Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament through a double bundle of a single patellar tract and quadriceps tendons combined with medial displacement of lateral hemi-tibial tuberosity for treating low-grade recurrent patella dislocation.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy and imaging results of reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament through a double bundle of single patellar tract and quadriceps tendons combined with medial displacement of lateral hemi-tibial tuberosity for treating low-grade recurrent patella dislocation. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with recurrent patellar dislocation, including ten males and 13 females, with 23 knee joints were enrolled according to the relevant criteria. Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament was performed through a double bundle of a single patellar tract and quadriceps tendons combined with medial displacement of lateral hemi-tibial tuberosity. Knee function was evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, Tegner score, and Kujala score at pre- and postoperative stages. Patellar stability was assessed by CT scans measuring tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, lateral patella displacement (LPD), congruence angle (CA), and patellar tilt angle (PTA). RESULTS: All 23 patients were effectively followed up for 13-28 months (mean: 21.91 ± 4.14 months). At the last follow-up, the postoperative VAS score, IKDC score, Lysholm score, Tegner score, and Kujala score of 23 patients were 1.13 ± 0.82, 87.35 ± 3.17, 90.22 ± 1.28, 4.35 ± 0.65, and 89.26 ± 1.96, respectively, as compared to the preoperative values of 5.91 ± 1.13, 30.96 ± 5.09, 30.30 ± 2.98, 1.26 ± 0.62, and 27.87 ± 3.46, respectively, and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). At the last follow-up, the postoperative TT-TG, LPD, CA, and PTA values of the 23 patients were 8.80 ± 1.85 mm, 6.01 ± 1.77 mm, 11.32 ± 6.18°, and 9.35 ± 2.88°, respectively, compared to the preoperative values of 18.77 ± 1.74 mm, 14.90 ± 4.07 mm, 37.82 ± 5.71°, and 23.58 ± 3.24°, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). No relevant complications were observed in the 23 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament through a double bundle of a single patellar tract and quadriceps tendons combined with medial displacement of lateral hemi-tibial tuberosity for treating low-grade recurrent patella dislocation showed satisfactory medium-term efficacy, and further investigations are required to confirm the long-term efficacy of this approach.

Synthesis of spiropyridazine-benzosultams by the [4 + 2] annulation reaction of 3-substituted benzoisothiazole 1,1-dioxides with 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes.

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of spiropyridazine-benzosultams has been developed by means of [4 + 2] annulation reaction of 3-substituted benzoisothiazole 1,1-dioxides with 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes. This approach displays advantages such as mild reaction conditions, wide substrate range tolerance, simple operation, compatibility with gram-scale preparation.

Pyroptosis by NLRP3/caspase-1/gasdermin-D pathway in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

We investigated the potential involvement of pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of regulated cell death, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Synovial fluid, synovial tissues and/or serum were compared among 32 patients with RA, 46 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 30 healthy controls. Samples were assayed for interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-18 and lactate hydrogenase (LDH). Synovial expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD) was assayed using immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunohistochemistry. Patients with RA showed significantly higher levels of IL-1ß and IL-18 in synovial fluid than patients with OA, and significantly higher levels of both cytokines in serum than healthy controls. RA was associated with higher levels of LDH in synovial fluid than OA. Among patients with RA, levels of IL-1ß, IL-18 and LDH were significantly higher in synovial fluid than in serum, and the levels in synovial fluid positively correlated with disease activity and inflammation. Synovial cells, particularly macrophages, showed upregulation of NLRP3, caspase-1 and cleaved GSDMD in RA compared to OA. Our results implicate pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of RA, perhaps as a driver of local inflammation in joints.

The efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing blood loss following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with osteoarthritis have been widely confirmed. However, there is still a paucity of the evidences regarding the effectiveness of TXA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of the study is to explore the efficacy and safety of intravenous TXA on blood loss and transfusion risk following simultaneous bilateral TKA (SBTKA) in patients with RA. METHODS: As a multicenter retrospective study, a total of 74 patients diagnosed with RA who underwent SBTKA were assigned into TXA group (15 mg/kg intravenous TXA before skin incision, n = 50) and control group (no TXA use, n = 24). The primary outcomes were total blood loss (TBL) and intraoperative blood loss (IBL). The secondary outcomes were hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) drop on postoperative day 3, transfusion rate and volume, ambulation time, length of stay, hospitalization expenses and the incidence of complications. RESULTS: The mean TBL, IBL and transfusion volume in TXA group were significantly lower than those in control group. The Hb and Hct drop on postoperative day 3 in control group were higher than those in TXA group (p<0.05). The similar trend was detected on transfusion rate, ambulation time and length of stay. The incidence of complications and hospitalization expenses did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TXA could effectively reduce blood loss, decrease transfusion risk, shorten ambulation time and length of stay following SBTKA in patients with RA, without increasing the risk of complications.

Silver Catalyzed Site-Selective C(sp3)-H Bond Amination of Secondary over Primary C(sp3)-H Bonds.

Sulfamates are widespread in numerous pharmacologically active molecules. In this paper, Silver/Bathophenanthroline catalyzed the intramolecular selective amination of primary C(sp3)-H bonds and secondary C(sp3)-H bonds of sulfamate esters, to produce cyclic sulfamates in good yields and with a high site-selectivity. DFT calculations revealed that the interaction between sulfamates and L10 makes the molecule more firmly attached to the catalyst, benefiting the catalysis reaction. The in vitro anticancer activity of the final products was evaluated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Risk factors of opioid use associated with an enhanced-recovery programme after total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Characterizing the impacts of postoperative opioid use on total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients may help optimize the pain management after TKA. The aim of the study is to examine the prevalence and risk factors for opioid use with an enhanced-recovery programme after primary TKA. METHODS: We identified 361 patients undergoing TKA, and separated those on the basis of whether to receive opioid use after surgery. Themultivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for opioid use after primary TKA. Length of stay (LOS) and postoperative complications were also recorded and compared. RESULTS: The prevalence of opioid use after primary TKA was 23.0%. The significant risk factor was the longer operative time (OR [odds ratio] = 1.017, 95% CI [confidence interval] = 1.001 to 1.032, p = 0.034) and the protective factor was the utilization of tranexamic acid(OR= 0.355, 95% CI = 0.161 to 0.780, p = 0.010). In addition, the LOS was longer in opioid group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Considering the adverse health effects of opioid use, strategies need to be developed to prevent persistent opioid use after TKA. Reducing operative time and the application of tranexamic acid could lower the risk of opioid use with an enhanced-recovery programme after primary TKA.

Tourniquet use in routine primary total knee arthroplasty is associated with a higher transfusion rate and longer postoperative length of stay: a real-world study.

BACKGROUND: In an enhanced recovery after surgery program, a growing number of orthopedists are reconsidering the necessity of tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the impact of tourniquet use on transfusion rate and postoperative length of stay (PLOS) in TKA remains controversial. Therefore, we carried out a study to investigate the effect of tourniquet application in routine primary TKA on transfusion rate and PLOS. METHODS: We analyzed data from 6325 patients who underwent primary unilateral TKA and divided them into two groups according to whether a tourniquet was applied during the procedure, and a tourniquet was used in 4902 and not used in 1423. The information for transfusion and PLOS was extracted from patients' electronic health records, and the data were analyzed with logistic and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Following TKA, the transfusion rate and PLOS were 14.52% and 7.72 ± 3.54 days, respectively, in the tourniquet group, and 6.47% and 6.44 ± 3.48 days, respectively, in the no-tourniquet group. After adjusting for the different related variables, tourniquet use was significantly correlated with a higher transfusion rate (risk ratio = 1.888, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.449-2.461, P < 0.001) and a longer PLOS (partial regression coefficient (B) = 0.923, 95%CI 0.690-1.156, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that tourniquet use in routine primary TKA was related to a higher transfusion rate and a longer PLOS. The impact of tourniquet use on transfusion rate and PLOS should be taken into account in clinical practice.

Tranexamic acid attenuates inflammatory effect and modulates immune response in primary total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot trial.

AIMS: To explore the effect of intravenous tranexamic acid (IV-TXA) on inflammation and immune response following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: Primary TKA patients (n = 125) were randomized into the following four groups: group A to receive placebo; group B to receive a single dose of 20 mg kg-1 IV-TXA and 20 mg of intravenous dexamethasone (IV-DXM); group C to receive six doses of IV-TXA (total dosage > 6 g); and group D to receive six doses of IV-TXA combined with three doses of IV-DXM (total dosage = 40 mg). The primary outcomes were C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels and the secondary outcomes were complement C3 and C4 and T-cell subset levels, which were measured preoperatively and at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 2 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: The postoperative peak CRP and IL-6 levels in group C (93.7 ± 22.2 mg L-1, 108.8 ± 41.7 pg mL-1) were lower compared with those in group A (134.7 ± 28.8 mg L-1, P < 0.01; 161.6 ± 64.4 pg mL-1, P < 0.01). Groups B and D exhibited significantly lower CRP and IL-6 levels compared with groups A and C at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively (P < 0.05 for all). In group C, complement C3 and C4 levels were higher compared with those in group A at 48 h (0.967 ± 0.127 g L-1 vs. 0.792 ± 0.100 g L-1, P < 0.01; 0.221 ± 0.046 g L-1 vs. 0.167 ± 0.028 g L-1, P < 0.01) and 72 h (1.050 ± 0.181 g L-1 vs. 0.860 ± 0.126 g L-1, P = 0.01; 0.240 ± 0.052 g L-1 vs. 0.182 ± 0.036 g L-1, P < 0.01) postoperatively and CD3 and CD4 subset levels were higher compared with those in group B at 24 h postoperatively (66.78 ± 9.29% vs. 56.10 ± 12.47%, P < 0.05; 36.69 ± 5.78% vs. 28.39 ± 8.89%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Six doses of IV-TXA could attenuate the inflammatory effect, modulate the immune response, and reduce immunosuppression caused by DXM in patients after TKA.

The efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss following simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether tranexamic acid (TXA) administration could reduce blood loss and transfusion risk after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA). METHODS: As a multicenter retrospective study, a total of 575 patients were assigned into three groups on the basis of TXA usage, including intravenous (IV) group (1 g IV TXA 5-10 min prior to the incision), combined group (1 g IV TXA combined with intra-articular injection of 1 g TXA prior to the closure every knee) and control group (no TXA use). The primary outcomes were total blood loss (TBL). The secondary outcomes were maximum hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) drop, transfusion rate, drain volume, length of stay, hospitalization expenses and the incidence of complications. RESULTS: The mean TBL in control group (1685.0 ± 571.4 mL) were higher than that in IV group (1061.1 ± 689.6 mL, p = 0.006 and combined group (988.3 ± 559.3 mL, p = 0.003). The maximum Hb and Hct drop in combined group (28.5 ± 13.4 g/L, p = 0.016; 0.074 ± 0.053, p < 0.001) and IV group (28.8 ± 14.5 g/L, p = 0.025; 0.082 ± 0.056, p = 0.001) were lower than those in control group (33.4 ± 14.0; 0.131 ± 0.049). But the difference between IV and combined groups was not significant. The similar trend was detected on drain volume, length of stay and hospitalization expenses. The incidence of complications did not differ significantly among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that TXA could reduce blood loss with no apparent increase in the incidence of complications during SBTKA.

The efficacy and safety of multiple-dose oral tranexamic acid on blood loss following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSES: To explore the efficacy and safety of multiple-dose oral tranexamic acid (TXA) on blood loss following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: A total of 152 patients were randomized into three groups to receive 2 g of oral TXA two hours  pre-operatively (group A), or another bolus of 2 g of oral TXA four hours post-operatively (group B), or another three boluses of 2 g of oral TXA four, ten, and 16 hours post-operatively (group C). The primary outcomes were total blood loss (TBL), hidden blood loss (HBL), and transfusion rate. The secondary outcomes were haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) drop, the level of fibrinolysis parameters (fibrin degradation products, D-dimer), and complications (thrombotic diseases, stroke, cardiac infarction, and infection). RESULTS: The mean TBL and HBL in group C were lower than those in group A (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) and group B (p = 0.012 and p = 0.029). The Hb drop on post-operative day one (POD1) and POD3 in group C was lower than those in group A (p < 0.001 and p = 0.029) and group B (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004). The difference was similar regarding Hct drop on POD3 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014). Moreover, fibrin degradation products and D-dimer in group C were lower than in groups A and B on POD1 and POD3 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). The incidence of complications such as venous thromboembolism did not differ significantly among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple boluses of oral TXA could further reduce blood loss, Hb and Hct drop, and restrain post-operative fibrinolysis in primary THA without increasing the risk of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: Therapeutic study.

Analysis of a large data set to identify predictors of blood transfusion in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of need for allogenic blood transfusion (ALBT) in primary lower limb total joint arthroplasty (TJA). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study utilized a large dataset of 15,187 patients undergoing primary unilateral TJA. Risk factors and demographic information were extracted from the electronic health record. A predictive model was developed by both a random forest (RF) algorithm and logistic regression (LR). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) was used to compare the accuracy of the two methods. RESULTS: The rate of ALBT was 18.9% in total. Patient-related factors associated with higher risk of an ALBT included female sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II, ASA III, and ASA IV. Surgery-related risk factors for ALBT were operative time, drain use, and amount of intraoperative blood loss. Higher preoperative hemoglobin and tranexamic acid use were associated with decreased risk for ALBT. The RF model had a better predictive accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] 0.84) than the LR model (AUC, 0.77; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The risk factors identified in the current study can provide specific, personalized perioperative ALBT risk assessment for a patient considering lower limb TJA. Furthermore, the predictive accuracy of the RF algorithm was significantly higher than that of LR, making it a potential tool for future personalized preoperative prediction of risk for perioperative ALBT.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Blood Transfusion in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the incidence and risk factors for blood transfusion in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasty (SBTHA) and simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA). METHODS: We identified 414 SBTHA and 1147 SBTKA procedures, and separated the patients into those who did and did not require allogeneic blood transfusion. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for transfusion. RESULTS: The transfusion rate after SBTHA was 50.0%, and significant risk factors for transfusion were female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.612), lower body mass index (OR = 1.093), inflammatory arthritis (OR = 1.970), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥3 (OR = 3.477), drain use (OR = 4.607), and increased intraoperative bleeding. We also found that higher preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) and tranexamic acid use decreased the risk of transfusion. The transfusion rate after SBTKA was 29.1%, and significant risk factors for transfusion were ASA class ≥3 (OR = 8.959), tourniquet use (OR = 2.129), drain use (OR = 4.970), and increased intraoperative bleeding. A higher preoperative Hb was the only protective factor for transfusion. CONCLUSION: For SBTHA, the risk factors included female gender, lower body mass index, inflammatory arthritis, ASA class ≥3, drain use, and increased intraoperative bleeding, while for SBTKA, risk factors were ASA class ≥3, tourniquet use, drain use, and increased intraoperative bleeding. Increasing the preoperative Hb level may decrease transfusion risk. In addition, tranexamic acid was encouraged to use to decrease transfusion need in SBTHA.

Multiple Doses of Perioperative Dexamethasone Further Improve Clinical Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of multiple doses of preoperative dexamethasone on pain and recovery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: Altogether, 182 patients undergoing TKA received 3 intravenous injections of normal saline (group A), 1 injection of high-dose dexamethasone (20 mg) and 2 injections of normal saline (group B), or 1 injection of high-dose dexamethasone and 2 injections of low-dose (10 mg) dexamethasone (group C). RESULTS: Visual analog scale was lower in group C than in group A or B and was different between groups A and B on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3 (all P < .05). Fewer group C patients required analgesic rescue and had lower total analgesic than those in group A or B, with the same difference between groups A and B (all P < .05). C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels were lower in groups B and C than in group A at 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively. C-reactive protein at 72 hours and interleukin-6 at 48 and 72 hours were lower in group C than in group B (all P < .05). Incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting, number of patients requiring antiemetic rescue, and overall consumption of metoclopramide were lower in groups B and C than in group A (all P < .05). No surgical-site infections or gastrointestinal hemorrhages were detected in any group. CONCLUSION: Multiple dexamethasone doses further reduced postoperative pain, decreased consumption of analgesic drugs, and provided more powered inflammation control. These findings call for further studies to further evaluate its safety.

Gait Analysis of Leg Length Discrepancy-Differentiated Hip Replacement Patients With Developmental Dysplasia: A Midterm Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: Few studies investigate gait characteristics and symmetry of developmental dysplasia of the hip patients (Crowe II and III) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) whose leg length discrepancy (LLD) is within 20 mm. Our study aimed to explore whether gait analysis parameters in these patients can return to the level of unaffected people and how bodies compensate for the discrepancy. METHOD: A total of 45 patients who underwent cementless THA and 20 healthy controls were involved in this study prospectively. Group 1 includes patients whose LLD is <10 mm and group 2 includes patients whose LLD is 10-20 mm. Gait analysis was performed during 5-year midterm postoperative follow-up. RESULT: The parameters, particularly the range of motion (ROM) in the hip, in both experimental groups (1 and 2) were significantly lower than healthy control group. For the nonoperated side, group 1 displayed significantly reduced ROM in the hip and knee compared with the age-matched controls. This was not observed in group 2. Greater bilateral symmetry can be seen in group 1 compared with group 2. CONCLUSION: Despite LLD being limited to within 20 mm, THA patients in both groups showed a less efficient gait than that of healthy controls on 5-year midterm follow-up. The increased ROM in the nonoperated hip may act as a compensatory mechanism. LLD of 10 mm may be a cutoff value to assess whether compensation occurs in the contralateral limb. Reconstruction of equal limb length is recommended when surgeons perform THA for dysplastic hips.

Multiple Low-Dose Dexamethasone Further Improves Clinical Outcomes Following Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The recommended dose regimen of dexamethasone in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has not been determined. This study was performed to assess the effects of multiple low-dose dexamethasone on clinical outcomes after THA. METHODS: Two hundred ten patients undergoing THA received 3 doses of normal saline (Group A), 2 doses of intravenous dexamethasone and 1 dose of normal saline (Group B), or 3 doses of intravenous dexamethasone (Group C). The primary outcome was the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain and nausea. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, use of analgesic and antiemetic rescue, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, range of motion, length of stay (LOS), and complications were also compared. RESULTS: The VAS score (dynamic pain and nausea) on postoperative day 1 was significantly lower in Groups C and B than Group A. On postoperative day 2, the VAS score (dynamic pain and nausea) was lower in Group C than Groups A and B. In Group C, patients had a lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and reduced use of analgesic and antiemetic rescue. The CRP level was lower in Group B than Group A. Group C had the lowest CRP level among all 3 groups. LOS was shorter in Group B than Group A, while Group C had an even shorter LOS than Group B. Range of motion was greater in Group C. No complications occurred in any group. CONCLUSION: The 3-dose dexamethasone regimen can further relieve postoperative pain, ameliorate postoperative nausea, provide additional inflammatory control, enhance mobility, and shorten LOS following THA.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Structure of EPCP1-2 from Crypthecodinium cohnii via Modulation of TLR4-NF-κB Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells.

Exopolysaccharide from Crypthecodinium cohnii (EPCP1-2) is a marine exopolysaccharide that evidences a variety of biological activities. We isolated a neutral polysaccharide from the fermentation liquid of Crypthecodinium cohnii (CP). In this study, a polysaccharide that is derived from Crypthecodinium cohnii were analyzed and its anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated on protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor κB pathways in macrophages. The structural characteristics of EPCP1-2 were characterized by GC (gas chromatography) and GC-MS (gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) analyses. The molecular weight was about 82.5 kDa. The main chain of EPCP1-2 consisted of (1→6)-linked mannopyranosyl, (1→6)-linked glucopyranosyl, branched-chain consisted of (1→3,6)-linked galactopyranosyl and terminal consisted of t-l-Rhapyranosyl. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was representated through assay of proliferation rate, pro-inflammatory factor (NO) and expressions of proteins on RAW 264.7, the macrophage cell line. The results revealed that EPCP1-2 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by regulating the expression of toll-like receptor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Nuclear Factor-κB protein.

Multimodal Nutritional Management in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of a new multimodal nutritional management (MNM) on albumin (ALB) transfusion, the incidence of electrolyte disorders, blood loss, perioperative levels of ALB and electrolyte, length of hospital stay (LOH), and complications in patients following total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet. METHODS: A total of 162 patients were randomized to receive either the MNM protocol (n = 81, experimental group) or traditional protocol (n = 81, control group). The primary outcomes were the rate and amount of ALB infusion, LOH, total blood loss, maximum hemoglobin drop, allogeneic transfusion rate, and the incidence of electrolyte disorders. The secondary outcomes were levels of ALB and electrolyte at different time points and the incidence of complications. RESULTS: The rate and amount of ALB transfusion required in MNM group were significantly lower than those in control group (P = .006, P = .021, respectively). LOH was shorter in MNM group (P < .001). Total blood loss and maximum hemoglobin drop were similar. The incidence of kaliopenia and hypocalcemia was lower in MNM group on the first postoperative day (P = .019, P = .028, respectively). Patients in MNM group had higher levels of ALB, sodium, potassium, and calcium than those in control group on the first postoperative day. CONCLUSION: The MNM protocol can effectively low down the amount of ALB transfusion, the number of patients requiring ALB transfusion, the incidence of electrolyte disorders, and LOH following primary total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet. Patients can obtain a smaller decline in ALB, sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Synthetic Strategy and Anti-Tumor Activities of Macrocyclic Scaffolds Based on 4-Hydroxyproline.

A series of novel 13- to 15-member hydroxyproline-based macrocycles, which contain alkyl-alkyl ether and alkyl-aryl ether moieties, have been synthesized by the strategy of macrocyclization utilising azide-alkyne cycloaddition, Mitsunobu protocol and amide formation. Their anti-tumor activities towards A549, MDA-MB-231 and Hep G2 cells were screened in vitro by an MTT assay. The results indicated that 13-member macrocycle 33 containing alkene chain showed the best results, exhibiting the highest inhibitory effects towards lung cancer cell line A549, which was higher than that of the reference cisplatin (IC50 value = 2.55 µmol/L).

Pathogenesis of acquired heterotopic ossification: Risk factors, cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.

Heterotopic ossification (HO), including hereditary and acquired HO, is the formation of extraskeletal bone in skeletal muscle and surrounding soft tissues. Acquired HO is often caused by range of motion, explosion injury, nerve injury or burns. Severe HO can lead to pain and limited joint activity, affecting functional rehabilitation and quality of life. Increasing evidence shows that inflammatory processes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can drive HO. However, explicit knowledge about the specific mechanisms that result in HO and related cell precursors is still limited. Moreover, there are no effective methods to prevent or reduce HO formation. In this review, we provide an update of known risk factors and relevant cellular origins for HO. In particular, we focus on the underlying mechanisms of MSCs in acquired HO, which follow the osteogenic program. We also discuss the latest therapeutic value and implications for acquired HO. Our review highlights the current gaps in knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of acquired HO and identifies potential targets for the prevention and treatment of HO.