tuberculosis. Las innovaciones basadas en herramientas de inteligencia artificial pueden optimizar el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis y de otras enfermedades transmisibles.

Implementing a socio-technical system for computer-aided tuberculosis diagnosis in Peru: A field trial among health professionals in resource-constraint settings.

A major challenge of tuberculosis diagnosis is the lack of universal accessibility to bacteriological confirmation. Computer-aided diagnostic interventions have been developed to address this gap and their successful implementation depends on many health systems factors. A socio-technical system to implement a computer-aided diagnostic tuberculosis diagnosis was preliminary tested in five primary health centers located in Lima, Peru. We recruited nurses (n = 7) and tuberculosis physicians (n = 5) from these health centers to participate in a field trial of an mHealth tool (eRx X-ray diagnostic app). From September 2018 to February 2019, the nurses uploaded images of chest X-rays using smartphones and the physicians reviewed those images on web-based platforms using tablets. Both completed weekly written feedback about their experience. Each nurse participated for a median duration of 12 weeks (interquartile range = 7.5-15.5), but image upload was only possible at a median of 58 percent (interquartile range = 35.1%-84.4%) of those weeks. Each physician participated for a median duration of 17 weeks (interquartile range = 12-17), but X-ray image review was only possible at a median of 52 percent (interquartile range = 49.7%-57.4%) of those weeks. Heavy workload was most frequently provided as the reason for missing data. Several infrastructural and technological challenges impaired the effective implementation of the mHealth tool, irrespective of its diagnostic accuracy.

[Integrated mobile health systems: Role of socio-cultural factors and the socio-technical systems approach]. / Sistemas de salud móvil integrados: Rol de los factores socioculturales y el enfoque de sistemas sociotécnico.

This paper discusses the role of socio-cultural factors in strengthening integrated mobile health systems. Emphasis is placed on the importance that any initiative in mobile health should consider the analysis of socio-cultural factors during the process of the development and implementation of programs and research interventions. The socio-cultural and socio-technical approach also consider the human factor and considers the conditions of the environment and the context beyond the technological resources of the mobile health system and the infrastructure that supports it. Methodologies such as observational studies, focus groups, and in-depth interviews should be included ideally in any mobile health study. We also present a case study in the north area of Lima (Peru), adapting the Community-Based Participatory Research platform that is based on a socio-technical approach and evaluates the socio-cultural approach with the objective to optimize the diagnosis process of tuberculosis using mobile health.

En este artículo se discute el rol de los factores socioculturales para el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud móvil integrados. Se enfatiza la importancia de que toda iniciativa en salud móvil integre el análisis de los factores socioculturales durante el proceso de diseño e implementación de programas e intervenciones de investigación. El enfoque sociocultural y sociotécnico consideran, además, el factor humano, así como los condicionantes del entorno y el contexto, más allá de los recursos tecnológicos del sistema de salud móvil y la infraestructura que lo acoge. Metodologías como estudios observacionales, grupos focales, y entrevistas a profundidad deberían ser incluidas, idealmente, en todo proyecto en salud móvil. Asimismo, se presenta un estudio de caso en la zona norte de Lima (Perú), adaptando la plataforma de investigación participativa basada en la comunidad (CBPR, por sus siglas en inglés) que se fundamenta en el enfoque sociotécnico y evalúa los factores socioculturales con el objetivo de optimizar el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis utilizando las tecnologías móviles en salud (salud móvil).

Inteligencia artificial e innovación para optimizar el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis / Artificial intelligence and innovation to optimize the tuberculosis diagnostic process

RESUMEN La tuberculosis sigue siendo un tema urgente en la agenda de la salud urbana, especialmente en países de medianos y bajos ingresos. Existe la necesidad de desarrollar e implementar soluciones innovadoras y efectivas en el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis. En este artículo, se describe la importancia de la inteligencia artificial como una estrategia para enfrentar la tuberculosis, mediante un diagnóstico oportuno. Además de los factores tecnológicos, se enfatiza el rol de los factores sociotécnicos, culturales y organizacionales. Se presenta como caso la herramienta eRx que involucra algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo y, en específico, el uso de redes neuronales convolucionales. eRx es una herramienta prometedora basada en inteligencia artificial para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis que comprende una variedad de técnicas innovadoras que implican el análisis remoto de rayos X para casos sospechosos de tuberculosis. Las innovaciones basadas en herramientas de inteligencia artificial pueden optimizar el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis y de otras enfermedades transmisibles.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis remains an urgent issue on the urban health agenda, especially in low- and middle-income countries. There is a need to develop and implement innovative and effective solutions in the tuberculosis diagnostic process. In this article, We describe the importance of artificial intelligence as a strategy to address tuberculosis control, particularly by providing timely diagnosis. Besides technological factors, the role of socio-technical, cultural and organizational factors is emphasized. The eRx tool involving deep learning algorithms and specifically the use of convolutional neural networks is presented as a case study. eRx is a promising artificial intelligence-based tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis; which comprises a variety of innovative techniques involving remote X-ray analysis for suspected tuberculosis cases. Innovations based on artificial intelligence tools can optimize the diagnostic process for tuberculosis and other communicable diseases.

Lessons Learned from the Protección en Construcción Community Research Partnership.

PenC seeks to build community-university-labor partnership in order to design, implement and evaluate an intervention aimed at preventing falls and silica exposure among Latino construction workers. This study evaluated the PenC partnership process. Semi-structured partner interviews and surveys were used. Thematic, univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted; results were presented back to partners who then provided data context. Although all partners report increased capacity including new connections and knowledge, resident researchers, here promotores, are much more likely to share information with their neighbors and other local residents. Engaging residents can lead to deeper community penetration.

Sistemas de salud móvil integrados: Rol de los factores socioculturales y el enfoque de sistemas sociotécnico / Integrated mobile health systems: Role of socio-cultural factors and the socio-technical systems approach

RESUMEN En este artículo se discute el rol de los factores socioculturales para el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud móvil integrados. Se enfatiza la importancia de que toda iniciativa en salud móvil integre el análisis de los factores socioculturales durante el proceso de diseño e implementación de programas e intervenciones de investigación. El enfoque sociocultural y sociotécnico consideran, además, el factor humano, así como los condicionantes del entorno y el contexto, más allá de los recursos tecnológicos del sistema de salud móvil y la infraestructura que lo acoge. Metodologías como estudios observacionales, grupos focales, y entrevistas a profundidad deberían ser incluidas, idealmente, en todo proyecto en salud móvil. Asimismo, se presenta un estudio de caso en la zona norte de Lima (Perú), adaptando la plataforma de investigación participativa basada en la comunidad (CBPR, por sus siglas en inglés) que se fundamenta en el enfoque sociotécnico y evalúa los factores socioculturales con el objetivo de optimizar el proceso de diagnóstico de la tuberculosis utilizando las tecnologías móviles en salud (salud móvil).

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the role of socio-cultural factors in strengthening integrated mobile health systems. Emphasis is placed on the importance that any initiative in mobile health should consider the analysis of socio-cultural factors during the process of the development and implementation of programs and research interventions. The socio-cultural and socio-technical approach also consider the human factor and considers the conditions of the environment and the context beyond the technological resources of the mobile health system and the infrastructure that supports it. Methodologies such as observational studies, focus groups, and in-depth interviews should be included ideally in any mobile health study. We also present a case study in the north area of Lima (Peru), adapting the Community-Based Participatory Research platform that is based on a socio-technical approach and evaluates the socio-cultural approach with the objective to optimize the diagnosis process of tuberculosis using mobile health.

Construction of a survey to assess workload and fatigue among AMT operators in Mexico.

UNLABELLED: Operators of machinery classified as Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) are exposed to high levels of workload and fatigue. However, only few studies have been conducted on this topic in Hispanic-American countries workers. Several instruments be used to assess workload and fatigue; however, only few of them have been adapted to Spanish language. This paper reports on the development and validity testing of a survey instrument in Spanish, aiming to subjectively assess workload and fatigue among AMT operators in Mexico. METHOD: After an exhaustive literature review in search of already available measurement instruments, they were adapted for content and later translated into Spanish; a pilot test was conducted to evaluate validity and reliability; afterwards appropriate modifications were made to the testing instruments. Final version of the instrument was applied to a group of 121 operators of CNC lathes. Reliability was analyzed using KMO and Cronbach alpha indices. RESULTS: For the assessment of workload, both NASA-TLX and ISTAS 21 methods were incorporated to the survey instrument. As for fatigue assessment tools, these were SOFI-S, FAS and OFER questionnaires. RESULTS show KMO value and Cronbach alpha above 0.6.Conclusions. The survey instrument as designed, allows the collection of reliable and valid data regarding workload and fatigue among AMT operators in Mexico.

Perceptions of working and living conditions among industrial male and female workers in Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To further investigate Peruvian blue collar workers' perceptions of their conditions of work and find out relationships between these conditions and overall worker well being. METHODS: A survey study conducted on-the-job via a self-administered questionnaire translated into Spanish. Main study variables included work satisfaction, self-reported health status, musculoskeletal pain, and mental distress symptoms. Working conditions and extra-organizational factors were included in this multilevel assessment using multiple regression analyses. PARTICIPANTS: Blue collar workers from the formal manufacturing sector in Lima, Perú. RESULTS: A total of 305 women and 761 men completed the questionnaires. Female and male perceptions of their work environment differed significantly in magnitude and occasionally in direction. Among women, the extra-organizational factors played a key role in perceived mental distress. For men, task and organizational aspects together with the extra-organizational factors were important correlates of life and work satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of higher strain due to work plus extra-organizational factors for women is an important finding in this study and is critical for developing ideas about interventions in IDCs. Inclusion of extra-organizational factors contributed to a better understanding of workers' job satisfaction and health.

Development of educational and training materials on safety and health: targeting Hispanic workers in the construction industry.

The number of Hispanics in the construction work force continues to grow and their fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries are higher than those in any other ethnic group in the United States. Focusing on safety and health for this group may reduce injuries and promote safe workplaces. However, involving hard-to-reach workers is a difficult process because of language and cultural differences within ethnic groups. This article presents findings on effective design, development, and dissemination of safety and health educational materials targeted to Hispanic construction workers. How to utilize a linguistically and culturally sensitive approach is described. The author stresses the need for collaboration among researchers, unions, community development organizations, and advocacy groups in this effort.