Art and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are episodes of seizure-like symptoms that are not associated with epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG). They can be remarkably difficult to distinguish from epileptic seizures: both may involve alterations in mental status and behavior, sensory or perceptual disturbances, as well as simple or complex motor patterns. Pictorial expressions of PNES have always attracted attention from the lay public and medical practitioners alike, by showing the rich variety of semiologies seen in the condition and its differences with epileptic seizures. In this article, we present two new contemporary artistic descriptions by the Canadian artist Iris Hauser about PNES. The depictions highlight key signs seen in PNES such as "eyes closed during events", "the hyperextension of the back and limbs", and the "claw-like finger posturing". We believe that the drawings can provide a valuable educational component in the initial assessment of patients suspected of having PNES as a training tool to identify and refer patients for more advanced testing.

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nova Scotia During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic response to healthcare delivery on outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This is a population-based cohort study performed in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada (population 979,499), between the pre-COVID (March 1, 2017-March 16, 2020) and in-COVID (March 17, 2020-December 31, 2020) periods. Adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with new-onset or existing cardiovascular disease were included for comparison between periods. The main outcome measures included the following: cardiovascular emergency department visits or hospitalizations, mortality, and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. RESULTS: In the first month of the in-COVID period, emergency department visits (n = 51,750) for cardiac symptoms decreased by 20.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.0%-27.0%, P < 0.001). Cardiovascular hospitalizations (n = 20,609) declined by 48.1% (95% CI 40.4% to 54.9%, P < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate increased in patients with cardiovascular admissions in secondary care institutions by 55.1% (95% CI 10.1%-118%, P = 0.013). A decline of 20.4%-44.0% occurred in cardiovascular surgical/interventional procedures. The number of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (n = 5528) increased from a monthly mean of 115 ± 15 to 136 ± 14, beginning in May 2020. Mortality for ambulatory patients awaiting cardiac intervention (n = 14,083) increased from 0.16% (n = 12,501) to 2.49% (n = 361) in the in-COVID period (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during restrictions maintained during the COVID-19 period, in an area with a low burden of COVID-19. As the healthcare system recovers or enters subsequent waves of COVID-19, these findings should inform communication to the public regarding cardiovascular symptoms, and policy for delivery of cardiovascular care.

CONTEXTE: Cette étude visait à déterminer les répercussions de la réponse à la pandémie de COVID-19 sur la prestation des soins de santé et son incidence sur les résultats obtenus par les patients atteints d'une maladie cardiovasculaire. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Il s'agit d'une étude de cohorte représentative de la population réalisée dans la province de la Nouvelle-Écosse, au Canada (population de 979 499 habitants), entre la période précédant le début de la pandémie de COVID-19 (du 1er mars 2017 au 16 mars 2020) et la période de pandémie (du 17 mars 2020 au 31 décembre 2020). Des patients adultes (âge ≥ 18 ans) atteints d'une maladie cardiovasculaire préexistante ou d'apparition récente ont été inclus pour la comparaison entre les périodes. Les principaux paramètres d'évaluation comprenaient les visites ou hospitalisations dans un service d'urgences cardiovasculaires, la mortalité et l'arrêt cardiaque en milieu extrahospitalier. RÉSULTATS: Au cours du premier mois de la période de pandémie, les visites aux services des urgences (n = 51 750) pour des symptômes cardiaques ont diminué de 20,8 % (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 14,0 % ­ 27,0 %, p < 0,001). Les hospitalisations en raison d'un événement cardiovasculaire (n = 20 609) ont décliné de 48,1 % (IC à 95 % : 40,4 % ­ 54,9 %, p < 0,001). Le taux de mortalité hospitalière parmi les patients admis dans des établissements de soins secondaires a augmenté de 55,1 % (IC à 95 % : 10,1 % ­ 118 %, p = 0,013). Une baisse de 20,4 à 44,0 % du nombre d'interventions chirurgicales ou interventionnelles visant à prendre en charge un événement cardiovasculaire a également été enregistrée. Le nombre d'arrêts cardiaques survenus en milieu extrahospitalier (n = 5 528) est passé d'une moyenne mensuelle de 115 ± 15 à 136 ± 14, à compter de mai 2020. La mortalité des patients ambulatoires en attente d'une intervention cardiaque (n = 14 083) a augmenté, passant de 0,16 % (n = 12 501) à 2,49 % (n = 361) pendant la période de pandémie (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: Cette étude révèle une augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité cardiovasculaires durant le maintien des restrictions liées à la COVID-19 dans une région où le fardeau associé à cette maladie est faible. À mesure que le système de santé se rétablit ou affronte les vagues subséquentes de COVID-19, ces résultats devraient éclairer les communications au public concernant les symptômes cardiovasculaires et orienter la politique de prestation de soins cardiovasculaires.

Cardiovascular adaptations of pregnancy in T and B cell-deficient mice.

The pathophysiology of gestational hypertensive disorders is incompletely defined. T lymphocytes are implicated. Both T and natural killer (NK) cells express RAS and, in implantation sites, NK cells are highly enriched. We hypothesized that T cells and/or NK cells contribute to circulatory control during pregnancy. Using radiotelemetry of arterial pressure, heart rate, and activity, mice without T and B cells (genotypes BALB/c-Rag2(-/-) and NOD.scid) were examined at baseline and across pregnancy. These strains differ in NK cell competency, with Rag2(-/-) being normal and NOD.scid impaired. Circulatory features differed between these inbred strains. Rag2(-/-); had blood pressure responses to pregnancy that did not differ from congenic normal mice. NOD.scid had higher midgestational blood pressure compared with normoglycemic NOD mice (3-5 mm Hg greater than NOD; P < 0.004). In comparison to controls, both T and B strains had much higher heart rates after first trimester that did not remit until parturition (>30 bpm greater than control; P < 0.0001). NOD.scid had additional anomalies, including 90% depletion of circulating NK cells and elevated (57%) proliferation of uterine NK cells within implantation sites. These data demonstrate immune control of midgestational heart rate and suggest NK cells contribute to midpregnancy regulation of mean arterial pressure.

Definitions and Risk Factors for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in an Adult Cohort.

Background: Less than one-third of people with epilepsy will develop drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Establishing the prognosis of each unique epilepsy case is an important part of evaluation and treatment.Most studies on DRE prognosis have been based on a pooled, heterogeneous group, including children, adults, and older adults, in the absence of clear recognition and control of important confounders, such as age group. Furthermore, previous studies were done before the 2010 definition of DRE by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), so data based on the current definitions have not been entirely elucidated. This study aimed to explore the difference between 3 definitions of DRE and clinical predictors of DRE in adults and older adults. Methods: Patients with a new diagnosis of epilepsy ascertained at a Single Seizure Clinic (SSC) in Saskatchewan, Canada were included if they had at least 1 year of follow-up. The first study outcome was the diagnosis of DRE epilepsy at follow-up using the 2010 ILAE definition. This was compared with 2 alternative definitions of DRE by Kwan and Brodie and Camfield and Camfield. Finally, risk factors were analyzed using the ILAE definition. Results: In total, 95 patients with a new diagnosis of epilepsy and a median follow-up of 24 months were included. The median age of patients at the diagnosis of epilepsy was 33 years, and 51% were men. In the cohort, 32% of patients were diagnosed with DRE by the Kwan and Brodie definition, 10% by Camfield and Camfield definition, and 15% by the ILAE definition by the end of follow-up. The only statistically significant risk factor for DRE development was the failure to respond to the first anti-seizure medication (ASM). Conclusion: There were important differences in the percentage of patients diagnosed with DRE when using 3 concurrent definitions. However, the use of the ILAE definition appeared to be the most consistent through an extended follow-up. Finally, failure to respond to the first ASM was the sole significant risk factor for DRE in the cohort after considering the age group.

The memory T cell response to West Nile virus in symptomatic humans following natural infection is not influenced by age and is dominated by a restricted set of CD8+ T cell epitopes.

We examined the West Nile virus (WNV)-specific T cell response in a cohort of 52 patients with symptomatic WNV infections, including neuroinvasive and non-invasive disease. Although all virus proteins were shown to contain T cell epitopes, certain proteins, such as E, were more commonly targeted by the T cell response. Most patients exhibited reactivity toward 3-4 individual WNV peptides; however, several patients exhibited reactivity toward >10 individual peptides. The relative hierarchy of T cell reactivities in all patients showed a fixed pattern that was sustained throughout the 12-mo period of the current study. Surprisingly, we did not observe any relationship between age and either the breadth or magnitude of the T cell response following infection. We also did not observe a relationship between disease severity and either the breadth or magnitude of the T cell response. The T cell epitopes were distributed in a non-random fashion across the viral polyprotein and a limited number of epitopes appeared to dominate the CD8(+) T cell response within our cohort. These data provide important new insight into the T cell response against WNV in humans.

A North American History of Cannabis Use in the Treatment of Epilepsy.

Cannabis has been used for millennia in religious ceremonies, for recreation and for its medicinal qualities. There are multiple accounts detailing the specific ailments cannabis has been used to treat, many of which have included epilepsy. Racial discrimination and political stigmatization led to prohibition, which limited both patients' and researchers' access to the drug through the 20th century. Recently, academic interest has been renewed in cannabis, especially regarding the modulation of cortical excitability via the human endocannabinoid system. Modern research has produced several promising studies regarding the treatment of epileptic encephalopathies. Legalization of marijuana in Canada has potentially allowed for further trials, but it is by no means an end to the controversy surrounding the treatment of epilepsy with cannabinoids.

The Concept of an Epilepsy Brain Bank.

Epilepsy comprises more than 40 clinical syndromes affecting millions of patients and families worldwide. To decode the molecular and pathological framework of epilepsy researchers, need reliable human epilepsy and control brain samples. Brain bank organizations collecting and supplying well-documented clinically and pathophysiologically tissue specimens are important for high-quality neurophysiology and neuropharmacology studies for epilepsy and other neurological diseases. New development in molecular mechanism and new treatment methods for neurological disorders have evoked increased demands for human brain tissue. An epilepsy brain bank is a storage source for both the frozen samples as well as the formaldehyde fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue from epilepsy surgery resections. In 2014, the University of Saskatchewan have started collecting human epilepsy brain tissues for the first time in Canada. This review highlights the necessity and importance of Epilepsy Brain bank that provides unique access for research to valuable source of brain tissue and blood samples from epilepsy patients.

Factors affecting sedimentational separation of bacteria from blood.

Rapid diagnosis of blood infections requires fast and efficient separation of bacteria from blood. We have developed spinning hollow disks that separate bacteria from blood cells via the differences in sedimentation velocities of these particles. Factors affecting separation included the spinning speed and duration, and disk size. These factors were varied in dozens of experiments for which the volume of separated plasma, and the concentration of bacteria and red blood cells (RBCs) in separated plasma were measured. Data were correlated by a parameter of characteristic sedimentation length, which is the distance that an idealized RBC would travel during the entire spin. Results show that characteristic sedimentation length of 20 to 25 mm produces an optimal separation and collection of bacteria in plasma. This corresponds to spinning a 12-cm-diameter disk at 3,000 rpm for 13 s. Following the spin, a careful deceleration preserves the separation of cells from plasma and provides a bacterial recovery of about 61 ± 5%.

Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature.

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation is a safe and effective neurointerventional technique for the treatment of movement disorders. Electrical stimulation of subcortical structures may exert a control on seizure generators initiating epileptic activities. The aim of this review is to present the targets of the deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods: We performed a structured review of the literature from 1980 to 2018 using Medline and PubMed. Articles assessing the impact of deep brain stimulation on seizure frequency in patients with DRE were selected. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies were included. Results: To date, deep brain stimulation of various neural targets has been investigated in animal experiments and humans. This article presents the use of stimulation of the anterior and centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum and hypothalamus. Anterior thalamic stimulation has demonstrated efficacy and there is evidence to recommend it as the target of choice. Conclusion: Deep brain stimulation for seizures may be an option in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Anterior thalamic nucleus stimulation could be recommended over other targets.

Nursing considerations and interdisciplinary coordination in the care of conjoined twins.

Traditional nursing care strategies may require modification to meet the unique needs of conjoined twins. Here we discuss the strategies found to be useful in planning for and responding to distinctive circumstances encountered throughout hospitalization, as well as lessons learned. Areas of focus include ensuring privacy, designing adequate unit accommodations to meet space and equipment needs, staffing considerations and adaptations to typical neonatal intensive care nursing interventions. The utility of a team-based approach to interdisciplinary care coordination is also discussed. With adequate preparation and thoughtful innovation, most tertiary neonatal intensive care units can readily adapt to the unique needs of conjoined twins.

Experience of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in the Canadian league against epilepsy: A survey describing current practices by neurologists and epileptologists.

PURPOSE: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are one of the most common differential diagnoses of epilepsy. Our objective is to describe current medical care in Canada and identify patterns of practice and service gaps. METHODS: In 2015, a 36-question survey was sent via email to the 131 members of the Canadian League Against Epilepsy. The questions were designed after literature review and discussion with the ILAE PNES Task Force. Questions were separated into 5 sections: 1) the role of the respondent and their exposure to PNES, 2) diagnostic methods, 3) management of PNES, 4) etiological factors, and 5) problems accessing health care. RESULTS: Sixty-two questionnaires were analyzed (response rate: 47%). Most respondents were epileptologists (76%). The majority of respondents personally diagnosed PNES and communicated the diagnosis to the patient, but only 55% provided follow-up within their practice and only 50% recommended or arranged treatment. Many (35%) were either unfamiliar with the diagnosis of PNES or inexperienced in arranging or offering treatment. Most (79%) provided follow-up to patients with concomitant epilepsy, but when PNES was the sole diagnosis follow-up rates were low. Although 84% of respondents felt that individualized psychological therapy was the most effective treatment, 40% of patients were not referred to psychotherapy and in most cases availability such therapy was low (30-60%). CONCLUSIONS: Canadian health professionals' understanding of PNES mostly reflects current international expert opinion. Once diagnosis is made however, the majority of patients are discharged from neurological services without appropriate psychological care.

An exploratory study into the effects of a 20 minute crushed ice application on knee joint position sense during a small knee bend.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of cryotherapy on joint positioning presents conflicting debates as to whether individuals are at an increased risk of injury when returning to play or activity immediately following cryotherapy application at the knee. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 20 min application of crushed ice at the knee immediately affects knee joint position sense during a small knee bend. DESIGN: Pre- and post-intervention. SETTING: University movement analysis laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven healthy male participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Kinematics of the knee were measured during a weight bearing functional task pre and post cryotherapy intervention using three-dimensional motion analysis (Qualisys Medical AB Gothenburg, Sweden). Tissue cooling was measured via a digital thermometer at the knee. RESULTS: Results demonstrated significant reductions in the ability to accurately replicate knee joint positioning in both sagittal (P = .035) and coronal (P = .011) planes during the descent phase of a small knee bend following cryotherapy. CONCLUSION: In conclusion a 20 min application of crushed ice to the knee has an adverse effect on knee joint repositioning. Team doctors, clinicians, therapists and athletes should consider these findings when deciding to return an athlete to functional weight bearing tasks immediately following ice application at the knee, due to the potential increase risk of injury.

Contrasting recovery of shallow and deep water seagrass communities following climate associated losses in tropical north Queensland, Australia.

Tropical seagrass decline and recovery from severe storm impacts was assessed via quarterly measurements of seagrass biomass, species composition and experimental investigations of recovery in north Queensland. Shallow and deep seagrass meadows suffered major declines. Significant recovery in the two years following loss only occurred at deeper sites. Halophila spp. in deep water areas had a high capacity for recovery through the availability of seed banks. In contrast, the shallow species did not recover quickly from experimental disturbance, had poor seed reserves and relied on asexual propagation. The potential for shallow species to recover rapidly from widespread losses was limited as seed banks were limited or non-existent. Understanding inter- and intra-specific differences in seagrass recovery and how this interacts with location is critical to predict the consequences of climate events to tropical seagrasses. This is especially important as more frequent severe storms are predicted as a consequence of climate change.

Expression of the vasoactive proteins AT1, AT2, and ANP by pregnancy-induced mouse uterine natural killer cells.

Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) activation leads to vasoconstriction and type 2 receptor (AT2) leads to vasodilation. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antagonizes the effects of AT1. In human and murine pregnancies, uterine natural killer (uNK) cells closely associate with decidual blood vessels. Protein localization of AT1, AT2, and ANP to mouse uNK cells was examined between gestation days (gds) 6 and 12, the interval of uNK cell expansion. Percentages of uNK cells expressing AT1 or AT2 changed between gd6 and gd10. Atrial natriuretic peptide did not localize to uNK cells at gd6 or 8, but did colocalize to uNK cells at gd10 and 12, times immediately after spiral arterial modification. This is the first report of AT1, AT2, and ANP expression in uterine immune cells. Expression of these molecules suggests that uNK cells have the potential to contribute to the changes in blood pressure that occur between days 5 and 12 of pregnancy in mice.

Uterine NK cells, spiral artery modification and the regulation of blood pressure during mouse pregnancy.

Reproductive success in mammals involves coordinated changes in the immune and cardiovascular as well as in the neuroendocrine and reproductive systems. This review addresses studies that identify potential links for NK cells and T cells with the local and systemic cardiovascular adaptations of pregnancy. The studies reviewed have utilized immunohistochemisty and in vivo analyses of vascular parameters by ultrasound, chronic monitoring of hemodynamics via radiotelemetric recording and intravital microscopy. At the uterine level, functional subsets of uterine natural killer cells were identified. These included subsets expressing molecules important for vasoregulation, in addition to those previously identified for angiogenesis. Spiral arteries showed conducted responses that could account for conceptus control of vasoactivity and mouse gestational blood pressure 5-phase pattern. Vascular immunology is an emerging transdisciplinary field, critical for both reproductive immunology and cardiovascular disease.