Structural and functional impact of troponin C-mediated Ca2+ sensitization on myofilament lattice spacing and cross-bridge mechanics in mouse cardiac muscle.

Acto-myosin cross-bridge kinetics are important for beat-to-beat regulation of cardiac contractility; however, physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms for regulation of contractile kinetics are incompletely understood. Here we explored whether thin filament-mediated Ca2+ sensitization influences cross-bridge kinetics in permeabilized, osmotically compressed cardiac muscle preparations. We used a murine model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) harboring a cardiac troponin C (cTnC) Ca2+-sensitizing mutation, Ala8Val in the regulatory N-domain. We also treated wild-type murine muscle with bepridil, a cTnC-targeting Ca2+ sensitizer. Our findings suggest that both methods of increasing myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity increase cross-bridge cycling rate measured by the rate of tension redevelopment (kTR); force per cross-bridge was also enhanced as measured by sinusoidal stiffness and I1,1/I1,0 ratio from X-ray diffraction. Computational modeling suggests that Ca2+ sensitization through this cTnC mutation or bepridil accelerates kTR primarily by promoting faster cross-bridge detachment. To elucidate if myofilament structural rearrangements are associated with changes in kTR, we used small angle X-ray diffraction to simultaneously measure myofilament lattice spacing and isometric force during steady-state Ca2+ activations. Within in vivo lattice dimensions, lattice spacing and steady-state isometric force increased significantly at submaximal activation. We conclude that the cTnC N-domain controls force by modulating both the number and rate of cycling cross-bridges, and that the both methods of Ca2+ sensitization may act through stabilization of cTnC's D-helix. Furthermore, we propose that the transient expansion of the myofilament lattice during Ca2+ activation may be an additional factor that could increase the rate of cross-bridge cycling in cardiac muscle. These findings may have implications for the pathophysiology of HCM.

Troponin Structural Dynamics in the Native Cardiac Thin Filament Revealed by Cryo Electron Microscopy.

Cardiac muscle contraction occurs due to repetitive interactions between myosin thick and actin thin filaments (TF) regulated by Ca2+ levels, active cross-bridges, and cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C). The cardiac TF (cTF) has two nonequivalent strands, each comprised of actin, tropomyosin (Tm), and troponin (Tn). Tn shifts Tm away from myosin-binding sites on actin at elevated Ca2+ levels to allow formation of force-producing actomyosin cross-bridges. The Tn complex is comprised of three distinct polypeptides - Ca2+-binding TnC, inhibitory TnI, and Tm-binding TnT. The molecular mechanism of their collective action is unresolved due to lack of comprehensive structural information on Tn region of cTF. C1 domain of cMyBP-C activates cTF in the absence of Ca2+ to the same extent as rigor myosin. Here we used cryo-EM of native cTFs to show that cTF Tn core adopts multiple structural conformations at high and low Ca2+ levels and that the two strands are structurally distinct. At high Ca2+ levels, cTF is not entirely activated by Ca2+ but exists in either partially or fully activated state. Complete dissociation of TnI C-terminus is required for full activation. In presence of cMyBP-C C1 domain, Tn core adopts a fully activated conformation, even in absence of Ca2+. Our data provide a structural description for the requirement of myosin to fully activate cTFs and explain increased affinity of TnC to Ca2+ in presence of active cross-bridges. We suggest that allosteric coupling between Tn subunits and Tm is required to control actomyosin interactions.