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BACKGROUND: We sought to characterize circulating protein biomarkers associated with cardiogenic shock (CS) using highly multiplex proteomic profiling. METHODS: This analysis employed a cross-sectional case-control study design using a biorepository of patients admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit between 2017-2020. Cases were patients adjudicated to have CS and controls were those presenting for cardiac critical care without shock, including subsets of patients with isolated hypotension or heart failure (HF). The Olink platform was used to analyze 359 biomarkers with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The analysis included 239 patients presenting for cardiac critical care (69 cases with CS, 170 non-shock controls). A total of 63 biomarkers (17.7%) were significantly associated with CS after Bonferroni correction compared with all controls. Of these, nine biomarkers remained significantly associated with CS when separately cross-validated in subsets of controls presenting with isolated hypotension and HF: cathepsin D, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 and -23, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, osteopontin, oncostatin-M-specific receptor subunit beta (OSMR), and soluble ST2 protein (sST2). Four biomarkers were identified as providing complementary information for CS diagnosis with development of a multi-marker model: sST2, FGF-23, CTSD, and GDF-15. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study of targeted proteomic profiling in CS, we identified nine biomarkers significantly associated with CS when cross-validated against non-shock controls including those with HF or isolated hypotension, illustrating the potential application of a targeted proteomic approach to identify novel candidates that may support the diagnosis of CS.
RESUMO
Background Early reports from the COVID-19 pandemic identified coronary thrombosis leading to ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) as a complication of COVID-19 infection. However, the epidemiology of STEMI in patients with COVID-19 is not well characterized. We sought to determine the incidence, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and outcomes in STEMI patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods and Results Patients with data on presentation ECG and in-hospital myocardial infarction were identified from January 14, 2020 to November 30, 2020, from 105 sites participating in the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry. Patient characteristics, resource use, and clinical outcomes were summarized and compared based on the presence or absence of STEMI. Among 15 621 COVID-19 hospitalizations, 54 (0.35%) patients experienced in-hospital STEMI. Among patients with STEMI, the majority (n=40, 74%) underwent transthoracic echocardiography, but only half (n=27, 50%) underwent coronary angiography. Half of all patients with COVID-19 and STEMI (n=27, 50%) did not undergo any form of primary reperfusion therapy. Rates of all-cause shock (47% versus 14%), cardiac arrest (22% versus 4.8%), new heart failure (17% versus 1.4%), and need for new renal replacement therapy (11% versus 4.3%) were multifold higher in patients with STEMI compared with those without STEMI (P<0.050 for all). Rates of in-hospital death were 41% in patients with STEMI, compared with 16% in those without STEMI (P<0.001). Conclusions STEMI in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is rare but associated with poor in-hospital outcomes. Rates of coronary angiography and primary reperfusion were low in this population of patients with STEMI and COVID-19. Adaptations of systems of care to ensure timely contemporary treatment for this population are needed.