UAV hyperspectral analysis of secondary salinization in arid oasis cotton fields: effects of FOD feature selection and SOA-RF.

Secondary salinization is a crucial constraint on agricultural progress in arid regions. The specific mulching irrigation technique not only exacerbates secondary salinization but also complicates field-scale soil salinity monitoring. UAV hyperspectral remote sensing offers a monitoring method that is high-precision, high-efficiency, and short-cycle. In this study, UAV hyperspectral images were used to derive one-dimensional, textural, and three-dimensional feature variables using Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Boruta Feature Selection (Boruta), and Brightness-Color-Index (BCI) with Fractional-order differentiation (FOD) processing. Additionally, three modeling strategies were developed (Strategy 1 involves constructing the model solely with the 20 single-band variable inputs screened by the CARS algorithm. In Strategy 2, 25 texture features augment Strategy 1, resulting in 45 feature variables for model construction. Strategy 3, building upon Strategy 2, incorporates six triple-band indices, totaling 51 variables used in the model's construction) and integrated with the Seagull Optimization Algorithm for Random Forest (SOA-RF) models to predict soil electrical conductivity (EC) and delineate spatial distribution. The results demonstrated that fractional order differentiation highlights spectral features in noisy spectra, and different orders of differentiation reveal different hidden information. The correlation between soil EC and spectra varies with the order. 1.9th order differentiation is proved to be the best order for constructing one-dimensional indices; although the addition of texture features slightly improves the accuracy of the model, the integration of the three-waveband indices significantly improves the accuracy of the estimation, with an R2 of 0.9476. In contrast to the conventional RF model, the SOA-RF algorithm optimizes its parameters thereby significantly improving the accuracy and model stability. The optimal soil salinity prediction model proposed in this study can accurately, non-invasively and rapidly identify excessive salt accumulation in drip irrigation under membrane. It is of great significance to improve the growing conditions of cotton, increase the cotton yield, and promote the sustainable development of Xinjiang's agricultural economy, and also provides a reference for the prevention and control of regional soil salinization.

Non-thermal plasma-enhanced catalytic activation of Mn-Zr-La/Al2O3 catalyst for meta-xylene degradation: Synergetic effects and degradation mechanism.

The LaMnO3 catalysts doped with transition metal (Zr, Co, Fe) were prepared. The influencing factors (the catalyst type, the initial concentration, the gas flow, and oxygen content) on the degradation efficiency by the non-thermal plasma synergistic the LaMnO3 catalysts doped with Zr, Co and Fe were investigated systematically. The degradation mechanism of the meta-xylene degradation by the non-thermal plasma synergistic Mn-Zr-La/Al2O3 was researched. The results showed that the Mn-Zr-La/Al2O3 catalyst in the four catalysts had the best degradation efficiency for meta-xylene, which was 99.6% at the applied voltage of 44 kV. The by-product ozone concentration was low, and the NOx was not detected. Meanwhile, the XPS characterization analysis study revealed that the proportion of Mn4+ element and the proportion of Osur in the Zr-doped Mn-Zr-La/Al2O3 catalyst were both the highest. The degradation efficiency decreased with the increasing of the initial concentration and gas flow, but first increased and then decreased with the increasing of oxygen content. The fresh and used Mn-Zr-La/Al2O3 were characterized by SEM, XRD, BET, FT-IR, O2-TPD, and the tail gas was treated by GC-MS. Then synergistic degradation mechanism for the meta-xylene by the non-thermal plasma over the Mn-Zr-La/Al2O3 catalyst are proposed.

Heterozygous frameshift mutation in FaMYB10 is responsible for the natural formation of red and white-fleshed strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch).

During natural evolution and artificial selection, the fruit color of many species has been repeatedly gained or lost and is generally associated with mutations in genes encoding R2R3-MYB transcription factors, especially MYB10. In this study, we show that a heterozygous frameshift mutation (FaMYB10AG-insert/FaMYB10wild ) is responsible for the loss of anthocyanins in the flesh of cultivated strawberry. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of red- and white-fleshed strawberry indicated that the low expression level of FaUFGT (flavonol-O-glucosyltransferases) was responsible for the loss of anthocyanins and accumulation of proanthocyanidin in the white-fleshed strawberry and was the crucial gene that encodes enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Accordingly, overexpression and silencing of FaUFGT altered anthocyanin content and changed the flesh color of strawberry fruits. Furthermore, whole-genome resequencing analyses identified an AG insertion in the FaMYB10 coding region (FaMYB10AG-insert ) of white-fleshed strawberry. Y1H and EMSA assays showed that FaMYB10wild was able to bind to the promoter of the FaUFGT gene, while the FaMYB10AG-insert could not. The skin and flesh color were tightly linked to the number of fully functional FaMYB10 copies in the selfing progeny of white-fleshed strawberry. Our results suggested that heterozygous frameshift mutation of FaMYB10 resulted in the loss of the ability to activate the expression of the FaUFGT gene, was responsible for the natural formation of red and white-fleshed strawberry.

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal that Blue Light Promotes Chlorogenic Acid Synthesis in Strawberry.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in plant factories and agricultural facilities. Different LEDs can be designed in accordance with the light quality and intensity requirements of different plants, allowing the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as metabolic processes. Blue and red lights have significant effects on anthocyanin metabolism in strawberry fruit, but their effects on other metabolites are unknown. Here, we studied the effects of blue and red lights on the metabolism and gene expression of strawberry using metabolomics combined with transcriptomics. A total of 33 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and 501 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were isolated and identified. Among these DEMs, chlorogenic acid synthesis was upregulated by the blue light compared with the red light. Co-expression network analysis of DEMs and DEGs revealed that the expression of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (FvHCT), the main gene in the chlorogenic acid synthetic pathway, was induced by blue light. Using multi-omics-based approach, our results suggest that different LED lights have multiple effects on strawberry fruit, with blue light able to co-upregulate chlorogenic acid synthesis and FvHCT gene expression.

The characteristics and mechanisms of phenol biodegradation by Fusarium sp.

Fusarium sp. HJ01 can grow using phenol as only carbon resource and has strong ability of phenol degradation. The effect of pH, temperature and sucrose addition on biodegradative capacity of Fusarium sp. HJ01 was examined. The main metabolism pathways and mechanism of phenol degradation by HJ01 strain is described. This strain exhibited both cathecol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12) and cathecol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23) in free cell extracts obtained from cells grown exclusively on phenol or with sucrose added, suggesting that the intermediate cathecol can be oxidized in the catabolic pathway of ortho and meta fission. Mineral salts added in culture have an inhibition on both C12 and C23. These two enzymes can act and retain its catalytic ability over wide ranges of temperature and pH. C12 activity was optimal at pH 6.8 and 40 degrees C, with significant activity observed in the range from pH 3 to pH 8.8, and in the temperature range from 30 to 50 degrees C. In comparison with C12, the activity of C23 was slightly more sensitive to pH, C23 had a higher activity in alkalescence condition from pH 7.4 to pH 10.6 and was more stable at higher temperatures from 30 to 75 degrees C.

Microwave enhanced-sorption of dyestuffs to dual-cation organobentonites from water.

The microwave enhanced-sorption of dyestuffs such as Neutral Red S-BR, Neutral Dark Yellow GL and Acid Blue B onto organobentonites from water was investigated. The decolorization rates of various dyestuffs by organobentonites were increased from 18.0% to 71.8%, the saturated sorption capacity of Neutral Red S-BR and Acid Blue B were increased 83.9% and 76.3% by microwave irradiation, respectively. The value of the microwave enhanced-sorption parameter R(m) increased in the following order: Neutral Red S-BR>Acid Blue B>Neutral Dark Yellow GL, which corresponded with their aqueous solubility. The zeta potentials of particles were decreased greatly by microwave, which is very significant for improving both sorption of dyestuffs to organobentonites from water and the separation of the adsorbents from treated water.

Purification of (+)-dihydromyricetin from leaves extract of Ampelopsis grossedentata using high-speed countercurrent chromatograph with scale-up triple columns.

Purification of (+)-dihydromyricetin from an extract (16 g) of leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata was performed using a preparative triple-column countercurrent chromatograph. With a solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:3:2:4, v/v) 11.3 g of (+)-dihydromyricetin was obtained at a high purity of over 99% by HPLC at 254 nm in 9 h.

The characteristics and enzyme activities of 4-chlorophenol biodegradation by Fusarium sp.

The effects of pH, temperature and sucrose addition on biodegradative capacity of Fusarium sp. HJ01 for 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) were examined, the property of dioxygenases produced by Fusarium sp. HJ01 during 4-CP degradation was investigated. The results show that Fusarium sp. HJ01 has a high capacity on degrading 4-CP in solution. The optimum values of pH, sucrose concentration and temperature are pH 7,1 g/L and 30°C, respectively. The strain can produce chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase (CC12O) and chlorocatechol 2,3-dioxygenase (CC23O), which show the highest activities when 4-CP is used as the sole carbon source and energy, and the optimal values of pH and temperature are pH 7 and 50°C for CC12O as well as pH 8 and 60°C for CC23O. The kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions accord with the Michaelis-Menten equation. To our knowledge, this is the first study on biodegradation of 4-CP by Fusarium sp. HJ01.

[Sorption characteristics of surfactant onto bentonite using microwave irradiation].

The sorption curve of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) onto bentonite by microwave irradiation was studied. The effects of microwave reaction time and CPC concentration on interlayer spacing and organic carbon content of organobentonite were tested, respectively. Thermodynamics and kinetics of sorption of CPC onto bentonite by microwave irradiation were studied. The saturated adsorption amount of CPC to bentonite with microwave irradiation time from 90 s to 120 s was equal to that of conventional sorption, up to 0.001 63 mol x g(-1). On the condition of microwave irradiation time with 2 min and concentration of CPC with 1.20 mmol x L(-1), the interlayer spacing was attained to 2.44 nm at the best, and organic carbon content was 23.45%. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the typical layer morphological structure of bentonite was not devastated by microwave. Contrast to conventional sorption, sorption of CPC onto bentonite was greatly influenced by microwave, velocity constant of sorption reaction was increased 107.6 times, and free energy of sorption reaction system was decreased.

[Mechanism and impact for microwave-enhanced integrative sorption of dye to mixture of surfactant and bentonite from water].

Microwave-enhanced integrative sorption (MEIS) of dye to mixture of surfactant and bentonite was put forward. The order of factor for integrative method was obtained by the orthogonal experiment. The optimal conditions, properties, kinetics and mechanisms for microwave-enhanced integrative sorption of Neutral Red S-BR to bentonite from water were investigated. Comparative study on decolorization rates of Neutral Red S-BR by other sorption method and MEIS from water were conducted. It is concluded that the order of factor for integrative method is amount of surfactant, bentonite and microwave time. The optimal condition for MEIS is that the ratio of amount of bentonite and water is equal to 1/1 000, the concentration of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is 120 mg/L (equivalent to 28% cation exchange capacity of bentonite) and microwave time is 60s. Comparative with organobentonite, the decolorization rates of Neutral Red S-BR to bentonite are greatly increased by MEIS at higher concentration of dye, amount of surfactant is greatly decreased, and the saturated sorption capacity and the reactive rate of sorption of dye to bentonite are greatly increased by microwave.