RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis remains an important global public health problem. Untreated intrauterine infection may result in adverse events for the fetus or newborn (NB). Maternal risk factors, such as prenatal care, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment, significantly impact the likelihood of vertical transmission of syphilis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate maternal risk factors for congenital syphilis and the characteristics of exposed NB. METHODS: A total of 14 studies were evaluated, including 8 cohort studies, 4 cross-sectional and 2 control cases. A total of 12,230 women were included, with confirmed or highly probable congenital syphilis outcome, and 2285 NB. The studies evaluated risk factors for congenital syphilis, which were maternal, demographic, obstetric factors and characteristics of the exposed NB. RESULTS: Included in the risk factors studied, inadequate prenatal care and late onset, as well as inadequate or late treatment of maternal syphilis were significant risk factors for the outcome of congenital syphilis. When the time set of maternal diagnosis was correlated with neonatal infection, there was a tendency to worsen prognosis (more infected NB) in women diagnosed later in pregnancy, as well as in women who underwent few prenatal consultations and inadequate treatment. Women with recent syphilis with high VDRL titres had a higher rate of vertical transmission. The prior history of syphilis with adequate treatment was identified as a protective factor, resulting in lower rates of congenital syphilis. Among the epidemiological and demographic aspects surveyed, it was observed that young age, lower schooling, unemployment, low family income and no fixed residence were associated with higher risk of congenital syphilis. CONCLUSIONS: The association of syphilis with adverse socio-economic conditions and inadequate prenatal care suggests that the improvement of the population's living conditions and equitable access to quality health services may have an impact on the reduction of congenital syphilis.
Assuntos
Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Sífilis Congênita , Sífilis , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Sífilis Congênita/epidemiologia , Sífilis Congênita/etiologia , Sífilis Congênita/prevenção & controle , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Estudos Transversais , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Cuidado Pré-NatalRESUMO
The main social impact of toxoplasmosis stems from its ability to be vertically transmitted. Postnatally acquired infection is generally asymptomatic in approximately 70-90% of cases, making diagnosis often dependent on laboratory tests using serological methods to search for anti-T. gondii antibodies. This study aimed to investigate the ability of the VIDAS TOXO IgG avidity and VIDAS TOXO IgM assays to confirm recent toxoplasmosis. In total, 341 pregnant women with suspected acute toxoplasmosis were systematically monitored in the Program for Control of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. We conducted an observational analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study and grouped according to clinical and laboratory criteria as having acute or chronic toxoplasmosis. The VIDAS TOXO IgG avidity and VIDAS TOXO IgM assays were evaluated to investigate the capacity to identify acute infection. IgG avidity showed good performance in identifying acute toxoplasmosis when the IgG avidity index was lower than or equal to 0.1. Values greater than or equal to 3.16 according to the TOXO IgM kit were associated with a greater chance of acute infection. These results may contribute to a more adequate diagnosis of acute gestational toxoplasmosis and, consequently, the avoidance of inadequate or unnecessary treatments.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Afinidade de Anticorpos , Imunoglobulina G , Imunoglobulina M , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez , Toxoplasmose Congênita , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Toxoplasmose Congênita/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologia , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/imunologia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose/imunologia , Adulto Jovem , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: The high prevalence and severity of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil, with several affected individuals progressing to low vision, emphasize the importance of evaluating their quality of life. In this study, the Children's Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ) was adapted to the sociocultural context of Brazilian children, and its psychometric properties were investigated for evaluating the vision-related quality of life of these individuals. METHODS: This was a nested cross-sectional epidemiological study that prospectively monitored a cohort of 142 preschool children at a single referral university hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. All children underwent complete ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity testing and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Questionnaires were applied to their parents and caregivers to evaluate quality of life perception, as well as socioeconomic status of their families. Psychometric properties of the quality of life scale were evalua-ted by multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS: Adaptation to the Brazilian version of CVFQ-7 resulted in CVFQ-BR-toxo, a questionnaire for evaluating the perception of parents/caregivers about the vision-related quality of life of preschool children with congenital toxoplasmosis. The following six subscales were identified based on description, variability structure, and interpretation/grouping of items: general health, visual acuity, visual performance/functional vision, personal and social behavior, impact on family, and treatment. Children with low vision related to congenital toxoplasmosis had significantly lower scores for the following subscales: visual acuity (p=0.004), visual performance/functional vision (p=0.008), impact on family (p=0.001), and overall health (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Psychometric properties were appropriate concerning the validity of the quality of life construct. CVFQ-BR-toxo could demonstrate the impact of vision impairment on families of children with congenital toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Qualidade de Vida , Toxoplasmose Congênita , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Psicometria , Inquéritos e Questionários , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome (HLHS) is characterized by an immunological hyperactivation of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. HLHS associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis might be difficult to diagnose once symptoms are similar, resulting in the death of untreated patients. Our aim is to describe a series of cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis with HLHS admitted to a referral hospital for infectious diseases. CASE DESCRIPTION: All 115 cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis referred to a referral center for pediatric infectious diseases were reviewed to identify the cases of HLHS. Five cases (4.5%) were confirmed with HLHS and they presented fever, splenomegaly, cytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia or hypofibrinogenemia, increased ferritin and hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow. COMMENTS: It important to rule out HLHS in children with infectious diseases that do not respond adequately to treatment or in patients with severe symptoms, especially in leishmaniasis endemic areas.
Assuntos
Anemia , Leishmaniose Visceral , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica , Febre , Humanos , Leishmaniose Visceral/complicações , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/diagnóstico , SíndromeRESUMO
Reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency is a severe neonatal mitochondrial myopathy that resolves spontaneously. It is caused by the homoplasmic m.14674T>C mtDNA mutation and additional nuclear variants in genes interacting with mt-tRNAGlu have been detected in some patients. We present detailed clinical, imaging, and muscle biopsy findings in a boy and a girl with neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, lactic acidosis, and ragged red fibers. Both patients show fat replacement on muscle imaging, which was mild in the boy, but severe in the girl, affecting mostly the posterior leg muscles. In addition to the homoplasmic m.14674T>C, both patients carried heterozygous variants in QRSL1 (c. 686T>G; p.Val299Gly) and EARS2 (c.358C>T; p.Arg120Trp), respectively. It is very important to recognize the clinical and morphological signs of reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency as patients should receive intensive supportive care in the first 6 months of life. Understanding the mechanism of the spontaneous recovery may lead to novel therapeutic perspectives in other mitochondrial diseases.
Assuntos
Doenças Mitocondriais/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Biópsia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Doenças Mitocondriais/diagnóstico por imagem , Miopatias Mitocondriais/patologia , Hipotonia Muscular/etiologiaRESUMO
This cross-sectional study of 420 women in two public maternity hospitals from August 2004 to May 2005 evaluated the application of a prenatal toxoplasmosis serological screening protocol in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the information provided to susceptible pregnant women. Ninety-eight percent of women received prenatal care and 97% underwent the initial serological screening test, at an average of 16 weeks gestational age. The initial testing identified 163 women as susceptible to toxoplasmosis: 44% of these did not undergo repeat serological testing, and 42% of them did not remember having received information on the prevention of toxoplasmosis infection. Early prenatal care and a high number of prenatal visits were associated with repeat serological testing and orientation regarding its implications. Orientation on risk factors included: avoiding contact with cats (95%), not handling or eating raw meat (70%), and washing vegetables carefully before consumption (53%). Inadequate adherence to the prenatal screening protocol for toxoplasmosis, as detected in this study, may be generating health system costs without a corresponding improvement in the quality of perinatal care.
Assuntos
Programas de Rastreamento/normas , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Cuidado Pré-Natal/normas , Avaliação de Processos em Cuidados de Saúde , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Brasil , Gatos , Aconselhamento , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Toxoplasmose/prevenção & controleRESUMO
ABSTRACT Purpose: The high prevalence and severity of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil, with several affected individuals progressing to low vision, emphasize the importance of evaluating their quality of life. In this study, the Children's Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ) was adapted to the sociocultural context of Brazilian children, and its psychometric properties were investigated for evaluating the vision-related quality of life of these individuals. Methods: This was a nested cross-sectional epidemiological study that prospectively monitored a cohort of 142 preschool children at a single referral university hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. All children underwent complete ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity testing and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Questionnaires were applied to their parents and caregivers to evaluate quality of life perception, as well as socioeconomic status of their families. Psychometric properties of the quality of life scale were evaluated by multivariate statistical analyses. Results: Adaptation to the Brazilian version of CVFQ-7 resulted in CVFQ-BR-toxo, a questionnaire for evaluating the perception of parents/caregivers about the vision-related quality of life of preschool children with congenital toxoplasmosis. The following six subscales were identified based on description, variability structure, and interpretation/grouping of items: general health, visual acuity, visual performance/functional vision, personal and social behavior, impact on family, and treatment. Children with low vision related to congenital toxoplasmosis had significantly lower scores for the following subscales: visual acuity (p=0.004), visual performance/functional vision (p=0.008), impact on family (p=0.001), and overall health (p=0.001). Conclusion: Psychometric properties were appropriate concerning the validity of the quality of life construct. CVFQ-BR-toxo could demonstrate the impact of vision impairment on families of children with congenital toxoplasmosis.
RESUMO Objetivo: A alta prevalência e gravidade da toxoplasmose congênita no Brasil, com muitos indivíduos afetados desenvolvendo baixa visão, reforça a importância da avaliação da sua qualidade de vida. Este estudo tem como objetivo adaptar o Children's Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ) para a realidade sociocultural de crianças brasileiras e investigar suas propriedades psicométricas para avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à visão nesses indivíduos. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal aninhado de coorte de 142 crianças pré-escolares acompanhadas prospectivamente em hospital universitário de referência em Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Todas foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo medida da acuidade visual e oftalmoscopia binocular indireta. Questionários foram aplicados aos pais e cuidadores, para avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida, bem como o nível sócio-econômico das famílias. Análise estatística multivariada foi realizada para avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da escala de qualidade de vida. Resultados: Adaptações na versão brasileira do Children's Visual Function Questionnaire-7 originaram o Children's Visual Function Questionnaire-7-BR-toxo, um questionário para avaliar a percepção de pais/cuidadores sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada à visão de crianças pré-escolares com toxoplasmose congênita. Pela descrição, estrutura de variabilidade, e interpretação do agrupamento dos itens do questionário adaptado, identificaram-se seis subescalas: saúde geral, capacidade visual, desempenho visual/visão funcional, comportamento social e pessoal, impacto na família e tratamento. Crianças com baixa visão associada a toxoplasmose congênita tiveram escores mais baixos nas seguintes subescalas: acuidade visual (p=0,004), desempenho visual/visão funcional (p=0,008), impacto na família (p=0,001) e saúde geral (p=0,001). Conclusão: As propriedades psicométricas foram adequadas no tocante à validade do construto. O Children's Visual Function Questionnaire-7-BR-toxo foi capaz de registrar o impacto da deficiência visual nas famílias de crianças com toxoplasmose congênita.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are few studies reporting frequency and control of adverse events associated with congenital toxoplasmosis treatment. The objective of this study is to describe treatment adherence and adverse hematologic events in a cohort of children identified with congenital toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Children were treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and folinic acid and were evaluated clinically and by laboratory tests at regular intervals. RESULTS: Of 146,307 live newborns who participated in the Neonatal Screening Program in Minas Gerais in 2006-2007, 190 had congenital toxoplasmosis. Among the 171 children whose treatment data were available, 73.1% completely adhered to antiparasitic therapy. Hematologic adverse events (macrocytic anemia and/or neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia) were diagnosed in 44% of them. The most common adverse event was neutropenia (31%). In most cases, it was not severe and reversed after increase in folinic acid dosage (25.7%) or temporary treatment suspension (1.8%). No infections were observed in association with neutropenic events. Significant associations were detected between macrocytic anemia and lower weight Z score at first medical appointment (P = 0.03), and between severe neutropenia (<500/mm) and lower weight Z score toward the end of treatment (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of hematologic adverse events found, especially in malnourished children, highlight the importance of careful monitoring of these children throughout treatment, as well as considering nutritional aspects and the need for higher doses of folinic acid. With adequate monitoring, antiparasitic treatment was feasible and relatively safe in the setting of this large screening program for congenital toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/efeitos adversos , Medula Óssea , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Toxoplasmose Congênita/tratamento farmacológico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/fisiopatologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Triagem Neonatal , Neutropenia/diagnóstico , Neutropenia/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Pirimetamina/efeitos adversos , Pirimetamina/uso terapêutico , Sulfadiazina/efeitos adversos , Sulfadiazina/uso terapêutico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/complicaçõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Congenital toxoplasmosis is a public health problem in Brazil. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais which is the second largest Brazilian State based on number of inhabitants, and its territorial extension is larger than that of France. METHODS: Population-based case-control study to assess the association between congenital toxoplasmosis and maternal exposure to infection risk factors. The study included mothers/children participating in the Minas Gerais Newborn Screening Program. The cases consisted of 175 mothers of infected children, and the controls consisted of 278 mothers of children without suspected infection. The associations were assessed through binomial logistic regression with p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The variables associated with lower probability of toxoplasmosis were: older mother age (OR = 0.89; CI95%â = 0.85-0.93), higher level of education (OR = 0.85; CI95%â= 0.78-0.92), access to potable water (OR = 0.21; CI95%â= 0.08-0.51), and home with flush toilet (OR = 0.18; CI95%â= 0.04-078). The variables associated with higher probability of infection were: cats in the neighborhood (OR = 2.27; CI95%â = 1.27-4.06), owning or visiting homes with domestic cats (OR = 1.90; CI95%â = 1.09-3.31), handling the soil (OR = 2.29; CI95%â = 1.32-3.96), and eating fresh meat not previously frozen (OR = 3.97; CI95%â = 2.17-7.25). After stratification according region of residence (rural or urban/peri-urban), home with flush toilet and consumption of treated water were protective against the disease only in the rural stratum. CONCLUSIONS: In Minas Gerais, congenital toxoplasmosis has been associated with poor socioeconomic conditions. Considering maternal exposure to sources of Toxoplasma gondii, the predominating risk factors were those related to the ingestion of oocysts. It is expected that these results will contribute to development of a program for prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis adapted to the reality of the population of Minas Gerais. The differences between populations living in rural and urban areas regarding the main risk factors for toxoplasmosis point to the need of considering regional specificities in planning strategies to control congenital toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Oocistos , Classe Social , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Gatos , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Exposição Materna , Mães , Análise Multivariada , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Toxoplasma/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between clinical signs of congenital toxoplasmosis and IgG subclasses found in newborns participating in the Minas Gerais State Neonatal Screening Program. METHODS: Neonates with confirmed congenital toxoplasmosis underwent standardized ophthalmologic evaluation, neuroimaging studies and hearing assessment, as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing for total IgG and its subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) against soluble (STAg) and recombinant (rSAG1 and rMIC3) antigens of Toxoplasma gondii. RESULTS: Newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis but without ocular lesions were more likely to present anti-rMIC3 total IgG when compared with those newborns with active or cicatricial retinochoroidal lesions. Detection of anti-rMIC3 IgG2 and IgG4 was associated with presence of retinochoroidal lesions and intracranial calcifications, with higher mean reactivity index values than unaffected newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis. Anti-STAg IgG3 was associated with newborns without neurologic damage. CONCLUSIONS: Specific subclasses of IgG antibodies reacting with recombinant antigens of T. gondii may serve as biomarkers of neurologic and ocular changes in newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/classificação , Imunoglobulina G/classificação , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Antígenos de Protozoários/imunologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Toxoplasmose Congênita/sangue , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introdução: as infecções congênitas são resultantes da transmissão vertical de microrganismos de gestantes infectadas para seus conceptos. Apesar dessas infecções, em geral, cursarem com pouca ou nenhuma manifestação clínica nas gestantes, a infecção fetal pode trazer morbimortalidade perinatal e na infância. Objetivo: identificar a prevalência das infecções congênitas encaminhadas ao Centro de Referência e Treinamento em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Orestes Diniz (CTR/DIP Orestes Diniz) e avaliar os métodos laboratoriais usados para o diagnóstico. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em ambulatório de referência em doenças infecciosas, a partir de coleta de dados de prontuários de crianças com diagnóstico suspeito de infecção congênita. A confirmação diagnóstica baseou-se em testes sorológicos ou de biologia molecular, além de descrição de sintomatologia da criança. Resultados: um total de 513 crianças foram identificadas, sendo que 41,3% tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado, a maioria foi de toxoplasmose (45,35%) e sífilis (15,98%). Entre as crianças com diagnóstico confirmado, 28,85% apresentaram manifestações clínicas, enquanto que no grupo com diagnóstico indeterminado ou suspeito o percentual foi de 16,38%. As principais manifestações identificadas foram acometimento do sistema nervoso central (n=39) e alterações visuais (n=30). Conclusão: a confirmação de infecção foi definida em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes avaliados e a maioria das crianças foi assintomática ao nascimento. O pré-natal de qualidade e a propedêutica e tratamento precoce das crianças identificadas podem reduzir o impacto dessas infecções no nosso meio.(AU)
Introduction: congenital infections are results of microorganisms transmitted to the fetus by the infected pregnant. Most newborn infants infected during pregnancy or labor have no sings of congenital disease. However, these infections may cause perinatal and infancy morbidity and mortality. Objective: to determine the prevalence of congenital infections in newborns and infants attended at the CTR/DIP Orestes Diniz (Centro de Treinamento e Referência em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Orestes Diniz) and to analyse the laboratorial methods used for diagnosis of congenital disease of assisted children. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in an Infectious Diseases Reference Center where it was evaluated the charts of infants with suspected congenital infection. Diagnosis confirmation was based on serological tests, molecular biology and signs and symptoms described in the charts. Results: A total of 41,3% of the 513 children identified have had a defined diagnosis. Most of them had toxoplasmosis (45,35%) and syphilis (15,98%). Clinical manifestations was observed in 28,85% of children with defined diagnosis of congenital infection, and in 16,38% of children with uncertain diagnosis. Central Nervous System (n=39) and ocular (n=30) manifestations were the most frequent findings. Conclusions: Defined diagnosis was possible in about half of cases and most of them were asymptomatic at birth. An appropriate prenatal care and early diagnosis and treatment of congenital infections may reduce the impact of disease in the population.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Sífilis Congênita , Toxoplasmose Congênita , Dengue/congênito , Hepatite B/congênito , Troca Materno-Fetal , Brasil , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Febre de Chikungunya/congênito , Infecção por Zika virus/congênito , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A sífilis congênita (SC) é um agravo prevenível, mas o Brasil ainda apresenta alta prevalência da doença, com consequente morbimortalidade perinatal. Objetivo: Avaliar a abordagem de sífilis em gestantes e seus recém-nascidos encaminhados para centro de referência. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de março de 2012 a abril de 2013. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários de pacientes referenciados com SC, considerando critérios estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS). Os dados foram analisados pelo Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética. Resultados: Um total de 31 recém-nascidos foi encaminhado devido à triagem materna com Venereal Disease Research Laboratory(VDRL) materno positivo durante a gestação, com 4 mulheres adequadamente tratadas. Treze recém-nascidos apresentaram alteração no hemograma e1 apresentou alteração óssea, 28 deles com tratamento adequado. Discussão: Quando se considera adequação de tratamento de acordo com as diretrizes nacionais, poucos casos de sífilis na gestação são considerados adequadamente tratados. Isso impacta na assistência ao recém-nascido, que, muitas vezes,é submetido a propedêutica invasiva e tratamento extenso, embora na maioria das vezes seja assintomático. Conclusão: O seguimento das recomendações para o tratamento da sífilis na gestante tem sido, frequentemente, considerado inadequado, o que dificulta a eliminação da SC.
Congenital syphilis (CS) is a preventable disease, but its prevalence is still high in Brazil, with consequent perinatal morbidity and mortality.Objective: To evaluate the approach of syphilis in pregnant women and their newborns referred to the referral center of Orestes Diniz, in Belo Horizonte.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2012 to April 2013. Data collection was performed on the medical records of patients referred with CS, considering the criteria established by the Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed using SPSS and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: A total of 31 newborns were referred due to a positive result in maternal testing with Venereal Disease Research Laboratory during pregnancy. However, only four women have been adequately treated in accordance with the Ministry of Health. Thirteen newborns presented alterations inblood cells count, one had bone rarefactions, and 28 presented proper information of treatment. Discussion: When considering the adequacy of treatmenta ccording to the national guidelines, few cases of syphilis during pregnancy can be considered adequately treated. This affects the assistance to the newborn,who is often subjected to invasive investigation and extensive treatment, although most are asymptomatic. Conclusion: The follow-up of recommendations for the treatment of syphilis in pregnant women has often been considered inadequate, making CS difficult to eliminate
Assuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Sífilis Congênita/terapia , Gravidez , Epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Testes para Triagem do Soro MaternoRESUMO
As infecções que acometem o binômio mãe-filho durante a gestação constituem grande preocupação para obstetras e pediatras, por sua frequência e dificuldade no diagnóstico etiológico, importante para o tratamento precoce. A maioria dos recém-nascidos com infecções congênitas é assintomática, assinalando a importância da triagem laboratorial para doenças transmissíveis durante o ciclo gravídico-puerperal da mulher. Este artigo de revisão visa a apresentar recomendações em relação às infecções congênitas por Treponema pallidume Toxoplasma gondii. A sífilis é uma das doenças com maiores taxas de transmissão vertical e é um problema de saúde pública ainda com controle insuficiente no país. O diagnóstico da infecção materna, realizado com VDRL e confirmado com um teste treponêmico, indica tratamento imediato na gestante e em seu parceiro. A infecção congênita é prevenível por meio do tratamento materno adequado com penicilina benzatina, o que representa ótimo custo-benefício. A toxoplasmose é parasitose de distribuição mundial, com alta prevalência em nosso meio. O rastreamento sorológico durante o pré-natal permite a detecção das gestantes suscetíveis que devem ser priorizadas nas ações educativas e monitoradas para identificar-se possível soroconversão. O tratamento precoce da gestante com infecção aguda pode reduzir a transmissão materno-fetal ou o comprometimento do feto, melhorando o prognóstico do recém-nascido infectado. É possível evitar a sífilis e a toxoplasmose congênita por meio do pré-natal de qualidade, que deve ser disponível e acessível. Ações preventivas e diagnósticas devem ser intensificadas no acompanhamento da gestante, principalmente nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS), de forma a gerar resultados com impacto populacional.
The infections that affect the binomial mother-son during pregnancy are of great concern to obstetricians and pediatricians because of its frequency and difficulty in reaching an etiological diagnosis that is important for early treatment. Most newborns with congenital infection are asymptomatic; this shows the importance of laboratory screening for diseases that are transmitted during the pregnancy-puerperal cycle of women. This review aims to provide recommendations with regard to congenital infection by Treponema pallidum and Toxoplasma gondii. Syphilis is one of the diseases with the highest rates of mother-to-child transmission and is a public health problem still with insufficient control in the country. The diagnosis of maternal infection, performed with VDRL and confirmed with a treponemic test, indicates immediate treatment in pregnant women and their partners. The congenital infection is preventable through adequate maternal treatment with benzathine penicillin, which presents great costbenefitvalue. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitosis of worldwide distribution, with high prevalence in our environment. The serological screening during the prenatal period allows the detection of susceptible pregnant women who should be prioritized in educational activities and monitored for possible seroconversion. The early treatment of pregnant women with acute infection can reduce the maternal-fetal transmission or fetal impairment improving the prognosis of infected newborns. Syphilis and congenital toxoplasmosis can be avoided with a high quality prenatal, whichshould be available and accessible. Preventive and diagnostic actions should be intensified in the monitoring of pregnant women, especially in the basic health units (UBS), to generate population impacting results.
RESUMO
Foi realizado estudo transversal, em duas maternidades públicas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com entrevista de 420 puérperas, de agosto de 2004 a maio de 2005, para avaliar a aplicação do protocolo de triagem pré-natal para toxoplasmose implantado, e as orientações oferecidas às gestantes suscetíveis. A cobertura do pré-natal foi de 98 por cento, e da primeira triagem sorológica de 97 por cento. O início do pré-natal e a realização da primeira sorologia ocorreram em média com 16 semanas. Foram identificadas 163 gestantes suscetíveis à toxoplasmose: 44 por cento não repetiram a sorologia, e 42 por cento alegaram não ter recebido orientações para prevenção da toxoplasmose. O início precoce do pré-natal e um maior número de consultas foram associados à repetição da sorologia e ao recebimento de orientações. As informações oferecidas foram: evitar contato com gatos (95 por cento), não ingerir ou manipular carne crua (70 por cento) e lavar cuidadosamente as hortaliças (53 por cento). Concluiu-se que a adesão inadequada ao protocolo de triagem pré-natal de toxoplasmose encontrada no estudo pode gerar gastos financeiros sem melhoria na qualidade do cuidado perinatal.
This cross-sectional study of 420 women in two public maternity hospitals from August 2004 to May 2005 evaluated the application of a prenatal toxoplasmosis serological screening protocol in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the information provided to susceptible pregnant women. Ninety-eight percent of women received prenatal care and 97 percent underwent the initial serological screening test, at an average of 16 weeks gestational age. The initial testing identified 163 women as susceptible to toxoplasmosis: 44 percent of these did not undergo repeat serological testing, and 42 percent of them did not remember having received information on the prevention of toxoplasmosis infection. Early prenatal care and a high number of prenatal visits were associated with repeat serological testing and orientation regarding its implications. Orientation on risk factors included: avoiding contact with cats (95 percent), not handling or eating raw meat (70 percent), and washing vegetables carefully before consumption (53 percent). Inadequate adherence to the prenatal screening protocol for toxoplasmosis, as detected in this study, may be generating health system costs without a corresponding improvement in the quality of perinatal care.