Multiligament knee injury (MLKI): an expert consensus statement on nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.

Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) represent a broad spectrum of pathology with potentially devastating consequences. Currently, disagreement in the terminology, diagnosis and treatment of these injuries limits clinical care and research. This study aimed to develop consensus on the nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation strategies for patients with MLKI, while identifying important research priorities for further study. An international consensus process was conducted using validated Delphi methodology in line with British Journal of Sports Medicine guidelines. A multidisciplinary panel of 39 members from 14 countries, completed 3 rounds of online surveys exploring aspects of nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and future research priorities. Levels of agreement (LoA) with each statement were rated anonymously on a 5-point Likert scale, with experts encouraged to suggest modifications or additional statements. LoA for consensus in the final round were defined 'a priori' if >75% of respondents agreed and fewer than 10% disagreed, and dissenting viewpoints were recorded and discussed. After three Delphi rounds, 50 items (92.6%) reached consensus. Key statements that reached consensus within nomenclature included a clear definition for MLKI (LoA 97.4%) and the need for an updated MLKI classification system that classifies injury mechanism, extent of non-ligamentous structures injured and the presence or absence of dislocation. Within diagnosis, consensus was reached that there should be a low threshold for assessment with CT angiography for MLKI within a high-energy context and for certain injury patterns including bicruciate and PLC injuries (LoA 89.7%). The value of stress radiography or intraoperative fluoroscopy also reached consensus (LoA 89.7%). Within treatment, it was generally agreed that existing literature generally favours operative management of MLKI, particularly for young patients (LoA 100%), and that single-stage surgery should be performed whenever possible (LoA 92.3%). This consensus statement will facilitate clinical communication in MLKI, the care of these patients and future research within MLKI.

Editorial Commentary: A Gap-Based Subclassification of Ramp Lesions Has the Potential to Enhance Treatment Precision and Patient Outcomes in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees Subtitle: Customizing Solutions for Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees.

Our evolving understanding of ramp lesions has significantly affected the field of anterior cruciate ligament injury and meniscal repair. Although these lesions have been linked consistently to increased anterior and rotational instability in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees, there remains a contentious debate regarding their optimal treatment. The current literature is divided, as some advocate for surgical repair of only arthroscopically unstable lesions. Others point to a substantial risk of complications, noting a 28.6% incidence in untreated stable lesions, and thus advocate for surgical repair of all lesions. Through the use of magnetic resonance imaging scans of flexed knees, a novel subclassification of ramp lesions based on gap distance at the tear site shows a correlation with posterior capsular displacement, anterior laxity, lesion size, and joint effusion. This nuanced classification offers new insights and promises to refine treatment decisions, potentially minimizing unnecessary surgeries and improving patient outcomes.

Meniscal Radial Tears Repaired With All-Inside and Inside-Out Techniques Result in Improved Clinical Outcome Scores, but Inside-Out Repairs May Be Associated With Higher Failure Rates Clinically and on Second-Look Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs), failure, and healing rates after all-inside (AI) repair versus inside-out (IO) repair for the treatment of meniscal radial tears. METHODS: A literature search was performed according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the Scopus, PubMed, and Embase computerized databases. Level of Evidence I through IV human clinical studies evaluating PROs and/or the incidence of failure and healing after AI versus IO repairs for meniscal radial tears were included. Clinical failure was defined by the presence of joint-line tenderness; a positive McMurray test; and mechanical symptoms, such as locking, catching, or giving way. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria and the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. RESULTS: Ten studies published from 2008 to 2023 comprising 205 patients were identified, including 142 patients who underwent AI repair and 63 patients who underwent IO repair for radial meniscus tears. Postoperative Lysholm and Tegner scores ranged from 90.8 to 95.6 and 5.7 to 8.2, respectively, in the AI repair group, compared with 86.9 to 94.2 and 6 to 7.5, respectively, in the IO repair group. All patients exceeded published values for minimal clinically important difference for the Lysholm score. Clinical failure ranged from 0% to 40% in the AI group and 0% to 62.5% in the IO group. Healing assessments on second-look arthroscopy revealed failure rates ranging from 0% to 13.3% in the AI group and 0% to 39% in the IO group. Complete and partial healing ranged from 28.6% to 92.3% in the AI group and from 25% to 70% in the IO group. Chondral damage on second-look arthroscopy ranged from 0% to 95% in the IO group and 0% to 57.7% in the AI group. Postoperative complications ranged from 0% to 2% within the AI group, whereas no complications were reported in the IO group. No implant-related complications were reported in any study group. CONCLUSIONS: Both all-inside and inside-out repairs for meniscal radial tears demonstrated improved PROs; however, current literature suggests that the IO technique may have higher failure rates both clinically and on second-look arthroscopy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.

Increased Alpha Angles and Younger Age Increase the Risk of Contralateral Femoral Acetabular Impingement Syndrome Symptom Development and Surgical Intervention: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To identify the preoperative risk factors associated with contralateral symptom development and surgical intervention for patients presenting with unilateral femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. METHODS: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus computerized databases according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies evaluating preoperative risk factors associated with the contralateral progression of FAI were included. Quality assessment was completed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. RESULTS: A total of 5 studies (n = 1,011 patients; mean age, 29.9 years) published from 2013 to 2022 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Mean follow-up ranged from 12 to 132 months. The overall rate of contralateral progression of symptomatic FAI ranged from 32.4% to 81%. Increased alpha angle was frequently reported factor associated with contralateral symptom progression, followed by decreased total arc of rotation, decreased internal rotation, reduced neck-shaft angle, and head-neck offset. The incidence rate of progression to contralateral surgery ranged from 15.7% to 24% of patients. Younger age was frequently reported factor associated with contralateral surgical intervention, followed by male sex, increased level of activity, and increased alpha angle. CONCLUSIONS: Increased alpha angle and younger age were commonly reported risk factors associated with an increased risk of symptom development and surgical progression of contralateral FAI, respectively. The overall rate of contralateral progression of symptomatic FAI and the rate of progression to surgical intervention ranged up to 81% and 24%, respectively. This information may help both patients and surgeons to establish expectations regarding development of contralateral hip symptoms and possible need for surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; systematic review of Level II-III studies.

ChatGPT Can Offer At Least Satisfactory Responses to Common Patient Questions Regarding Hip Arthroscopy.

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of answers provided by ChatGPT 4.0 (an advanced language model developed by OpenAI) regarding 25 common patient questions about hip arthroscopy. METHODS: ChatGPT 4.0 was presented with 25 common patient questions regarding hip arthroscopy with no follow-up questions and repetition. Each response was evaluated by 2 board-certified orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons independently. Responses were rated, with scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to "excellent response not requiring clarification," "satisfactory requiring minimal clarification," "satisfactory requiring moderate clarification," and "unsatisfactory requiring substantial clarification," respectively. RESULTS: Twenty responses were rated "excellent" and 2 responses were rated "satisfactory requiring minimal clarification" by both of reviewers. Responses to questions "What kind of anesthesia is used for hip arthroscopy?" and "What is the average age for hip arthroscopy?" were rated as "satisfactory requiring minimal clarification" by both reviewers. None of the responses were rated as "satisfactory requiring moderate clarification" or "unsatisfactory" by either of the reviewers. CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT 4.0 provides at least satisfactory responses to patient questions regarding hip arthroscopy. Under the supervision of an orthopaedic sports medicine surgeon, it could be used as a supplementary tool for patient education. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study compared the answers of ChatGPT to patients' questions regarding hip arthroscopy with the current literature. As ChatGPT has gained popularity among patients, the study aimed to find if the responses that patients get from this chatbot are compatible with the up-to-date literature.

Adults Have a Higher Incidence of Discoid Lateral Meniscus Tears Than Children-Adults Tend to Present With Complex Tears, While Horizontal Tear Patterns Are Frequently Encountered in Children: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the available literature on patients with discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) with the goal of elucidating the rates and types of meniscal tears, clinical symptoms, treatment strategies, and postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes in adult patients compared with a pediatric population. METHODS: A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases from database inception to October 2023 according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Level of evidence I through IV human clinical studies evaluating rate and type of meniscal tears, clinical symptoms, patient-reported outcome measures, and postoperative radiographical assessments in patients with DLM were included. Comparisons were made by age younger and older than 16 years. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. RESULTS: Thirteen studies comprising 1,772 adult patients (>16 years old) with DLM (n = 1,856 knees) and 8 studies conducted in 304 pediatric patients (≤16 years old, n = 353 knees) were included. The reported mean age ranged from 22.4 to 45 years (mean follow-up, 24-157.5 months) in the adult group and from 5 to 12.9 years (mean follow-up, 37-234 months) in the pediatric DLM group. Among studies that reported on tear patterns, the majority of adult (n = 553; 96.5%) and pediatric (n = 163; 71.8%) patients had tears of the DLM. Complete DLM was the predominant type of DLM in both study groups (range in adults, 49.6% to 88%; range in pediatric patients, 19%-100%) with complex (46.1%; range, 5.3%-100%) and horizontal tears (18.2%; range, 20%-37.5%) being the most frequently described tear patterns in the adult and pediatric DLM groups, respectively. Pain was the predominant reported symptom in both study groups (range in adults, 12.1%-99.3%; range in pediatric patients, 32.4%-100%). Partial meniscectomy was the most frequently reported treatment option conducted in 334 adult knees (39.5%; range, 24.2%-100%) and 66 pediatric knees (63.5%; range, 15%-100%). Overall, improved postoperative clinical outcomes were reported in both study groups; however, radiographic progression of degenerative changes after subtotal meniscectomy was noted. CONCLUSIONS: More adult patients with DLM present with tears in the literature compared with the pediatric population. Complex and horizontal tear patterns are the most frequently reported tears in adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Pain was the most relevant symptom in both study groups. There was generally significant improvement in postoperative clinical outcome scores; partial meniscectomy, however, remains the most frequently reported treatment option and is associated with fewer degenerative changes than in subtotal meniscectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level I to IV studies.

Partial Meniscectomy Yields Comparable Outcomes and Failure Rates to Meniscal Repair for Horizontal Cleavage Tears, with Fewer Complication Rates but Greater Progression of Degenerative Changes.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes, failure rates, surgical complications, and postoperative radiographic changes following partial meniscectomy versus meniscal repair for horizontal cleavage tears (HCTs). METHODS: A literature search was performed according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the Scopus, PubMed, and Embase computerized databases. Clinical studies evaluating partial meniscectomy or meniscal repair for HCTs were included. Demographic characteristics, surgical techniques, clinical outcomes, failure rates, complications, and radiographic assessments were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies comprising of 833 patients with HCT were included, of which 562 patients (67.5%) were treated with partial meniscectomy and 271 (32.5%) with meniscal repair. Both types of treatments reported improved clinical outcomes, including IKDC, Lysholm, KOOS, and Tegner scores. Failure rates were reported to range between 0 to 15% following partial meniscectomy, and between 0 to 17.6% following repair; and complications were 7.5% after partial meniscectomy, and between 3.8 to 21.4% following meniscal repair. Patients undergoing meniscectomy demonstrated progression of degenerative changes on radiographic assessments. CONCLUSION: Repair of HCTs in the appropriately indicated patient can result in similar patient outcomes and failure rates compared to partial meniscectomy. However, especially in patients aged 42 years and younger, a greater complication rate can be expected with repair, while a greater degree of ipsilateral compartment degeneration is seen after partial meniscectomy.

All-Inside and Inside-Out Repair Techniques for Bucket-Handle Meniscus Tears Both Result in Improved Patient Outcomes and a Broad Range of Failure Rates: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To compare patient-reported outcomes, failure rates, risk factors for failure, and complications in patients with bucket-handle meniscus tears (BHMTs) undergoing repair with inside-out (IO) versus all-inside (AI) techniques. METHODS: A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases from database inception to August 2023 according to the 2020 PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The inclusion criteria consisted of Level I to IV clinical studies published in the past 10 years with greater than 2 years of follow-up that evaluated patient-reported outcome scores and/or the incidence of failure after IO or AI repairs for BHMTs. Clinical studies not reporting outcomes or failure rates, older studies using outdated implants, animal studies, reviews, letters to the editor, case reports, cadaveric studies, and articles not written in the English language or with English-language translation were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria. Outcomes were reported as ranges and qualitatively compared. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies published from 2013 to 2023, consisting of 1,062 patients with BHMTs, were identified. Thirteen studies (14 cohorts, 649 patients) reported on AI repair (mean age range, 23.7-32 years) and 7 studies (7 cohorts, 413 patients) reported on IO repair (mean age range, 16.7-34.6 years). Both groups had improved postoperative Lysholm and Tegner scores. Decreased range of motion was the most commonly reported complication in the AI group (range, 2.6%-4%), whereas adhesions for arthrofibrosis were the most commonly reported complication in the IO group (n = 12; range, 6%-7.9%). The overall reported failure rate ranged from 6.9% to 20.5% within the AI group and from 0% to 20% within the IO group. CONCLUSIONS: AI and IO repair techniques for BHMTs both result in improved Lysholm and Tegner scores. However, broad ranges of failure are reported in the literature, with overall failure rates ranging from 6.9% to 20.5% after AI repair and from 0% to 20% after IO repair. Younger age and isolated medial BHMT repair are the most frequently reported risk factors for the AI technique, whereas postoperative stiffness is the most frequently reported complication after both repair techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level I to IV studies.

Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Recovery After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating neuromuscular and clinical outcomes of blood flow restriction (BFR) training after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) compared with non-BFR rehabilitation protocols. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses guidelines by querying PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Database for Systematic Review, and the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials databases from inception through December 2023 to identify Level I and II RCTs evaluating outcomes of BFR training after ACLR compared with non-BFR rehabilitation. A meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models with standardized mean difference (SMD) for pain, muscle strength, and muscle volume, whereas mean difference was calculated for patient-reported outcome measures. RESULTS: Eight RCTs, consisting of 245 patients, met inclusion criteria, with 115 patients undergoing non-BFR rehabilitation compared with 130 patients undergoing BFR after ACLR. Mean patient age was 27.2 ± 6.7 years, with most patients being male (63.3%, n = 138/218). The length of the BFR rehabilitation protocol was most commonly between 8 and 12 weeks (range, 14 days to 16 weeks). Most studies set the limb/arterial occlusion pressure in the BFR group at 80%. When compared with non-BFR rehabilitation, BFR resulted in significant improvement in isokinetic muscle strength (SMD: 0.77, P = .02, I2: 58%), International Knee Documentation Committee score (mean difference: 10.97, P ≤ .00001, I2: 77%), and pain (SMD: 1.52, P = .04, I2: 87%), but not quadriceps muscle volume (SMD: 0.28, P = .43, I2: 76%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of BFR after ACLR led to improvements in pain, International Knee Documentation Committee score, and isokinetic muscle strength, with variable outcomes on the basis of quadriceps strength, volume, and thickness when compared with non-BFR rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, systematic review and meta-analysis of Level I and II studies.

Neither All-Inside, nor Inside-Out, nor Outside-In Repair Demonstrates Superior Biomechanical Properties for Vertical Meniscal Tears: A Systematic Review of Human Cadaveric Studies.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature regarding the biomechanical properties of different repair techniques and fixation methods for vertically oriented meniscal tears. METHODS: Human cadaveric studies evaluating the biomechanical properties of different repair techniques for vertically oriented meniscal tears were identified using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health databases. Primary outcomes included load to failure, displacement, stiffness, peak contact pressure, and contact area of repaired menisci. Repair techniques from included studies were reclassified into a total of 19 distinct all-inside (AI), inside-out (IO), or outside-in (OI) techniques. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included (420 total menisci). Contact pressure and area were restored to intact-state values across all 5 compressive load studies at low knee flexion angles but not at greater knee flexion angles (i.e., >60°). There were no significant differences in contact pressure or area between AI, IO, and OI techniques across all studies. Some studies demonstrated statistically significant advantages in tensile properties with IO techniques when compared with AI techniques, whereas others found AI techniques to be superior. No studies directly compared tensile properties of OI techniques with those of AI or IO techniques. Vertical mattress suture configurations resulted in significantly greater load to failure and decreased displacement compared with horizontal mattress configurations in 67% of studies comparing the 2 techniques. There was no difference in the rate of tissue failure in AI (66.97%), IO (60.38%), or OI (66.67%, χ2 = 0.83, P = .66) techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Contact mechanics are reliably restored after repair of vertical meniscal tears at low flexion angles but inconsistently restored at greater flexion angles, regardless of technique. Vertical mattress configurations outperformed horizontal mattress configurations under tensile load. There are conflicting data regarding the comparison of tensile properties between AI and IO techniques. Ultimately, neither AI, IO, nor OI repair demonstrated superior biomechanical properties in the present literature. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Several repair techniques demonstrate favorable biomechanical properties for vertical meniscal tears under tensile and compressive loads. Neither AI, IO, nor OI repair techniques demonstrate superior biomechanical properties at this time.

Lower Range of Recurrent Instability Rates Following Bankart Repair and Remplissage Compared to Isolated Bankart Repair in Patients With "Nonengaging/On-Track" Hill-Sachs Lesions and <20% Glenoid Bone Loss.

PURPOSE: To compare recurrent instability and return-to-sport rates along with external rotation differences between on-track (nonengaging) Hill-Sachs lesion patients undergoing either an isolated Bankart repair (IBR) or a Bankart repair augmented with a remplissage procedure (B+R). METHODS: A search was conducted using 3 databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Only clinical comparative (level of evidence I-III) studies were considered for inclusion. Quality assessment was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. RESULTS: Six level of evidence III studies, totaling 537 patients (202 B+R and 335 IBR) were included for analysis. All patients had <20% glenoid bone loss and a nonengaging, on-track Hill-Sachs lesion. At a median final follow-up of 34.7 months, recurrent dislocation rates ranged from 0% to 7.7% and 3.5% to 30% in the B+R and IBR groups, respectively. Moreover, subjective instability and revision surgery rates presented lower ranges in the B+R upon comparison with the IBR cohort (0%-32% vs 5%-71.4% and 0%-5% vs 0%-35%, respectively). Furthermore, return to preinjury level of sports ranged from 64% to 100% in the remplissage-augmented group and 50% to 90% in the IBR cohort. Postoperative external rotation at side varied from 50° to 63° in the B+R and 55° to 63° in the IBR arm. Additional subgroup analysis revealed recurrent dislocation rates in athletes and patients with near-track Hill-Sachs lesions undergoing remplissage augmentation to be 0% to 5% and 2% to 47% while ranging from 8.8% to 30% and 9% to 66% for IBR patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Upon qualitative analysis, ranges of recurrent instability measures, including recurrent dislocation rates, are higher in patients undergoing IBR in comparison to B+R. Activity level influences outcomes as athletes were found to have a higher range of recurrent dislocation rates in the IBR group. The addition of remplissage showed a higher range of return-to-sport rates with comparable postoperative external rotation between groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, systematic review of Level III studies.

Preoperative Depression Negatively Impacts Pain and Functionality Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To systematically investigate the influence of preoperative depression diagnosis and symptom severity on outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS: A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases according to the 2020 PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. Studies evaluating the impact of depression on clinical outcomes after ACLR were included. Clinical outcomes, changes in depression, and complications were aggregated. RESULTS: Nine studies comprising 308,531 patients (mean age, 28.1 years; age range, 14-50 years) were included. The depression incidence ranged from 3.8% to 42%. Seven studies showed postoperative improvement in depression scores, with 5 reporting statistical significance. Assessment of depression exhibited substantial variability, with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores being the most common method. Patients with depression, despite showing greater improvements in scores, experienced significantly higher PROMIS Pain Interference scores preoperatively (range, 59.1-65.7 vs 56.8-59.2) and postoperatively (range, 46.3-52.3 vs 46.3-47.4) than patients without depression. They also showed significantly lower preoperative (range, 33-38.1 vs 39.7-41.5) and postoperative (range, 51.6-56.7 vs 56.7-57.6) PROMIS Physical Function scores, regardless of greater score improvement. Patients affected by depression had significantly higher rates of minimal clinically important difference achievement for the PROMIS Physical Function score (71%-100% vs 80%) and similar rates for the PROMIS Pain Interference score (71%-81% vs 68%) compared with patients without depression in 3 studies. Depression was associated with reduced adherence to rehabilitation protocols and increased postoperative complications, including infection, graft failure, arthrofibrosis, and readmission. CONCLUSIONS: ACLR yields favorable outcomes for patients with and without preoperative depression. Individuals with preoperative depression may report inferior outcomes in terms of pain and functionality; nevertheless, despite these challenges, they exhibit significant improvements across all outcome measures after surgery, including reductions in depression levels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level II to IV studies.

Capsular Management at the Time of Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome Varies With Geography and Surgeon Subspecialty Training: A Cross-Sectional, Multinational Surgeon Survey.

PURPOSE: To perform a multinational survey and identify patterns in capsular management at the time of hip arthroscopy. METHODS: An anonymous, nonvalidated survey was distributed by the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine; Arthroscopy Association of North America; European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery & Arthroscopy; International Society for Hip Arthroscopy; and Turkish Society of Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, and Knee Surgery. The questions were broken down into 6 categories: demographic characteristics, capsulotomy preference, traction stitches, capsular closure, postoperative rehabilitation, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 157 surgeons. Surgeons who performed half or full T-type capsulotomies had 2.4 higher odds of using traction sutures for managing both the peripheral and central compartments during hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (P = .024). Surgeons who believed that there was sufficient literature regarding the importance of hip capsular closure had 1.9 higher odds of routinely performing complete closure of the capsule (P = .044). Additionally, surgeons who practiced in the United States had 8.1 higher odds of routinely closing the capsule relative to international surgeons (P < .001). Moreover, surgeons who received hip arthroscopy training in residency or fellowship had 2.4 higher odds of closing the capsule completely compared with surgeons who did not have exposure to hip arthroscopy during their training (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Geographic and surgeon-related variables correlate with capsular management preferences during hip arthroscopy. Surgeons who perform half or full T-capsulotomies more often use traction stitches for managing both the peripheral and central compartments. Surgeons performing routine capsular closure are more likely to believe that sufficient evidence is available to support the practice, with surgeons in the United States being more likely to perform routine capsular closure in comparison to their international colleagues. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: As the field of hip preservation continues to evolve, capsular management will likely continue to play an important role in access, instrumentation, and postoperative outcomes.

Reported Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Incidence in Adolescent Athletes Is Greatest in Female Soccer Players and Athletes Participating in Club Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To identify the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in adolescent athletes based on sex, sport, and sport affiliation. METHODS: A literature search was performed using 3 online databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE) from database inception to November 2023 per the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included studies consisted of Level I or II studies reporting on ACL injury exposures in time (hours) or injuries per 1,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) (1 game or practice) in adolescent athletes. Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English studies, case reports, animal/cadaveric studies, and review articles. Methodological quality and bias assessment of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. ACL injuries were analyzed and pooled to calculate incidence rates (IRs), per-season risk, and relative risk (RR) based on sex, sport, and sport affiliation (club sport participation vs school sport participation). RESULTS: A total of 1,389 ACL injuries over 19,134,167 AEs were identified (IR, 0.075; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.071-0.079). Of these, 670 ACL injuries were reported in female athletes over 7,549,892 AEs (IR, 0.089; 95% CI, 0.087-0.091) with 719 in males over 11,584,275 AEs (IR, 0.062; 95% CI, 0.058-0.067). The greatest RR for ACL injury in females was in soccer (RR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.58-3.77) for AEs. The greatest per-season risk of ACL injuries reported in female athletes occurred in soccer (1.08%), basketball (1.03%), and gymnastics (1.01%). The greatest per-season risk of ACL injuries reported in male athletes occurred in football (0.82%), lacrosse (0.64%), and soccer (0.35%). Club sport participation, in both AEs (RR, 3.94; 95% CI, 3.19-4.87) and hours of exposure (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.07-2.28), demonstrated an increased risk of ACL injury. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of ACL injuries was 1.56-fold greater in adolescent female athletes compared with male athletes. The highest-risk sport for females was soccer. Participation in club sports possessed higher rates of injury compared with school sports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II; meta-analysis of Level I and II studies.

The Large Language Model ChatGPT-4 Exhibits Excellent Triage Capabilities and Diagnostic Performance for Patients Presenting With Various Causes of Knee Pain.

PURPOSE: To provide a proof-of-concept analysis of the appropriateness and performance of ChatGPT-4 to triage, synthesize differential diagnoses, and generate treatment plans concerning common presentations of knee pain. METHODS: Twenty knee complaints warranting triage and expanded scenarios were input into ChatGPT-4, with memory cleared prior to each new input to mitigate bias. For the 10 triage complaints, ChatGPT-4 was asked to generate a differential diagnosis that was graded for accuracy and suitability in comparison to a differential created by 2 orthopaedic sports medicine physicians. For the 10 clinical scenarios, ChatGPT-4 was prompted to provide treatment guidance for the patient, which was again graded. To test the higher-order capabilities of ChatGPT-4, further inquiry into these specific management recommendations was performed and graded. RESULTS: All ChatGPT-4 diagnoses were deemed appropriate within the spectrum of potential pathologies on a differential. The top diagnosis on the differential was identical between surgeons and ChatGPT-4 for 70% of scenarios, and the top diagnosis provided by the surgeon appeared as either the first or second diagnosis in 90% of scenarios. Overall, 16 of 30 diagnoses (53.3%) in the differential were identical. When provided with 10 expanded vignettes with a single diagnosis, the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 increased to 100%, with the suitability of management graded as appropriate in 90% of cases. Specific information pertaining to conservative management, surgical approaches, and related treatments was appropriate and accurate in 100% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT-4 provided clinically reasonable diagnoses to triage patient complaints of knee pain due to various underlying conditions that were generally consistent with differentials provided by sports medicine physicians. Diagnostic performance was enhanced when providing additional information, allowing ChatGPT-4 to reach high predictive accuracy for recommendations concerning management and treatment options. However, ChatGPT-4 may show clinically important error rates for diagnosis depending on prompting strategy and information provided; therefore, further refinements are necessary prior to implementation into clinical workflows. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although ChatGPT-4 is increasingly being used by patients for health information, the potential for ChatGPT-4 to serve as a clinical support tool is unclear. In this study, we found that ChatGPT-4 was frequently able to diagnose and triage knee complaints appropriately as rated by sports medicine surgeons, suggesting that it may eventually be a useful clinical support tool.

Isolated Primary Latarjet Procedures for Anterior Shoulder Instability Results in High Rates of Graft Resorption and Glenohumeral Degenerative Changes With Low Rates of Failure at a Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of postoperative complications after an isolated primary Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 2-year follow-up. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in accordance with 2020 PRISMA guidelines. EMBASE, Scopus, and PubMed databases were queried from database inception through September 2022. The literature search was limited to human clinical studies reporting on postoperative complications and adverse events after a primary Latarjet procedure with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Risk of bias was measured using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies, consisting of 1,797 patients (n = 1,816 shoulders), with a mean age of 24 years were identified. The overall postoperative complication rate ranged from 0% to 25.7%, with the most common complication being persistent shoulder pain (range: 0%-25.7%). Radiological changes included graft resorption (range: 7.5%-100%) and glenohumeral degenerative changes (range: 0%-52.5%). Recurrent instability following surgery was documented in 0% to 35% of shoulders, while the incidence of bone block fractures ranged from 0% to 6% of cases. Postoperative nonunion, infection, and hematomas had a reported incidence rate ranging from 0% to 16.7%, 0% to 2.6%, and 0% to 4.4%, respectively. Overall, 0% to 7.5% of surgeries were reported failures, and 0% to 11.1% of shoulders required reoperation, with a revision rate ranging from 0% to 7.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of complications following the primary Latarjet procedure for shoulder instability was variable, ranging from 0% to 25.7%. High rates of graft resorption, degenerative changes, and nonunion were present while failure and revision rates remained low at a minimum 2-year follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, systematic review of Level I-III studies.

Geniculate Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis Improves Pain and Function at Short-Term Follow-Up With Significant Procedural Heterogeneity Described Across the Literature: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To evaluate procedural heterogeneity, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and complications following geniculate artery embolization (GAE) for knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases from inception to August 2023 according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Human clinical studies reporting PROs following GAE for treatment of knee OA were included, and a qualitative comparison across PROs, procedural descriptions, and complications was performed. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. The primary outcome measures included changes in PROs at 12 months and variances in procedural methodology. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies, consisting of 533 patients and 620 knees, were identified. The reported mean improvement at 12 months for visual analog scale for pain and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores ranged from 10 to 59 and 35.3 to 47, respectively. At 12 months, median improvements were observed in Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales such as Pain (range, 8.3-19.5), Quality of Life (15.49-25.0), Sport (7.5-26.3), and Symptoms (1.8-25.0). Decreasing minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement was observed between the 3-month and 6-month follow-up points. Patients with advanced OA and degenerative findings on magnetic resonance imaging exhibited lower rates of MCID achievement. Transient adverse events occurred in up to 80% of patients. Limited evidence from serial magnetic resonance imaging assessments suggests that GAE improves levels of synovitis. Significant heterogeneity exists among the GAE methodology as 4 different definitions of technical success, 4 distinct embolization targets, and use of 5 embolization agents were noted. CONCLUSIONS: GAE results in short-term improvements in pain and function with decreasing MCID achievement observed after 3 to 6 months. Patients with severe OA also demonstrate lower rates of MCID achievement. A high rate of transient complications is reported, including skin discoloration and access site hematomas. Significant protocol heterogeneity exists, which contributes to variable outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.

Platelet-Rich Plasma, Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate, and Hyaluronic Acid Injections Outperform Corticosteroids in Pain and Function Scores at a Minimum of 6 Months as Intra-Articular Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of common intra-articular injections used in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, including corticosteroid (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), with a minimum follow-up of 6-months. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in August 2022 in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Level I to II randomized clinical trials with a minimum follow-up of 6 months that investigated the treatments of interest were included. Patient-reported outcome scores for pain and function at baseline and at latest follow-up were extracted, and the change in scores was converted to uniform 0 to 100 scales. Arm-based Bayesian network meta-analysis using a random-effects model was created to compare the treatment arms in pain and function. RESULTS: Forty-eight studies comprising a total of 9,338 knees were included. The most studied intra-articular injection was HA (40.9%), followed by placebo (26.2%), PRP (21.5%), CS (8.8%), and then BMAC (2.5%). HA and PRP both led to a significant improvement in pain compared with placebo. HA, PRP, and BMAC all led to a significant improvement in function scores when compared with placebo. Surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRAs) of the interventions revealed that PRP, BMAC, and HA were the treatments with the highest likelihood of improvement in both pain and function, with overall SUCRA scores of 91.54, 76.46, and 53.12, respectively. The overall SUCRA scores for CS and placebo were 15.18 and 13.70, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: At a minimum 6-month follow-up, PRP demonstrated significantly improved pain and function for patients with knee osteoarthritis compared with placebo. Additionally, PRP exhibited the highest SUCRA values for these outcomes when compared with BMAC, HA, and CS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, meta-analysis of Level I to II studies.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients Aged 50 Years and Older Results in Improvements in Activity and Functional Outcome Measures, Whereas Reported Complication Rates Vary Widely: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the contemporary literature and evaluate patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), functional knee measures, and the incidence of complications in patients aged 50 years and older undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) at short- to mid-term follow-up. METHODS: A literature search was conducted across the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, spanning from database inception to November 2023, in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria consisted of clinical studies reporting PROMs, measures of knee stability, and complication rates after ACLR in patients aged 50 years and older with minimum 2-year follow-up. The Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies criteria were used to assess study quality. Primary outcome measures consisted of changes in PROMs and complication rates after ACLR. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies, consisting of 1,163 patients undergoing ACLR, were identified. Autografts were used in 90.3% of patients, whereas 9.7% of patients were treated using allografts. At minimum 24-month follow-up, mean International Knee Documentation Committee scores ranged from 67.4 to 92.96; mean Lysholm scores, from 84.4 to 94.8; and mean Tegner scores, from 0.3 to 5.4. The mean side-to-side difference at final follow-up ranged from 1.2 to 2.4 mm, and the rates of recurrent instability ranged from 0% to 18%. Complication and revision rates ranged from 0% to 40.4% and 0% to 37.5%, respectively, with the highest rates observed in studies noting a high incidence of intraoperative cartilage lesions. CONCLUSIONS: ACLR in patients aged 50 years and older results in favorable International Knee Documentation Committee scores, Lysholm scores, and Tegner activity scores and improvements in functional knee measures. However, a wide range of reoperations and complications are reported, attributed to varying levels of chondral injury and osteoarthritis, which warrant consideration when discussing expectations in patients aged 50 years and older undergoing ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level II to IV studies.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Results in Similar Patient-Reported Outcome Measures as Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Prospective Comparative Studies.

PURPOSE: To investigate the patient-reported outcomes (PROs), knee stability, and complications in prospective comparative studies of patients undergoing augmented anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair compared with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS: A literature search was performed according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Human clinical studies of Level I-II evidence comparing PROs, knee stability, and complications after ACL repair and reconstruction were included, and a qualitative analysis was performed. Excluded studies included those lacking reporting outcomes, studies that performed open ACLR or repair, studies published before the year 2000, and studies with evidence Levels III-IV. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. RESULTS: Seven Level I-II studies were retained, comprising 190 ACLR and 221 repairs (75 bridge-enhanced ACL repair [BEAR], 49 suture augmentation [SA], and 97 dynamic intraligamentary stabilization [DIS]). At final follow-up, re-rupture rates varied between 0 and 14% (BEAR) versus 0 and 6% (ACLR) and mean side-to-side differences measured using KT-1000 testing ranged from 1.6 to 1.9 mm (BEAR) versus 1.7 to 3.14 mm (ACLR). For DIS versus ACLR, mean anterior tibial translation values at final follow-up were 1.7 mm (DIS) versus 1.4 mm (ACLR), and re-rupture rates ranged from 20.8% to 29% (DIS) versus 17% to 27.2% (ACLR). For SA versus ACLR, the mean side-to-side difference ranged from 0.2 to 0.39 mm (SA) versus 0.33 to 0.4 mm (ALCR), whereas the re-rupture rates were 10% (SA) versus 0% (ACLR). International Knee Documentation Committee, Tegner, Lysholm, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome scores across both cohorts exhibited statistically significant, and comparable improvement, from baseline to final follow-up ranging from 1 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Augmented ACL repair results in similar patient-reported outcome measures in comparison with ACLR. However, augmented ACL repair may be associated with greater rates of failure, given re-rupture rates of up to 14%, 29%, and 10% for BEAR, DIS, and SA, respectively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, systematic review of Level I-II studies.