Intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide promotes inflammation and alters endometrial gene expression in lactating Holstein cows.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of 2 intramammary infusions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on inflammatory and reproductive parameters and endometrial gene expression of lactating Holstein cows. At 35 ± 7 d in milk, 20 cows were submitted to a Double Ovsynch program and randomly assigned to control (n = 11) and LPS (n = 9) treatments. Cows from the LPS treatment received 2 intramammary infusions of 25 µg of LPS after morning milking on d 5 and 10 post-AI, whereas control cows were infused with only saline. Blood samples were taken and ultrasound scanning of the ovaries was performed during the entire study before and after AI to determine haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and progesterone concentrations as well as response to the hormonal protocol and corpus luteum diameter. Milk yield was evaluated and samples were taken for somatic cell count at 0, 10, 24, 34, and 96 h relative to each infusion. Rumen-reticular temperature was recorded using a rumen-reticular bolus logger and summarized hourly. On d 15 post-AI, uterine flushing for conceptus recovery and endometrial biopsies were performed. Samples of endometrium from cows with positive embryo recovery (control = 5; LPS = 6) were submitted to mRNA extraction and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis of 96 target genes. Haptoglobin concentrations in plasma were greater for LPS treatment (control = 0.24 ± 0.07, LPS = 0.89 ± 0.06 optical density), but tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were similar (control = 0.67 ± 0.11, LPS = 0.46 ± 0.11 ng/mL) between treatments. Lipopolysaccharide reduced milk yield after treatment (control = 34.3 ± 1.5, LPS = 29.4 ± 1.6 kg/d), whereas somatic cell count (log) was greater in LPS-treated cows until 34 h after infusions (control = 2.3 ± 0.1, LPS = 3.3 ± 0.1 cells/mL of milk). Rumen-reticular temperature of LPS cows was elevated between 5 and 10 h after each infusion compared with control cows (control = 39.5 ± 0.1, LPS = 40.1 ± 0.1°C). Progesterone concentration after AI was unaffected by treatment or pregnancy status as well as corpus luteum diameter and conceptus length on d 15. Lipopolysaccharide treatment altered the expression of 13 key genes in the endometrium (mostly upregulated), whereas another 17 tended to be modulated. Modified gene expression included genes related to immune response (PTX3 = 2.34-fold increase; IL6 = 3.42-fold increase; and TCN1 = 2.52-fold increase), adhesion molecules (CADM3 = 1.93-fold increase; MMP19 = 1.49-fold increase; EMMPRIN = 1.20-fold increase; SELL = 1.91-fold increase), Wnt signaling pathway (WNT2, FZD4, and FZD7, all <1.5-fold increase), and interferon-stimulated genes (BMP15 = 0.27-fold decrease; ISG15 = 2.17-fold increase, and MX2 = 2.23-fold increase). In summary, intramammary infusions of LPS were able to trigger an inflammatory response with no effect on corpus luteum diameter and concentration of progesterone in plasma. However, a limited but important set of modulations in the endometrium gene expression at d 15 of gestation was found.

Phenotypic aspects of oral strains of Candida albicans in children with Down's syndrome.

The aim of this article is to characterize the biological aspects of oral strains of C. albicans in children with Down's syndrome. These yeasts were analyzed as to their macromorphological and enzymatic aspects and were tested as to their in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs using broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The morphotyping revealed that all oral C. albicans isolates from children with Down's syndrome promoted the formation of fringes regardless of size, while the control group presented smaller fringes. All oral C. albicans strains produced proteinase, but those with phospholipolytic activity showed greater enzyme capacity in the test group. In vitro susceptibility showed that all oral C. albicans isolates were sensitive to the drugs used.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in North-Eastern Mexico.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are well known etiological agents of cattle that produce important economic losses due to reproductive failures and calf mortality, as well as enteric and respiratory disease. Tamaulipas is located northeast of Mexico, an important cattle production and the principal exporter of calf and heifer to the United States. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 and of BVDV, and to determine the effects of risk factors on these infections. Blood samples of cattle from 57 farms from rural districts of Tamaulipas were collected. The samples were tested for antibodies against BoHV-1 and BVDV using commercial ELISA kits. Data on potential risk factors were obtained using a questionnaire administered to the farmer at the time the blood samples were taken. The seroprevalences for BoHV-1 and BVDV were 64.4% and 47.8%, respectively. In the logistic regression analysis, the significant risk factors were rural district, herd size and cattle introduced to the farm. This study confirms the high seroprevalence of BoHV-1 and BVDV in unvaccinated cattle in Tamaulipas, Mexico. The results of this study could be used for the development of BoHV-1 and BVDV prevention and control program in North-Eastern, Mexico.

Flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers for Asteraceae.

Flavonoids have been shown to be good taxonomic markers for Asteraceae. More than 800 compounds comprising 4700 flavonoid occurrences were included in a computational system specially made for chemotaxonomic purposes. Some implications of flavonols, flavones and other types as well as structural features of them are discussed for tribes and subtribes of Asteraceae.

Penetrating bladder trauma: a high risk factor for associated rectal injury.

Demographics and mechanisms were analyzed in prospectively maintained level one trauma center database 1990-2012. Among 2,693 trauma laparotomies, 113 (4.1%) presented bladder lesions; 51.3% with penetrating injuries (n = 58); 41.3% (n = 24) with rectal injuries, males corresponding to 95.8%, mean age 29.8 years; 79.1% with gunshot wounds and 20.9% with impalement; 91.6% arriving the emergence room awake (Glasgow 14-15), hemodynamically stable (average systolic blood pressure 119.5 mmHg); 95.8% with macroscopic hematuria; and 100% with penetrating stigmata. Physical exam was not sensitive for rectal injuries, showing only 25% positivity in patients. While 60% of intraperitoneal bladder injuries were surgically repaired, extraperitoneal ones were mainly repaired using Foley catheter alone (87.6%). Rectal injuries, intraperitoneal in 66.6% of the cases and AAST-OIS grade II in 45.8%, were treated with primary suture plus protective colostomy; 8.3% were sigmoid injuries, and 70.8% of all injuries had a minimum stool spillage. Mean injury severity score was 19; mean length of stay 10 days; 20% of complications with no death. Concomitant rectal injuries were not a determinant prognosis factor. Penetrating bladder injuries are highly associated with rectal injuries (41.3%). Heme-negative rectal examination should not preclude proctoscopy and eventually rectal surgical exploration (only 25% sensitivity).

Taxa de prenhez e de perda de gestação em receptoras de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro / Pregnancy and pregnancy loss rates in recipients of bovine embryos produced in vitro

Avaliaram-se resultados de 1100 transferências de embriões, realizadas de novembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, em um programa comercial de produção de embriões. Foram utilizados embriões ½ Holandês/Gir (n=139) e ¾ Holandês/Gir (n=961) de qualidade um e oitavo dia (D8) para transferência a fresco. As receptoras foram novilhas ½ Nelore/Simental, sincronizadas, usando-se o protocolo: dia zero (D0) - introdução do dispositivo intravaginal com 1g de progesterona + 2mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE); dia 5 (D5) - aplicação de 150μg de D-cloprostenol (PGF2α) + 400UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG); dia 8 (D8) ‒ remoção do dispositivo intravaginal; e dia 9 (D9) ‒ aplicação de 1mg de BE. Foram analisados os efeitos do grupo genético, o estágio de desenvolvimento e o tempo de cultivo do embrião, o lado do corpo lúteo (CL), o touro, o número de inovulações prévias realizadas em cada receptora e a sequência de horas de serviço gastas para realizar as inovulações sobre as taxas de prenhez e de perda da gestação. Apenas o tempo de cultivo do embrião influenciou a taxa de prenhez. Conclui-se que, ao utilizar embriões de excelente qualidade, um grande número de transferências de embriões pode ser executado por dia, sem comprometer a viabilidade da técnica de transferência.

We evaluated the results from 1100 embryo transfers performed from November 2008 to February 2009 by a commercial embryo transfer company. ½ Holstein/Gir (n = 139) or ¾ Holstein/Gir (n= 961) embryos in a grade of 1 and the eighth day (D8) for fresh transfer were used. The heifer recipients were ½ Nelore/Simmental, synchronized using the following protocol: Day zero (D0) - intravaginal device with 1g of progesterone + 2mg of estradiol benzoate (EB); Day five (D5) - application of 150μg of D-Cloprostenol (PGF2α) + 400UI of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG); Day eight (D8) - progesterone device removal and Day nine (D9) - application of 1mg of EB. The effects of genetic group, embryo's stage of development and cultivation time, side of the corpus luteum (CL), bull, number of previous transfers in each recipient and sequence of hours spent with transfer on the pregnancy rate and loss of gestation were analyzed. Only the embryo's cultivation time influenced the pregnancy rate. It is concluded that if using high quality embryos, a larger number of embryo transfers can be executed per day without compromising the viability of technology transfer.

Clinical investigation of the alteration in the middle ear impedance in patients with intracranial hypertension.

Marked pulsation occurring during middle ear impedance measurements may be caused by an intracranial hypertension sydnrome, with pulsations being transmitted to the middle ear by a variety of preformed natural pathways. Impedancemetry is a useful technique for diagnosing and following the syndrome.

The relationship between symptoms and electrophysiological detected compression of the median nerve at the wrist.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms and compression of the median nerve at the wrist in symptomatic patients. METHODS: A total of 250 patients were selected among those referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation with complaints involving hand or wrist. Primary and secondary symptoms were extracted from the answers to the instrument proposed by Levine et al. [J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993;75:1585]. The association of symptoms and the presence of compression of the median nerve at the wrist were ascertained through a multiple logistic regression test. RESULTS: Secondary symptoms (pain and weakness) were inversely associated with the presence of median nerve compression. Furthermore, primary symptoms (paresthesia, disability and nocturnal symptom) occurred similarly in patients with and without electrophysiologic findings of median nerve compression at the wrist.

Phenotypic aspects of oral strains of Candida albicans in children with down's syndrome / Aspectos fenotípicos de cepas de Candida albicans orais em crianças com síndrome de down

The aim of this article is to characterize the biological aspects of oral strains of C. albicans in children with Down's syndrome. These yeasts were analyzed as to their macromorphological and enzymatic aspects and were tested as to their in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs using broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The morphotyping revealed that all oral C. albicans isolates from children with Down's syndrome promoted the formation of fringes regardless of size, while the control group presented smaller fringes. All oral C. albicans strains produced proteinase, but those with phospholipolytic activity showed greater enzyme capacity in the test group. In vitro susceptibility showed that all oral C. albicans isolates were sensitive to the drugs used.

O objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar os aspectos biológicos de cepas de C. albicans orais em crianças com síndrome de Down. Estas leveduras foram analisadas quanto aos seus aspectos macromorfológicos e enzimáticos e foram testadas quanto a sua suscetibilidade in vitro a drogas antifúngicas, usando a microdiluição em caldo para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). A morfotipagem revelou que todos os isolados de C. albicans orais de crianças com síndrome de Down induziram à formação de franjas independente do tamanho, enquanto o grupo controle teve franjas menores. Todas as cepas de C. albicans orais produziram proteinase, mas aquelas com atividade fosfolipidolítica mostraram maior capacidade enzimática no grupo teste. A suscetibilidade in vitro mostrou que todos os isolados de C. albicans orais foram sensíveis a drogas empregadas.

Gangliosidose GM1 forma precoce: aspectos clínicos e diagnósticos; a propósito de quatro observaçöes / GM1 - gangliosidosis precocious form: clinical and diagnostic aspects; apropos of 4 observations

A gangliosidade GM, forma infantil precoce é uma doença de acúmulo lisossomial, de transmissäo autossômica recessiva, caracterizada pelo depósito neurovisceral de gangliosídeo GM, e de mucopolissacárides nas vísceras. É conseqüência do déficit de uma hidrolase lisossomial, a GM1-ß-galactosidase Clínicamente, apresentar-se como um retardo do desenvolvimento psicomotor precoce desde o primeiro mês de vida, associado à dismorfias faciais, visceromegalia e anormalidades esqueléticas semelhantes àquelas vistas na doença de Hurler. Os autores apresentam quatro casos desta rara doença. A suspeita diagnóstica foi feita em bases clínicas e confirmada em vida através do estudo em microscopia eletrônica da biópsia de conjuntiva e dosagens da atividade da ß-galactosidase na urina. Säo discutidos os principais aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e hamatológicos e o diagnóstico diferencial desta enfermidade