Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Variação Genética , Tipagem Molecular , Animais , Análise por Conglomerados , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Europa (Continente) , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Animais de Estimação , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) represents a risk factor for the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which develops at least 48h after admission in patients ventilated through tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation. VAP is the most frequent intensive-care-unit (ICU)-acquired infection among patients receiving IMV. It contributes to an increase in hospital mortality, duration of MV and ICU and length of hospital stay. Therefore, it worsens the condition of the critical patient and increases the total cost of hospitalization. The introduction of preventive measures has become imperative, to ensure control and to reduce the incidence of VAP. Preventive measures focus on modifiable risk factors, mediated by non-pharmacological and pharmacological evidence based strategies recommended by guidelines. These measures are intended to reduce the risk associated with endotracheal intubation and to prevent microaspiration of pathogens to the lower airways.
Assuntos
Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/prevenção & controle , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
AIMS: An epidemiological survey of diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in Lisbon, stratifying the bacterial profile based on patient demographical data, diabetic foot characteristics (PEDIS classification), ulcer duration and antibiotic therapy. METHODS: A transversal observational multicenter study, with clinical data collection using a structured questionnaire and microbiological products (aspirates, biopsies or swabs collected using the Levine method) of clinically infected foot ulcers of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). RESULTS: Forty-nine hospitalized and ambulatory patients were enrolled in this study, and 147 microbial isolates were cultured. Staphylococcus was the main genus identified, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in 24.5% of total cases. In the clinical samples collected from patients undergoing antibiotic therapy, 93% of the antibiotic regimens were considered inadequate based on the antibiotic susceptibility test results. The average duration of an ulcer with any isolated multi-drug resistant (MDR) organism was 29 days, and previous treatment with fluoroquinolones was statistically associated with multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of DFIs in our area. Prevalence and precocity of MDR organisms, namely MRSA, were high and were probably related to previous indiscriminate antibiotic use. Clinicians should avoid fluoroquinolones and more frequently consider the use of empirical anti-MRSA therapy.
Assuntos
Pé Diabético/epidemiologia , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Pé Diabético/microbiologia , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Portugal , Prevalência , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
To demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) mother-to-child transmission exists, HIV-2 isolates were obtained from both an asymptomatic mother (HIV-2 strain ARM), and her child (HIV-2 strain SAR), who had a diagnosis of AIDS. To determine their biological phenotype, primary isolates were used to infect various primary mononuclear cells and cell lines. HIV-2 ARM replicates in primary cells and Jurkat-tat, while HIV-2 SAR infects these cells plus SupT1, which led us to classify HIV-2 ARM as a slow/low virus and HIV-2 SAR as having an intermediate (slow/low-3) phenotype. Molecular analysis of the env region corresponding to gp125 was performed. Viral DNA was cloned, sequenced, and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The DNA sequence analysis demonstrated an overall nucleotide diversity of 7.6%. The results present evidence that the child's strain is more virulent than the mother's strain, which is in agreement with the immunodeficiency of the child. The phylogenetic trees that were constructed demonstrate that the two isolates cluster together, being closer to each other than to any other isolate described until now.