Intravenous Versus Perineural Dexamethasone for Reducing Rebound Pain After Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) is a common regional technique to manage acute postoperative pain for arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repair. However, rebound pain may compromise its overall benefit. Our aim was to investigate the primary hypothesis that perineural and intravenous dexamethasone have different effects on rebound pain after resolution of ISB for arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repair. METHODS: Patients aged ≥ 20 years scheduled for elective arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repair under general anesthesia with preoperative ISB were included. The participants were randomized to receive dexamethasone either perineurally (perineural group) or intravenously (intravenous group). In the perineural group, patients received ISB with 12 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine containing 5 mg of dexamethasone; simultaneously, 1 mL of 0.9% normal saline was administered intravenously. In the intravenous group, patients received ISB with 12 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine; simultaneously, 1 mL of dexamethasone 5 mg was administered intravenously. The primary outcome was the difference in the pain score (0-10 on numeric rating scale) between before and after ISB resolution. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of rebound pain; onset, duration, and intensity of rebound pain; time to the first analgesic request; and pain-related sleep disturbance. RESULTS: A total of 71 patients were randomized to either perineural group (n = 36) or intravenous group (n = 35). After block resolution, pain scores increased significantly more in the perineural group (mean ± standard deviation, 4.9 ± 2.1) compared to the intravenous group (4.0 ± 1.7, P = 0.043). The duration of ISB was more prolonged in the perineural group (median [interquartile range], 19.9 [17.2-23.1] hours) than the intravenous group (15.1 [13.7-15.9] hours, P < 0.001). The incidence of rebound pain and pain-related sleep disturbance during the first postoperative week was significantly higher in the perineural group than in the intravenous group (rebound pain: 44.4% vs. 20.0%, P = 0.028; sleep disturbance: 55.6% vs. 25.7%, P = 0.011). The duration and intensity of rebound pain were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Although perineural dexamethasone provided longer postoperative analgesia, intravenous dexamethasone was more beneficial in reducing pain increase after ISB resolution, incidence of rebound pain, and pain-related sleep disturbance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0006795.

Distribution of Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis and Phase Angle in Korean Elderly and Sarcopenia.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to verify whether bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) can support the clinical evaluation of sarcopenia in elderly individuals and evaluate the relationships between phase angle (PhA), physical performance, and muscle mass. METHODS: The sample comprised 134 free-living elderly individuals of both sexes aged 69-91 years. Anthropometric parameters, grip strength, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry findings, bioimpedance analysis results, and physical performance were also measured. The impedance vector distributions were evaluated in elderly individuals using BIVA. RESULTS: BIVA revealed significant differences between the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups (both sexes). The sarcopenia group had a significantly lower PhA than the non-sarcopenia group in both sexes (p < 0.05). PhA was significantly correlated with age, appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM), handgrip strength (HGS), and muscle quality in both sexes and significantly correlated with ASM/Height2 and physical performance in males. CONCLUSION: BIVA can be used as a field assessment method in elderly Koreans with sarcopenia. PhA is a good indicator of muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance in males. These methods can help diagnose sarcopenia in elderly individuals with reduced mobility.

Facet Joint Versus Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections in Patients With Cervical Radicular Pain due to Foraminal Stenosis: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: A cervical transforaminal epidural (TFE) steroid injection is a useful treatment option for cervical radicular pain, but it carries a small risk of catastrophic complications. Several studies have reported that cervical facet joint (FJ) steroid injection can reduce cervical radicular pain through an indirect epidural spread. The aim of this retrospective comparative study was to evaluate the pain scores and functional disability in subjects receiving cervical FJ or TFE steroid injection for the treatment of cervical radicular pain due to foraminal stenosis (FS). METHODS: We selected 278 patients 18 years of age and older who underwent cervical FJ (n = 130) or TFE (n= 148) steroid injection for cervical radicular pain. The primary outcomes included pain scores and functional disability during hospital visits one, three, and six months after the initial injection. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of responders and Medication Quantification Scale (MQS) scores. Adverse events and variables correlating with effectiveness one month after the initial injection were also evaluated. RESULTS: The Numeric Rating Scale and Neck Disability Index scores showed a significant improvement one, three, and six months after the initial injection in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. No significant differences were observed in the success rates of the procedure one, three, and six months after the initial injection for either group. There were no significant differences in MQS between the groups during the follow-up period. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the injection method, age, sex, number of injections, FS severity, MQS, pain duration, and the presence of cervical disc herniation were not independent predictors of treatment success. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of FJ steroid injection may not be inferior to that of TFE steroid injection in patients with cervical radicular pain due to FS.

Effects of Local Anesthetics With or Without Steroids in High-Volume Transforaminal Epidural Blocks for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar transforaminal epidural block (TFEB) is an effective treatment modality for radicular pain due to lumbar disc herniation (LDH). The addition of steroids is more effective than local anesthetic alone in TFEBs for patients with LDH. Moreover, the efficacy of TFEBs has been reported to be positively correlated with the volume of injectate. We hypothesized that high-volume TFEBs without steroids effectively alleviate axial back and radicular pain associated with LDH. This study compared the efficacy of high-volume TFEBs with vs. without steroids for the management of the axial and radicular pain caused by LDH. METHODS: A total of 54 patients were randomly assigned to either group L or group D. Patients in group L received 8-mL injections of 0.33% lidocaine only. Patients in group D received 8-mL injections of 0.33% lidocaine with 5 mg of dexamethasone. The primary outcomes were pain intensity at baseline and 4 weeks after the procedure. The secondary outcomes included the change of functional disability between baseline and 4 weeks after the procedure, pain scores during injection, and adverse effects. RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant reduction in axial and radicular pain and improvement in the functional status at the outpatient visit 4 weeks after TFEB. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of changes in back pain (10.00 [20.00] vs. 10.00 [22.50]; P = 0.896) or radicular pain (5.00 [20.00] vs. 10.00 [12.50]; P = 0.871). CONCLUSION: High-volume TFEBs with and without steroid administration yielded similar significant pain reductions and functional improvements among LDH patients 4 weeks after the procedure.

Hierarchical Design of Functional, Fibrous, and Microporous Polymer Monoliths for the Molecular Recognition of Diethylstilbestrol.

This paper demonstrates the hierarchical design of functional, fibrous polymer monoliths. The monoliths are composed of conjugated microporous polymers that not only are embedded with heteroatoms but also feature fibrous yet compressible structures due to the in situ self-assembly process that occurs during the polymerization process. Therefore, the doped nitrogen atoms can allow the growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) nanocrystals, which causes the homogeneous encapsulation of individual fibers. The resulting hybrid monoliths exhibit enhanced physical properties as well as catalytic activity, allowing the formation of an additional coating layer via a thiol-epoxy reaction. The deliberate inclusion of template molecules during the reaction forms molecularly imprinted sites on the fibers to afford functional monoliths. As a proof of concept, the hierarchically designed materials are able to show effective recognition properties toward diethylstilbestrol, an endocrine disruptor, taking advantage of the binding sites that selectively capture the analyte molecules and the fibrous morphology that increases the accessibility of these binding sites. We envisage that the incorporation of various heteroatoms or nanocrystals will bring about the bespoke design of advanced monoliths with autonomous functions, leading to smart textile systems.

N,N-Dimethylformamide-Assisted Shape Evolution of Highly Uniform and Shape-Pure Colloidal Copper Nanocrystals.

In this paper, the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-assisted shape evolution of highly uniform and shape-pure copper nanocrystals (Cu NCs) is presented for the first time. Colloidal Cu NCs are synthesized via the disproportionation reaction of copper (I) bromide in the presence of a non-polar solvent mixture. It is observed that the shape of Cu NCs is systematically controlled by the addition of different amounts of DMF to the reaction mixture in high-temperature reaction conditions while maintaining a high size uniformity and shape purity. With increasing amount of DMF in the reaction mixture, the morphology of the Cu NCs change from a cube enclosed by six {100} facets, to a sphere with mixed surface facets, and finally, to an octahedron enclosed by eight {111} facets. The origin of this shape evolution is understood via first-principles density functional theory calculations, which allows the study of the change in the relative surface stability according to surface-coordinating adsorbates. Further, the shape-dependent plasmonic properties are systematically investigated with highly uniform and ligand-exchanged colloidal Cu NCs dispersed in acetonitrile. Finally, the facet-dependent electrocatalytic activities of the shape-controlled Cu NCs are investigated to reveal the activities of the highly uniform and shape-pure Cu NCs in the methanol oxidation reaction.

Pre-anaesthesia ultrasonography of the subclavian/infraclavicular axillary vein for predicting hypotension after inducing general anaesthesia: A prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Bedside sonography of the inferior vena cava has been demonstrated to be a reliable tool for assessing intravascular volume status. Subclavian vein (SCV) assessment was proposed as a reasonable adjunct for measuring the inferior vena cava. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the preoperative diameter and collapsibility index of the SCV or the infraclavicular axillary vein could predict the incidence of hypotension after induction of general anaesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: Adults scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. INTERVENTION: Sonographic evaluation of the SCV or the axillary vein (SCV-AV) before induction of anaesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome was the association between the SCV-AV measurements (diameter an collapsibility index) and intra-operative hypotension (IOH) after induction of anaesthesia. RESULTS: Patients who developed IOH had a higher collapsibility index of the SCV-AV during spontaneous breathing (P = 0.009) and deep inspiration (P = 0.002). After adjusting for confounding variables, the collapsibility index of the SCV-AV during spontaneous breathing was not a significant predictor of a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after inducing anaesthesia (P = 0.127), whereas the collapsibility index of the SCV-AV during deep inspiration was a significant predictor (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The collapsibility index of the SCV-AV during deep inspiration was a significant predictor of IOH occurrence and the percentage decrease in MAP after inducing anaesthesia. Further studies in patients with higher collapsibility index are needed to confirm our findings, before the collapsibility index of the SCV-AV can be recommended unequivocally for clinical use. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered on 8 September 2017 at the Clinical Trial Registry of Korea (https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index.jsp; Identifier: KCT0001078KCT0002457), and the first patient was enrolled on 14 October 2017.

GAGE12 mediates human gastric carcinoma growth and metastasis.

The spontaneous metastasis from human gastric carcinoma (GC) remains poorly reproduced in animal models. Here, we established an experimental mouse model in which GC progressively developed in the orthotopic stomach wall and metastasized to multiple organs; the tumors colonized in the ovary exhibited typical characteristics of Krukenberg tumor. The expression of mesenchymal markers was low in primary tumors and high in those in intravasating and extravasating veins. However, the expression of epithelial markers did not differ, indicating that the acquisition of mesenchymal markers without a concordant loss of typical epithelial markers was associated with metastasis. We identified 35 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GC cells metastasized to ovary, among which overexpression of GAGE12 family genes, the top-ranked DEGs, were validated. In addition, knockdown of the GAGE12 gene family affected transcription of many of the aforementioned 35 DEGs and inhibited trans-well migration, tumor sphere formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In accordance, GAGE12 overexpression augmented migration, tumor sphere formation and sustained in vivo tumor growth. Taken together, the GAGE12 gene family promotes GC growth and metastasis by modulating the expression of GC metastasis-related genes.

Daxx mediates activation-induced cell death in microglia by triggering MST1 signalling.

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the mammalian central nervous system, migrate to sites of tissue damage or infection and become activated. Although the persistent secretion of inflammatory mediators by the activated cells contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, most activated microglia eventually undergo apoptosis through the process of activation-induced cell death (AICD). The molecular mechanism of AICD, however, has remained unclear. Here, we show that Daxx and mammalian Ste20-like kinase-1 (MST1) mediate apoptosis elicited by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in microglia. IFN-γ upregulated the expression of Daxx, which in turn mediated the homodimerization, activation, and nuclear translocation of MST1 and apoptosis in microglial cells. Depletion of Daxx or MST1 by RNA interference also attenuated IFN-γ-induced cell death in primary rat microglia. Furthermore, the extent of IFN-γ-induced death of microglia in the brain of MST1-null mice was significantly reduced compared with that apparent in wild-type mice. Our results thus highlight new functions of Daxx and MST1 that they are the key mediators of microglial cell death initiated by the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ.

CD8 T-cell reactivity to islet antigens is unique to type 1 while CD4 T-cell reactivity exists in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Previous cross-sectional analyses demonstrated that CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell reactivity to islet-specific antigens was more prevalent in T1D subjects than in healthy donors (HD). Here, we examined T1D-associated epitope-specific CD4(+) T-cell cytokine production and autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell frequency on a monthly basis for one year in 10 HD, 33 subjects with T1D, and 15 subjects with T2D. Autoreactive CD4(+) T-cells from both T1D and T2D subjects produced more IFN-γ when stimulated than cells from HD. In contrast, higher frequencies of islet antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cells were detected only in T1D. These observations support the hypothesis that general beta-cell stress drives autoreactive CD4(+) T-cell activity while islet over-expression of MHC class I commonly seen in T1D mediates amplification of CD8(+) T-cells and more rapid beta-cell loss. In conclusion, CD4(+) T-cell autoreactivity appears to be present in both T1D and T2D while autoreactive CD8(+) T-cells are unique to T1D. Thus, autoreactive CD8(+) cells may serve as a more T1D-specific biomarker.

Transurethral resection of fibrotic scar tissue combined with temporary urethral stent placement for patients with in anterior urethral stricture.

INTRODUCTION: Fibrotic scar formation is a main cause of recurrent urethral stricture after initial management with direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU). In the present study, we devised a new technique of combined the transurethral resection of fibrotic scar tissue and temporary urethral stenting, using a thermo-expandable urethral stent (Memokath(TM) 044TW) in patients with anterior urethral stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a first step, multiple incisions were made around stricture site with cold-utting knife and Collins knife electrode to release a stricture band. Fibrotic tissue was then resected with a 13Fr pediatric resectoscope before deployment of a MemokathTM 044TW stent (40 - 60mm) on a pre-mounted sheath using 0° cystoscopy. Stents were removed within12 months after initial placement. RESULTS: We performed this technique on 11 consecutive patients with initial (n = 4) and recurrent (n = 7) anterior urethral stricture (April 2009 ­ February 2013). At 18.9 months of mean follow-up (12-34 months), mean Qmax (7.8±3.9ml/sec vs 16.8 ± 4.8ml/sec, p < 0.001), IPSS (20.7 vs 12.5, p = 0.001 ), and QoL score (4.7 vs 2.2, p < 0.001) were significantly improved. There were no significant procedure-related complications except two cases of tissue ingrowth at the edge of stent, which were amenable by transurethral resection. In 7 patients, an average 1.4 times (1-5 times) of palliative urethral dilatation was carried out and no patients underwent open surgical urethroplasty during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Combined transurethral resection and temporary urethral stenting is a effective therapeutic option for anterior urethral stricture. Further investigations to determine the long-term effects, and safety profile of this new technique are warranted.

Association of Psoas: Lumbar Vertebral Index (PLVI) with Postherpetic Neuralgia in Patients Aged 60 and Older with Herpes Zoster.

Background/Objectives: The psoas: lumbar vertebral index (PLVI) is a simple and convenient measure to assess central sarcopenia. Recent studies have utilized the psoas area to indirectly assess sarcopenia and frailty, exploring their associations with various health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the PLVI and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in patients aged 60 years and above following a herpes zoster (HZ) infection. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 351 patients (≥60 years) who developed HZ between January 2019 and December 2023; the patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of PHN after HZ onset. Results: The analyses using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed a value for the area under the curve of 0.813 for PLVI and 0.769 for the modified frailty index (mFI). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, numerical rating scale scoring, a low PLVI, and a greater number of categorical mFI variables (adjusted odds ratio: 1.30, 3.27, and 2.46, respectively) were found to be significant independent predictors of PHN. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the association between a low PLVI and PHN in an older population. The PLVI may have potential as a predictive tool for PHN in older patients with HZ, but further research is needed to confirm these results.

Predictive Value of Ultrasound-Measured Quadriceps Depth and Frailty Status for Hypotension in Older Patients Undergoing Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in the Beach Chair Position under General Anesthesia.

The beach chair position (BCP) is widely used in shoulder surgery; however, it frequently leads to hypotension. Hypotension in BCP is prevalent among older patients who are at risk of secondary complications such as ischemic injuries. Therefore, this prospective study aimed to investigate the association and predictive value of frailty, as assessed by ultrasound-measured quadriceps depth and questionnaire, in patients aged ≥65 years undergoing elective shoulder surgery under general anesthesia. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for hypotension in BCP under general anesthesia. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the predictive values of various parameters. The results indicated that a quadriceps depth < 2.3 cm and BCP for an extended period significantly increased the risk of hypotension. The combined consideration of quadriceps depth < 2.3 cm and frailty demonstrated markedly superior predictive power compared with each factor individually. In conclusion, the study findings facilitate the screening and identification of risk factors for older patients undergoing surgery in BCP, thereby enhancing perioperative management.

Association between Complex ACTN3 and ACE Gene Polymorphisms and Elite Endurance Sports in Koreans: A Case-Control Study.

ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are associated with endurance exercise ability. This case-control study explored the association of ACTN3 and ACE gene polymorphisms with elite pure endurance in Korean athletes, hypothesizing that individuals with both ACTN3 XX and ACE II genotypes would exhibit superior endurance. We recruited 934 elite athletes (713 males, 221 females) and selected 45 pure endurance athletes (36 males, 9 females) requiring "≥90% aerobic energy metabolism during sports events", in addition to 679 healthy non-athlete Koreans (361 males, 318 females) as controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms. ACE ID (p = 0.090) and ACTN3 RX+XX (p = 0.029) genotype distributions were significantly different between the two groups. Complex ACTN3-ACE genotypes also exhibited significant differences (p = 0.014), with dominant complex genotypes positively affecting endurance (p = 0.039). The presence of RX+II or XX+II was associated with a 1.763-fold higher likelihood of possessing a superior endurance capacity than that seen in healthy controls (90% CI = 1.037-3.089). Our findings propose an association of combined ACTN3 RX+XX and ACE II genotypes with enhanced endurance performance in elite Korean athletes. While causality remains to be confirmed, our study highlights the potential of ACTN3-ACE polymorphisms in predicting elite endurance.

A DNA immunoprecipitation assay used in quantitative detection of in vitro DNA-protein complex binding.

To begin gene transcription, several transcription factors must bind to specific DNA sequences to form a complex via DNA-protein interactions. We established an in vitro method for specific and sensitive analyses of DNA-protein interactions based on a DNA immunoprecipitation (DIP) method. We verified the accuracy and efficiency of the DIP assay in quantitatively measuring DNA-protein binding using transcription factor CP2c as a model. With our DIP assay, we could detect specific interactions within a DNA-CP2c complex, with reproducible and quantitative binding values. In addition, we were able to effectively measure the changes in DNA-CP2c binding by the addition of a small molecule, FQI1 (factor quinolinone inhibitor 1), previously identified as a specific inhibitor of this binding. To identify a new regulator of DNA-CP2c binding, we analyzed several CP2c binding peptides and found that only one class of peptide severely inhibits DNA-CP2c binding. These data show that our DIP assay is very useful in quantitatively detecting the binding dynamics of DNA-protein complex. Because DNA-protein interaction is very dynamic in different cellular environments, our assay can be applied to the detection of active transcription factors, including promoter occupancy in normal and disease conditions. Moreover, it may be used to develop a targeted regulator of specific DNA-protein interaction.

Comparison of the Severity of Zoster-Associated Pain and Incidence of Postherpetic Neuralgia in Patients with and without Pre-Existing Spinal Disorders at the Same Spinal Nerve Level: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

The incidences of herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) are significantly influenced by age. As individuals age, the occurrence of spinal disorders increases, thereby raising the likelihood of HZ and PHN coexistence. Considering this, our study aimed to explore the potential impact of pre-existing spinal disorders at the nerve level where HZ developed, on the severity of zoster-associated pain (ZAP) and the incidence of PHN. For our investigation, we retrospectively analyzed a total of 237 patients who presented with HZ and ZAP at various sensory levels (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral) with or without pre-existing spinal disorders. The presence or absence of spinal disorders at the sensory level affected by HZ was determined using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Our study results revealed that the group with spinal disorders at the sensory level where HZ developed did not exhibit an increased incidence of PHN. However, 3-6 months after HZ onset, this same group showed significantly higher ZAP scores compared to the group without spinal disorders. It implies a need for heightened pain management, as the coexistence of these conditions can increase pain severity. This study furnishes an initial standpoint to delve into intricate interactions between two diseases.

Efficacy of scrambler therapy in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A single-arm, prospective, pilot study.

BACKGROUND: A variety of medications are available to manage painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but the proper treatment remains challenging. Accordingly, various neuromodulation modalities have been used. However, no prospective clinical trials have evaluated the use of scrambler therapy (ST) in painful DPN. This study aimed to explore the long-term effects of ST in managing painful DPN. METHODS: The patients received 10 consecutive STs of 45 minutes every 1 to 2 days. The primary outcome was pain score. We measured the visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at baseline, during ST, immediately after ST, and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after ST. The secondary outcomes were Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs pain scores, which were measured at baseline, immediately after ST, and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after ST. RESULTS: VAS scores showed significant improvement at the 8th, 9th, and 10th sessions during ST and 1 month after ST. The MNSI self-report component score was decreased 1 month after the ST. However, all other outcomes did not show significant differences compared to the baseline. CONCLUSION: ST may have short-term effects and limited long-term effects on painful DPN.

Dynamically tunable multicolor emissions from zero-dimensional Cs3LnCl6 (Ln: europium and terbium) nanocrystals with wide color gamut.

This study demonstrates dynamically tunable multicolor emissions from a single component, zero-dimensional (0-D) cesium europium chloride (Cs3EuCl6) and cesium terbium chloride (Cs3TbCl6) nanocrystals (NCs). Highly uniform colloidal Cs3EuCl6 and Cs3TbCl6 NCs are synthesized via the heating-up method. Excitation-wavelength-dependent multicolor emissions from Cs3EuCl6 and Cs3TbCl6 NCs are observed. Under excitation of 330-400 nm, both NCs exhibit blue photoluminescence (PL). Under wavelengths shorter than 330 nm, characteristic red and green emissions are observed from Cs3EuCl6 and Cs3TbCl6, respectively, owing to the atomic emissions from the f-orbitals in trivalent europium (Eu3+) and terbium (Tb3+) ions. Cs3EuCl6 and Cs3TbCl6 NCs exhibit broadband excitation spectra and enhanced absorption properties. Particularly, Cs3EuCl6 NCs exhibit a very narrow full-width at half-maximum in both blue and red PL and no overlap between the two spectra. The photophysical properties of these NCs are further investigated to understand the multicolor PL origins by time-resolved and temperature-dependent PL measurements. Finally, the potential applications of Cs3EuCl6 and Cs3TbCl6 NCs as anti-counterfeiting inks for high-level security are demonstrated. Given their broadband excitation with enhanced absorption properties and dynamically tunable colors with a wide color gamut, Cs3EuCl6 and Cs3TbCl6 NCs have great potential as novel multicolor NC emitters for many emerging applications.

Predictability of Radiologically Measured Psoas Muscle Area for Intraoperative Hypotension in Older Adult Patients Undergoing Femur Fracture Surgery.

This retrospective study aimed to determine the predictive value of radiologically measured psoas muscle area (PMA) for intraoperative hypotension (IOH) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in older adult patients with hip fractures. The cross-sectional axial area of the psoas muscle was measured by CT at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebrae and normalized by body surface area (BSA). The modified frailty index (mFI) was used to assess frailty. IOH was defined as an absolute threshold of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg or a relative decrease in MAP > 30% from baseline MAP. Among the 403 patients, 286 (71.7%) had developed IOH. PMA normalized by BSA in male patients was 6.90 ± 0.73 in the no-IOH group and 4.95 ± 1.20 in the IOH group (p < 0.001). PMA normalized by BSA in female patients was 5.18 ± 0.81 in the no-IOH group and 3.78 ± 0.75 in the IOH group (p < 0.001). The ROC curves showed that the area under the curve for PMA normalized by BSA and modified frailty index (mFI) were 0.94 for male patients, 0.91 for female patients, and 0.81 for mFI (p < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, low PMA normalized by BSA, high baseline systolic blood pressure, and old age were significant independent predictors of IOH (adjusted odds ratio: 3.86, 1.03, and 1.06, respectively). PMA measured by computed tomography showed an excellent predictive value for IOH. Low PMA was associated with developing IOH in older adult patients with hip fractures.

Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Muscle wasting is a consequence of physiological changes or a pathology characterized by increased catabolic activity that leads to progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Numerous diseases, including cancer, organ failure, infection, and aging-associated diseases, are associated with muscle wasting. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without the loss of fat mass, resulting in functional impairment and reduced quality of life. It is caused by the upregulation of systemic inflammation and catabolic stimuli, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of muscle catabolism. Here, we summarize the complex molecular networks that regulate muscle mass and function. Moreover, we describe complex multi-organ roles in cancer cachexia. Although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved drugs for cancer cachexia. Thus, we compiled recent ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials and further discussed potential therapeutic approaches for cancer cachexia.