Dietary linseed oil increases trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in caprine milk fat.

Trans-10,cis-15 18:2 has been recently detected and characterized in digestive contents and meat and adipose tissue of ruminants, but its presence in milk and dairy products is hardly known. The aim of this study was to quantify trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in milk fat, better understand its metabolic origin, and help to elucidate the mechanisms of rumen biohydrogenation when the diet composition might affect ruminal environment. To address these objectives, 16 dairy goats were allocated to 2 simultaneous experiments (2 groups of goats and 2 treatments in each experiment). Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets with the same forage-to-concentrate ratio (33/67) and 2 starch-to-nonforage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.8 and 3.1), which were supplemented or not with 30 g/d of linseed oil for 25 d in a crossover design. Trans-10,cis-15 18:2 contents in milk fat were determined by gas chromatography fitted with an extremely polar capillary column (SLB-IL111). Levels of trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in individual milk fat samples ranged from 0 to 0.2% of total fatty acids, and its content in milk fat increased 8 fold due to linseed oil supplementation, substantiating the predominant role of α-linolenic acid in its formation. The trans-10,cis-15 18:2 levels in milk fat were similar in both experiments, despite the fact starch-to-nonforage NDF ratio of their respective basal diets greatly differed. In conclusion, trans-10,cis-15 18:2 was clearly related to linseed oil supplementation, and its increase in milk fat was comparable when the basal diets were rich in either nonforage NDF or starch.

[Factors associated with compliance to the semi-recumbent position in the patient on mechanical ventilation: CAPCRI-Q questionnaire]. / Factores relacionados con el cumplimiento de la posición semiincorporada en el paciente con ventilación mecánica según los profesionales: cuestionario CAPCRI-Q.

AIM: To create a questionnaire (CAPCRI-Q) to determine the factors associated with the compliance of the semi-recumbent position in patients under mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A closed questionnaire was created using a literature review and clinical practice. The initial version consisted of 61 items placed into 5 categories: patient factors, team and professionals factors, activity, educational and training factors, and equipment and resources. A Delphi method was used to prepare the questionnaire. Comprehension, relevance and importance of each item were evaluated, as well as the recommendations of experts. A qualitative pilot test with 9 healthcare professionals was performed, followed by a quantitative pilot test with 67 nurses from 6 intensive care units to test the internal consistency of the instrument. RESULTS: Three rounds with 15 experts were required to reach a consensus. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of 36 items enclosed in the same categories as the initial version. The internal consistency analysis showed values greater than 0.800 for each independent item, each category, and for the global questionnaire (0.873; 95%CI: 0.825-0.913). The analysis of the nurses' responses emphasised the importance of the patient factors, as well as organisational and infra-structural factors, for the compliance of the recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire created is reliable and appears to have content validity. The most influential factors for compliance are those related to the patient and the internal organisation. The results of the questionnaire can be used to evaluate the factors influencing the compliance and to establish improvement strategies.

Effects of dietary concentrate composition and linseed oil supplementation on the milk fatty acid profile of goats.

Milk fat composition can be modulated by the inclusion of lipid supplements in ruminant diets. An interaction between the lipid supplement and the forage to concentrate ratio or the type of forage in the rations may affect milk fat composition. However, little is known about the effects of the starch-to-non-forage NDF ratio in the concentrate and lipid supplementation of goat diets. The aim of this work was to determine the role of dietary carbohydrates in goats rations supplemented with linseed oil on animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. A total of 16 dairy goats were allocated to two simultaneous experiments (two treatments each), in a crossover design with four animals per treatment and two experimental periods of 25 days. In both experiments alfalfa hay was the sole forage and the forage to concentrate ratio (33:67) remained constant. The concentrate in experiment 1 consisted of barley, maize and soybean meal (concentrate rich in starch), whereas it included soybean hulls replacing 25% of barley and 25% maize in experiment 2 (concentrate rich in NDF). As a result, the starch-to-non-forage NDF ratio was 3.1 in experiment 1 and it decreased to 0.8 in experiment 2. Both concentrates were administered either alone or in combination with 30 g/day of linseed oil. Animal performance parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. In contrast, major changes were observed in milk FA profile due to lipid supplementation and the type of concentrate. Linseed oil significantly raised vaccenic and rumenic acids as well as α-linolenic acid and its biohydrogenation intermediates while decreased medium-chain saturated FA (12:0 to 16:0) in milk fat. Milk fat contents of odd and branched-chain FA and trans-10 18:1 responded differently to linseed oil supplementation according to the concentrate fed.

Anticuerpos monoclonales para la cuantificación de apolipoproteína A1 / Monoclonal antibodies for quantitation of apolipoprotein A1

Se describe la producción de anticuerpos monoclonales (AcMs) de ratón contra la apolipoproteína A1 (APO A1), a partir de la inmunización de ratones BALB/c con APO A1 purificada de plasma humano. Los anticuerpos obtenidos son de la clase IgG1 y fueron purificados a partir de líquido ascítico mediante cromatografía de afinidad con Proteína A Sepharosa. Dos de ellos, que reconocen sitios diferentes de la molécula de APO A1 en muestras de suero. Los coeficientes de variación intra e interensayo fueron de 3,4 y 10 % respectivamente. Con este sistema se detectaron niveles disminuídos de APO A1 en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio entre 45 y 80 años, y en grupo con aterosclerosis periférica entre 40 y 49 años, con relación a sujetos controles de igual rango de edad. En los pacientes con aterosclerosis periférica de mayor edad (entre 60 y 80 años), aunque se encontraron valores de APO A1 más bajos que el grupo control respectivo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa

Cuantificación de Apo B con empleo de anticuerpos monoclonales como indicador precoz de riesgo aterogénico / Quantitation of Apo B with the use of monoclonal antibodies as early indicator of atherogenic risk

Niveles elevados de apolipoproteína B (Apo B) en sangre, se correlacionan con un mayor riesgo al desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. En este trabajo se describe un método inmunoenzimático (ELISA) no competitivo tipo sandwich, que emplea como anticuerpo de recubrimiento el anticuerpo monoclonal IA/CB-LDL-1 y anticuerpos policlonales de carnero anti Apo B humana, purificados por afinidad y conjugados a enzimas marcadoras. Este sistema se desarrolló a escala microanalítica y ultramicroanalítica empleando en este último caso el equipo SUMA desarrollado en Cuba. La sensibilidad de ambas variantes permite detectar concentraciones de Apo B menores de 50 ng/ml. Los coeficientes de variación intra e interensayo fueron menores de 5 y 10 % respectivamente. Pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio entre 45 y 80 años y con aterosclerosis periférica entre 60 y 80 años, mostraron niveles significativamente más altos de Apo B respecto a sujetos controles de igual rango de edad. La medición de la concentración de Apo B en muestras de suero de sangre de cordón umbilical realizada con el SUMA, permitió evidenciar valores marcadamente elevados en algunos recién nacidos. Tomando en consideración el nivel de automatización del SUMA, que posibilita analizar un gran número de muestras de manera confiable y bajo costo, se propone este método para estudios de screening primario de recién nacidos y adultos jóvenes, con el fin de identificar aquellos con riesgo de trastornos genéticos del metabolismo de las lipoproteínas que contienen Apo B, lo cual puede corroborarse posteriormente con técnicas más "sofisticadas" y costosas

Detección de Apo B en lipoproteínas peroxidadas con un anticuerpo monoclonal / Detection of Apo B in peroxidated lipoproteins with a monoclonal antibody

Se desarrolló un sistema ELISA para Apo B empleando el AcM IA/CB-VLDVL.1 como anticuerpo de captura y anticuerpos policlonales de cabra anti Apo B, conjugados con HRP. Este sistema detecta valores superiores de Apo B luego de tratar las muestras con malondialdehído o sulfato cúprico, o luego de la incubación del LDL con células humanas endoteliales en cultivo. El IA/CB-VLDL.1 también reconoce niveles incrementados de Apo B en muestras de suero que han sido incubadas alta temperatura y en presencia de sustancias oxidativas, tales como ázida sódica. Las sustancias antioxidantes como EDTA disminuyen el reconocimiento del determinante antigénico identificado por el AcM IA/CB-VLDL.1. tanto la anbímina humana oxidada, las HDL como la LDL licosiladas no son reconocidas por este AcM. Los niveles de Apo B detectados por el IA/CB-VLDL.1 se correlacionan con los lipoperóxidos en LDL y VLDL alterados con lipoxigenasa en presencia de acidos grasos libres. Este sistema ELISA detectó niveles de Apo B incrementados en muestras de suero de pacientes con aterosclerosis periférica, angiopatía diabética y cardipatía isquémica, con respecto a los sueros de los individuos de distribución de edad y sexo similares, sin manifestaciones clínicas o antecedentes de enfermedad aterosclerótica