CIITA expression is regulated by histone deacetylase enzymes and has a role in α-synuclein pre-formed fibril-induced antigen presentation in murine microglial cell line.

AIM: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder related with several genetic and epigenetic factors. In the context of epigenetic factors, histone acetylation is one of the most associated mechanisms with Parkinson's disease progression. This study investigates the effects of the increased histone acetylation on antigen presentation in microglial cells which were induced by pre-formed fibrils of α-synuclein (pFF α-synuclein). METHODS: Parkinson's disease model was created with pFF α-synuclein administration to the BV-2 microglial cells. BV-2 cells were co-treated with CUDC-907 and TMP-195 to increase histone acetylation in the presence of α-synuclein. Antigen representation was evaluated by determining expression levels of major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) and class-II major histocompatibility complex (CIITA). RESULTS: Our results showed that pFF α-synuclein significantly increased MHC-II expression, and that effect was most severe at 6 h of administration of α-synuclein. Increasing histone acetylation via CUDC-907 and TMP-195 enhanced MHC-II levels expression, which was more severe in CUDC-907. Additionally, CIITA expression levels were significantly increased with pFF α-synuclein administration and intensified with the co-treatment of CUDC-907 and TMP-195. Furthermore, pFF α-synuclein caused a time-dependent increase in the IFN-gamma (IFN-É£) and interleukin-16(IL-16) levels, and that increase was potentiated with CUDC-907 and TMP-195. CONCLUSION: Changes in MHC-II and CIITA expression indicate that histone acetylation increases the antigen presentation properties of microglial cells after pFF α-synuclein or histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) administration. Our results show that microglial antigen presentation might have an essential role in the pathology of Parkinson's disease, and α-synuclein likely to play a primary role in this mechanism.

SAHA attenuates rotenone-induced toxicity in primary microglia and HT-22 cells.

Rotenone is an industrial and environmental toxicant that has been strongly associated with neurodegeneration. It is clear that rotenone induces inflammatory and oxidative stress; however, information on the role of histone acetylation in neurotoxicity is limited. Epigenetic alterations, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress play a role in the progression of neurodegeneration and can be caused by exposure to environmental chemicals, such as rotenone. Histone modifications, such as methylation and acetylation, play an important role in mediating epigenetic changes. Therefore, we here investigated the effects of histone acetylation on rotenone-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in both primary mouse microglia and hippocampal HT-22 cells using the pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Our results showed that SAHA suppressed the inflammatory response by decreasing nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Additionally, SAHA inhibited the rotenone-induced elevation of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α levels in both cell lines. Furthermore, SAHA improved the rotenone-induced antioxidant status by mitigating the decrease in cellular glutathione levels. Additionally, SAHA prevented the rotenone-induced increase in the HDAC activity in microglial and hippocampal HT-22 cells. Together, our results showed that SAHA reduced rotenone-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress, suggesting a role for histone deacetylation in environmental-related neurotoxicity.

Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds part 27. Syntheses, structural characterizations, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and DNA interactions of new phosphazenes bearing secondary amino and pendant (4-fluorobenzyl)spiro groups.

A number of partly (7-9) and fully (10a-12d, Scheme 1) substituted mono(4-fluorobenzyl)spiro cyclotriphosphazenes was prepared. The structures of the compounds were determined by MS, FTIR, 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The crystal structures of 9, 11b and 12b were verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the phosphazenes (10a-12d) against HeLa cervical cancer cell lines was evaluated. Compound 12c was found to be the most effective, as it is a cytotoxic reagent that might activate apoptosis by altering mitochondrial membrane potential. Compounds 10b, 11b and 12b showed very good activity against yeast strains Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans. BamHI and HindIII digestion results demonstrate that the compounds (10a-12a, 10b-12b, 10d-12d), and (9, 10c-12c) bind with G/G and A/A nucleotides, respectively.