The clinical characteristic of catathrenia: a new look at an old issue-a systematic review of existing literature.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The International Classification of Sleep Disorders categorized catathrenia as a respiratory disorder, but there are doubts whether episodes appear during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or the non-rapid eye movement (NREM), their duration, and symptoms. The main objectives were to identify the most common features and relations of catathrenia. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The Joanna Briggs Institute and the ROBINS-I tools were chosen to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS: A total of 288 records were identified, 31 articles were included. The majority of the studies had a moderate risk of bias. 49.57% of episodes occurred during the NREM sleep, while 46% took place during REM. In 60.34% females, catathrenia was more common in the NREM, while in 59.26% of males was in REM sleep (p < 0.05). Females and obese individuals were found to have shorter episodes (p < 0.05). Age was inversely correlated with minimal episodes duration (r = - 0.34). The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy was inversely correlated with the maximal episode duration (r = - 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: Catathrenia occurs with similar frequency in both genders. The most frequent symptoms embraced groaning, awareness of disturbing bedpartners, and daytime somnolence-not confirmed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The episodes occur more frequently in NREM than in REM sleep. Catathrenia may be considered as a sex-specific condition. The effects of CPAP treatment leading to shortening episodes duration, which may indicate the respiratory origin of catathrenia.

Extracellular vesicles in cancer nanomedicine.

To date, a lot of nanotechnological optitions are available for targeted drug delivery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures that cells use for storage, transport, communication, and signaling. Recent research has focused on EVs as natural nanoparticles for drug delivery. This review sheds light on the application of EVs in cancer therapy, such as targeted chemotherapy, gene therapy, and vaccine development. Aspects of biogenesis, isolation, targeting, and loading of EVs are discussed in detail.

Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment.

More than 50 million people have various forms of cognitive impairment basically caused by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cerebrovascular diseases as well as stroke. Often these conditions coexist and exacerbate one another. The damaged area in post-stroke dementia may lead to neurodegenerative lesions. Gut microbiome functions like an endocrine organ by generating bioactive metabolites that can directly or indirectly impact human physiology. An alteration in the composition and function of intestinal flora, i.e. gut dysbiosis, is implicated in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Additionally, gut dysbiosis may accelerate the progression of cognitive impairment. Dysbiosis may result from obesity; metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and sleep disorders, Lack of physical activity is associated with dysbiosis as well. These may coexist in various patterns in older people, enhancing the risk, incidence, and progression of cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegenerative disorders, and cognitive impairment, creating a vicious circle. Recently, it has been reported that several metabolites produced by gut microbiota (e.g., trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids) may be linked to neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. New treatment modalities, including prebiotic and probiotics, may normalize the gut microbiota composition, change the brain-gut barrier, and decrease the risk of the pathology development. Fecal microbiota transplantation, sometimes in combination with other methods, is used for remodeling and replenishing the symbiotic gut microbiome. This promising field of research is associated with basic findings of bidirectional communication between body organs and gut microbiota that creates new possibilities of pharmacological treatments of many clinical conditions. The authors present the role of gut microbiota in physiology, and the novel therapeutic targets in modulation of intestinal microbiota Personalized therapies based on their personal genome make up could offer benefits by modulating microbiota cross-talk with brain and cardiovascular system. A healthy lifestyle, including pre and probiotic nutrition is generally recommended. Prevention may also be enhanced by correcting gut dysbiosis resulting a reduced risk of post-stroke cognitive impairment including dementia.

The Association of Sleep Disorders, Obesity and Sleep-Related Hypoxia with Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders have emerged as potential cancer risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This review discusses the relationships between sleep, obesity, and breathing disorders with concomitant risks of developing cancer. RESULTS: Sleep disorders result in abnormal expression of clock genes, decreased immunity, and melatonin release disruption. Therefore, these disorders may contribute to cancer development. Moreover, in sleep breathing disorder, which is frequently experienced by obese persons, the sufferer experiences intermittent hypoxia that may stimulate cancer cell proliferation. DISCUSSION: During short- or long- duration sleep, sleep-wake rhythm disruption may occur. Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea increase cancer risks. In short sleepers, an increased risk of stomach cancer, esophageal squamous cell cancer, and breast cancer was observed. Among long sleepers (>9 hours), the risk of some hematologic malignancies is elevated. CONCLUSION: Several factors including insomnia, circadian disruption, obesity, and intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea are contributing risk factors for increased risk of several types of cancers. However, further studies are needed to determine the more significant of these risk factors and their interactions.

Acceptance of Illness Associates with Better Quality of Life in Patients with Nonmalignant Pulmonary Diseases.

Chronic nonmalignant pulmonary diseases impose a heavy burden on patients, generate health-care costs, and contribute to poor health-related quality of life. It has been found that a wide range of factors negatively affects quality of life, but the role of acceptance of illness needs to be further investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between acceptance of illness and quality of life in patients with chronic nonmalignant pulmonary diseases. The study encompassed 200 patients of the mean age 58 ± 16 years who were mainly diagnosed with asthma (n = 72; 36%), COPD (n = 52; 26%), and obstructive sleep apnea (n = 38; 19%). The patients answered the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Sociodemographical and clinical data were collected. The level of acceptance of illness significantly associated with each of the SGRQ domains. The greater the acceptance of illness, the lowest was the SGRQ score. The mean total score of SGRQ was 44.6 ± 24.9 and that of AIS was 26.1 ± 8.2. Higher AIS scores significantly associated with lower SGRQ scores, i.e., with better quality of life (p < 0.001 for each domain). We conclude that in patients with chronic nonmalignant pulmonary diseases, acceptance of illness plays an important role and is closely related to the general level of quality of life. Interventions aimed at improving acceptance of illness may be considered to improve quality of life.

Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Palliative Chemotherapy.

The goal of this study was to explore quality of life in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in an attempt to single out features that could help predict the possibility of non-completion of chemotherapy. The survey tool was the Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (QLQ-C30) with the module Lung Cancer 13 (LC-13) developed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. The assessment of quality of life (QoL) was performed in 58 patients with advanced NSCLC before palliative chemotherapy and it was repeated in 43 patients who completed at least three cycles of chemotherapy. We found that the patients who failed to complete the chemotherapy course distinctly showed, in contradistinction to those who completed it, poor physical functioning in (67.6 ± 16.3 vs. 78.3 ± 21.3 points, respectively, p < 0.05) and the lack of appetite (27.1 ± 38.0 vs. 48.9 ± 37.5 points, respectively p < 0.05). At the end of palliative chemotherapy alopecia, sore throat, and constipation significantly worsened QoL, but global health status remained unchanged. In conclusion, poor physical functioning and loss of appetite seem to harbinger a risk of non-completion of chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC.

Metachronous Lung Cancer: Clinical Characteristics and Effects of Surgical Treatment.

The occurrence of a second lung tumor after surgical removal of lung cancer usually indicates a lung cancer metastasis, but sometimes a new lesion proves to be a new primary lung cancer, i.e., metachronous lung cancer. The goal of the present study was to conduct a clinical evaluation of patients with metachronous lung cancer and lung cancer metastasis, and to compare the early and distant outcomes of surgical treatment in both cancer types. There were 26 age-matched patients with lung cancer metastases and 23 patients with metachronous lung cancers, who underwent a second lung cancer resection. We evaluated the histological type of a resected cancer, the extent of thoracosurgery, the frequency of early postoperative complications, and the probability of 5-year survival after the second operation. The findings were that metachronous lung cancer was adenocarcinoma in 52% of patients, with a different histopathological pattern from that of the primary lung cancer in 74% of patients. In both cancer groups, mechanical resections were the most common surgery type (76% of all cases), with anatomical resections such as segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumectomy being much rarer conducted. The incidence of early postoperative complications in metachronous lung cancer and lung cancer metastasis (30% vs. 31%, respectively) and the probability of 5-year survival after resection of either cancer tumor (60.7% vs. 50.9%, respectively) were comparable. In conclusion, patients undergoing primary lung cancer surgery require a long-term follow-up due to the risk of metastatic or metachronous lung cancer. The likelihood of metachronous lung cancer and pulmonary lung cancer metastases, the incidence of postoperative complications, and the probability of 5-year survival after resection of metachronous lung cancer or lung cancer metastasis are similar.

[Coexistence of asthma and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome - review of the literature].

Both asthma and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome are frequent diseases and their coexistence may implicate important consequences. The incidence of OSA syndrome among the patients with asthma is higher than in the general population, especially in the patients with nocturnal symptoms persisting despite treatment, in patients frequently admitted to hospital because of the exacerbations of asthma, and in obese patients. The causes of frequent coexistence of asthma and OSA syndrome are not fully elucidated. The common abnormalities possibly linking asthma and OSA syndrome include obesity, gastro-esophageal reflux, nasal obstruction, and inflammation. In some patients with asthma it would be advised to search for OSA syndrome, as obstructive sleep apneas and hypopneas may influence asthma exacerbations. Especially, OSA should be suspected in the asthma patients with the signs of ventilatory disturbances during sleep. The method of choice of treatment of the patients with OSA syndrome is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) applied through the nasal or full-face mask, that leads to elimination of the obstructive sleep apneas and hypopneas during sleep. CPAP treatment may also positively influence the course of asthma.

Coexistence of asthma and the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: With the increasing problem of obesity in the world, high prevalence of asthma in obese persons and high prevalence of sleep breathing disorders related to obesity, the number of patients with coexisting asthma and obesity hypoventilation syndrome is likely to increase. The aim: To evaluate long-term effects of obesity hypoventilation syndrome treatment in the patients with concomitant asthma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome was diagnosed in six adult patients with asthma (body mass index 43.2±5.84 kg/m2, diurnal PaCO2 53.8±8.9 mmHg, apnea/hypopnea index 82±12.8/hour, mean SaO2 during sleep 77.7±6.6%). Four patients were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and two patients - with non-invasive ventilation (NIV). The patients were followed-up for 36±19 months. RESULTS: Results: During the follow-up period daytime PaCO2 decreased to normal values, mean SaO2 during sleep increased to 93±3.1%, p<0.001. No asthma exacerbations were observed. In two patients significant reduction of anti-asthmatic treatment was observed, including withdrawal of chronic oral corticosteroid treatment. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Obese asthmatic patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency should be checked for concomitant obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Positive airway pressure treatment during sleep (CPAP or NIV) in asthmatic patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome is well tolerated, leads to reversal of chronic respiratory insufficiency and in some patients may contribute to the improvement of asthma control.

[Smoking among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome--preliminary report]. / Palenie tytoniu u pacjentów z zespolem obturacyjnego bezdechu sródsennego--doniesienie wstepne.

UNLABELLED: Association of smoking with the occurrence and severity of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is poorly understood. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The evaluation of smoking habits among the patients hospitalized with the suspicion and diagnosis of the OSAS. The possible relationship between smoking and severity of OSAS and the occurrence of concomitant diseases occurrence was also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 82 patients has been included into the study: 11 without OSAS (apnea/hypopnea index-AHI < 5/hour) and 71 with OSAS of varying severity (AHI 7-74/hours). RESULTS: Forty six patients with OSAS were smokers or ex-smokers, and 5 persons from a group without OSAS were ex-smokers. Patients with OSAS who smoked at least 20 pack years had significant higher AHI (54.5/h) than non-smokers (38.5/h) and patients smoking less than 20 pack years (35.9/h). These groups of patients did not differ according to BMI (36.8 kg/m2, 38.8 kg/m2, 36.3 kg/ms). Smokers with OSAS more frequently had concomitant cardiovascular diseases than non-smokers with OSAS (86.1% and 23.1% respectively). CONCLUSION: Smoking influences the severity of OSAS independently of the degree of obesity.

Artificial light and neurodegeneration: does light pollution impact the development of Alzheimer's disease?

Two multidimensional problems of recent times - Alzheimer's disease and light pollution - seem to be more interrelated than previously expected. A series of studies in years explore the pathogenesis and the course of Alzheimer's disease, yet the mechanisms underlying this pathology remain not fully discovered and understood. Artificial lights which accompany civilization on a daily basis appear to have more detrimental effects on both environment and human health than previously anticipated. Circadian rhythm is affected by inappropriate lighting conditions in particular. The consequences are dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle, gene expression, neuronal restructuring, brain's electricity, blood flow, metabolites' turnover, and gut microbiota as well. All these phenomena may contribute to neurodegeneration and consequently Alzheimer's disease. There is an increasing number of research underlining the complexity of the correlation between light pollution and Alzheimer's disease; however, additional studies to enhance the key tenets are required for a better understanding of this relationship.

Hypoxemia during bilevel positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and chronic respiratory insufficiency.

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome and chronic respiratory insufficiency one of the options of treatment is bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) during sleep. The aim of the study was to find out what are the factors influencing the early results of BPAP treatment in such OSA patients. The study was carried out in 55 adult obese patients (mean body mass index 45 ± 7 kg/m(2)), severe OSA syndrome (mean apnea/hypopnea index 62 ± 19), and chronic respiratory insufficiency (mean PaCO(2) 54 ± 5.7 torr) who underwent polysomnography during BPAP treatment. In 31 patients (56%) the mean SaO(2) during sleep was <88% despite the optimal BPAP and oxygen titration: 83 ± 4% during NREM and 81 ± 7% during REM sleep vs. 91 ± 2% and 90 ± 3%, respectively, in the remaining 24 patients (p < 0.001). The patients with advanced hypoxemia during sleep and BPAP treatment had lower forced vital capacity (2.2 ± 0.9 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8 l, p < 0.05), lower diurnal PaO(2) (49 ± 8 vs. 54 ± 7 torr), higher diurnal PaCO(2) (57 ± 5 vs. 52 ± 5 torr, p < 0.01), and higher PaCO(2) during sleep (75 ± 13 vs. 59.5 ± 7.5 torr). In conclusion, in obese patients with severe OSA syndrome and chronic alveolar hypoventilation there is a risk of sleep hypoxemia during BPAP treatment, despite optimal pressure titration.

Pulmonary function impairment in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Deterioration of pulmonary function can be the sole symptom of early stages of pulmonary complications following allogeneic hematopoietic cells transplantation (alloHCT). The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and types of pulmonary function abnormalities in allogenic cells recipients. Twenty three (5 children and 18 adults) allogeneic hematopoietic cells recipients who underwent pulmonary function assessment before and 6-12 months after alloHCT were included in the study. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), and lung diffusion capacity for carbon dioxide (D(L)CO) were determined. Values <80% of predicted were considered abnormal. We found significant reductions of FVC, D(L)CO, and TLC after alloHCT. The most important reduction was noted in D(L)CO (pre-alloHCT of 85%±15% vs. post- alloHCT of 60% ± 21%, p< 0.05). Six patients (26%) presented with lung function impairment before alloHCT: obstructive lung disease (4%), restrictive lung disease (13%), and decreased D(L)CO (17%). In 19 patients (83%) pulmonary function abnormalities were demonstrated after alloHCT. The most common disturbance was a D(L)CO decrease that occurred in 16 patients (70%). In conclusion, frequency of pulmonary function abnormalities in patients after alloHCT is high. A diffusion capacity decrease and restrictive pattern of ventilation insufficiency develop in the majority of patients after alloHCT. It would be reasonable to include pulmonary function testing to standard periodic examination in patients qualified for, and after, alloHCT procedure.

The Influence of Comorbidities on Chemokine and Cytokine Profile in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: Preliminary Results.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is frequently associated with a chronic inflammatory state and cardiovascular/metabolic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of certain comorbidities on a panel of 45 chemokines and cytokines in OSA patients with special regard to their possible association with cardiovascular diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 61 newly diagnosed OSA patients. For the measurement of the plasma concentration of chemokines and cytokines, the magnetic bead-based multiplex assay for the Luminex® platform was used. RESULTS: In the patients with concomitant COPD, there were increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CCL11, CD-40 ligand) and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), while in diabetes, there were increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TRIAL). Obesity was associated with increased levels of both pro-inflammatory (IL-13) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1RA) cytokines. Hypertension was associated with increased levels of both pro-inflammatory (CCL3) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Increased daytime pCO2, low mean nocturnal SaO2, and the oxygen desaturation index were associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CXCL1, PDGF-AB, TNF-α, and IL-15). CONCLUSIONS: In OSA patients with concomitant diabetes and COPD, elevated levels of certain pro-inflammatory and decreased levels of certain anti-inflammatory cytokines may favor the persistence of a chronic inflammatory state with further consequences. Nocturnal hypoxemia, frequent episodes of desaturation, and increased daytime pCO2 are factors contributing to the chronic inflammatory state in OSA patients.

Nocturnal Hypoventilation in the Patients Submitted to Thoracic Surgery.

Introduction: Nocturnal hypoventilation may occur due to obesity, concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea, and/or the use of narcotic analgesics. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk and severity of nocturnal hypoventilation as assessed by transcutaneous continuous capnography in the patients submitted to thoracic surgery. Materials and Methods: The material of the study consisted of 45 obese (BMI 34.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2) and 23 nonobese (25.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2) patients, who underwent thoracic surgery because of malignant (57 patients) and nonmalignant tumors. All the patients received routine analgesic treatment after surgery including intravenous morphine sulfate. Overnight transcutaneous measurements of CO2 partial pressure (tcpCO2) were performed before and after surgery in search of nocturnal hypoventilation, i.e., the periods lasting at least 10 minutes with tcpCO2 above 55 mmHg. Results: Nocturnal hypoventilation during the first night after thoracic surgery was detected in 10 patients (15%), all obese, three of them with COPD, four with high suspicion of moderate-to-severe OSA syndrome, and one with chronic daytime hypercapnia. In the patients with nocturnal hypoventilation, the mean tcpCO2 was 53.4 ± 6.1 mmHg, maximal tcpCO2 was 59.9 ± 8.4 mmHg, and minimal tcpCO2 was 46.4 ± 6.7 mmHg during the first night after surgery. In these patients, there were higher values of minimal, mean, and maximal tcpCO2 in the preoperative period. Nocturnal hypoventilation in the postoperative period did not influence the duration of hospitalization. Among 12 patients with primary lung cancer who died during the first two years of observation, there were 11 patients without nocturnal hypoventilation in the early postoperative period. Conclusion: Nocturnal hypoventilation may occur in the patients after thoracic surgery, especially in obese patients with bronchial obstruction, obstructive sleep apnea, or chronic daytime hypercapnia, and does not influence the duration of hospitalization.

The Modulation of Adipokines, Adipomyokines, and Sleep Disorders on Carcinogenesis.

Obesity and sarcopenia, i.e., decreased skeletal muscle mass and function, are global health challenges. Moreover, people with obesity and sedentary lifestyles often have sleep disorders. Despite the potential associations, metabolic disturbances linking obesity, sarcopenia, and sleep disorders with cancer are neither well-defined nor understood fully. Abnormal levels of adipokines and adipomyokines originating from both adipose tissue and skeletal muscles are observed in some patients with obesity, sarcopenia and sleep disorders, as well as in cancer patients. This warrants investigation with respect to carcinogenesis. Adipokines and adipomyokines may exert either pro-carcinogenic or anti-carcinogenic effects. These factors, acting independently or together, may significantly modulate the incidence and progression of cancer. This review indicates that one of the possible pathways influencing the development of cancer may be the mutual relationship between obesity and/or sarcopenia, sleep quantity and quality, and adipokines/adipomyokines excretion. Taking into account the high proportion of persons with obesity and sedentary lifestyles, as well as the associations of these conditions with sleep disturbances, more attention should be paid to the individual and combined effects on cancer pathophysiology.

New biochemical, immune and molecular markers in lung cancer: Diagnostic and prognostic opportunities.

Lung cancer is one of the most common neoplasms and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent progress in understanding the pathomechanisms of lung cancer, it is frequently associated with late diagnosis, high incidence of metastases and poor response to treatment. Thus, there is extensive research in the field of biomarkers that aims to optimize management of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to review the current perspectives of a wide spectrum of circulating molecules that seem promising as new potential biomarkers of lung cancer. Among these, biochemical (active proteins), immunological (immunocompetent cells, cytokines, chemokines, and antibodies) and genetic (circulating tumor DNA, cell-free DNA and microRNA) markers are presented and discussed. The use of these markers would support the early detection of lung cancer and might be used for predicting disease progression, response of the disease to targeted therapies, monitoring the course of treatment, and developing individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Special attention was given to potential markers of nervous system involvement in the course of lung cancer, due to its prevalence and devastating impact. Limitations of the potential biomarkers are also outlined and future directions of investigations in this field highlighted, with the aim of improving the accuracy and practical utility of these biomarkers.

Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Neuropsychiatric Short- and Long-Term Complications of COVID-19.

Beginning with the various strategies of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to invade our bodies and manifest infection, and ending with the recent long COVID, we are witnessing the evolving course of the disease in addition to the pandemic. Given the partially controlled course of the COVID-19 pandemic, the greatest challenge currently lies in managing the short- and long-term complications of COVID-19. We have assembled current knowledge of the broad spectrum of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neuropsychiatric sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand how these clinical manifestations collectively lead to a severe form of the disease. The ultimate goal would be to better understand these complications and find ways to prevent clinical deterioration.

The Role of Stem Cells in the Therapy of Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major challenge in neurology due to its multifactorial genesis and irreversible consequences. Processes of endogenous post-stroke neurogenesis, although insufficient, may indicate possible direction of future therapy. Multiple research considers stem-cell-based approaches in order to maximize neuroregeneration and minimize post-stroke deficits. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study is to review current literature considering post-stroke stem-cell- based therapy and possibilities of inducing neuroregeneration after brain vascular damage. METHODS: Papers included in this article were obtained from PubMed and MEDLINE databases. The following medical subject headings (MeSH) were used: "stem cell therapy", "post-stroke neurogenesis", "stem-cells stroke", "stroke neurogenesis", "stroke stem cells", "stroke", "cell therapy", "neuroregeneration", "neurogenesis", "stem-cell human", "cell therapy in human". Ultimate inclusion was made after manual review of the obtained reference list. RESULTS: Attempts of stimulating neuroregeneration after stroke found in current literature include supporting endogenous neurogenesis, different routes of exogenous stem cells supplying and extracellular vesicles used as a method of particle transport. CONCLUSION: Although further research in this field is required, post stroke brain recovery supported by exogenous stem cells seems to be promising future therapy revolutionizing modern neurology.