Association between Cognitive Abilities before the Age of 3 Years and Those at Least 1 Year Later in Children with Developmental Delay.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether early cognitive assessment in children with developmental delay (DD) predicts cognitive development. We investigated the correlation between cognitive and language development in children with DD, cerebral palsy (CP), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Data were collected from children diagnosed with DD who visited the hospital between 2015 and 2023. The assessments included the Korean Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Second Edition (K-BSID-II) and the Korean Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence Fourth Edition (K-WPPSI-IV). Language development was evaluated using the Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) and Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). The statistical analysis involved a correlation analysis. RESULTS: Among 95 children in the study, a significant correlation was discovered between early cognitive assessments (the Mental Developmental Index from the K-BSID-II) and later cognitive development (the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient from the K-WPPSI-IV) in the DD and CP groups, but not in the ASD group. The DD and CP groups exhibited significant correlations in language development between the SELSI and PRES, whereas the ASD group did not. CONCLUSION: Early cognitive assessments can predict later cognitive development in children with DD and CP, but not in those with ASD, according to this study. There was a strong correlation between language and cognitive development in the DD and CP groups, highlighting the importance of early intervention and assessment for these children. Further investigation is necessary to address these limitations and refine demographic data.

Noncontact Sensors for Vital Signs Measurement: A Narrative Review.

Vital signs are crucial for monitoring changes in patient health status. This review compared the performance of noncontact sensors with traditional methods for measuring vital signs and investigated the clinical feasibility of noncontact sensors for medical use. We searched the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) database for articles published through September 30, 2023, and used the key search terms "vital sign," "monitoring," and "sensor" to identify relevant articles. We included studies that measured vital signs using traditional methods and noncontact sensors and excluded articles not written in English, case reports, reviews, and conference presentations. In total, 129 studies were identified, and eligible articles were selected based on their titles, abstracts, and full texts. Three articles were finally included in the review, and the types of noncontact sensors used in each selected study were an impulse radio ultrawideband radar, a microbend fiber-optic sensor, and a mat-type air pressure sensor. Participants included neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit, patients with sleep apnea, and patients with coronavirus disease. Their heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and arterial oxygen saturation were measured. Studies have demonstrated that the performance of noncontact sensors is comparable to that of traditional methods of vital signs measurement. Noncontact sensors have the potential to alleviate concerns related to skin disorders associated with traditional skin-contact vital signs measurement methods, reduce the workload for healthcare providers, and enhance patient comfort. This article reviews the medical use of noncontact sensors for measuring vital signs and aimed to determine their potential clinical applicability.

Deep learning algorithm for automatically measuring Cobb angle in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

PURPOSE: The Cobb angle is a standard measurement to qualify and track the progression of scoliosis. However, the Cobb angle has high inter- and intra-observer variability. Consequently, its measurement varies with vertebrae and may even differ when the same vertebra is measured. Therefore, it is not constant and differs with measurements. This study aimed to develop a deep learning model that automatically measures the Cobb angle. The deep learning model for identifying vertebrae on spine radiographs was developed. METHODS: The dataset consisted of 297 images that were divided into two subsets for training and validation. Two hundred and twenty-seven images (76.4%) were used to train the model, while 70 images (23.6%) were used as the validation dataset. Absolut error between the measurements by the observer and developed deep learning model and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The average absolute error between the measurements was 1.97° with a standard deviation of 1.57°. In addition, 95.9% of the angles had an absolute error of less than 5°. The ICC was calculated to assess the model's reliability further. The ICC was 0.981, indicating excellent reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The authors believe the model will be useful in clinical practice by relieving clinicians of the burden of having to manually compute the Cobb angle. Further studies are needed to enhance the accuracy and versatility of this deep learning model.

Lacertus notch as a sign of lacertus syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Many clinicians are unfamiliar with a diagnosis of lacertus syndrome (LS). We investigated the value of the lacertus notch sign in diagnosing LS. METHODS: We included 56 consecutive patients (112 upper extremities) who had neuropathic pain and neurological symptoms of the hand. The presence of LS and the lacertus notch sign in each upper extremity was assessed. RESULTS: Of the 83 upper extremities with LS, 54 (65.1%) had a lacertus notch sign, whereas 29 (34.9%) did not. Of the 29 upper extremities without LS, 9 (31.0%) and 20 (69.0%) had and did not have a lacertus notch sign, respectively. The rates of lacertus notch presence in upper extremities with and without LS were significantly different. Of the 63 upper extremities with a lacertus notch sign, 54 (85.7%) were diagnosed with LS, whereas 9 (14.3%) were not. Of the 49 upper extremities without a lacertus notch sign, 20 (40.8%) were diagnosed with LS, and 29 (59.2%) were not. We observed significant differences in the rates of LS in upper extremities with and without lacertus notch. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the lacertus notch sign is useful for diagnosing LS. When patients with neuropathic pain and neurological symptoms present with a lacertus notch sign, clinicians should consider the possibility of LS.

Use of artificial intelligence in the field of pain medicine.

In this editorial we comment on the article "Potential and limitations of ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence in medial safety education" published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases. This article described the usefulness of artificial intelligence (AI) in medial safety education. Herein, we focus specifically on the use of AI in the field of pain medicine. AI technology has emerged as a powerful tool, and is expected to play an important role in the healthcare sector and significantly contribute to pain medicine as further developments are made. AI may have several applications in pain medicine. First, AI can assist in selecting testing methods to identify causes of pain and improve diagnostic accuracy. Entry of a patient's symptoms into the algorithm can prompt it to suggest necessary tests and possible diagnoses. Based on the latest medical information and recent research results, AI can support doctors in making accurate diagnoses and setting up an effective treatment plan. Second, AI assists in interpreting medical images. For neural and musculoskeletal disorders, imaging tests are of vital importance. AI can analyze a variety of imaging data, including that from radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, to identify specific patterns, allowing quick and accurate image interpretation. Third, AI can predict the outcomes of pain treatments, contributing to setting up the optimal treatment plan. By predicting individual patient responses to treatment, AI algorithms can assist doctors in establishing a treatment plan tailored to each patient, further enhancing treatment effectiveness. For efficient utilization of AI in the pain medicine field, it is crucial to enhance the accuracy of AI decision-making by using more medical data, while issues related to the protection of patient personal information and responsibility for AI decisions will have to be addressed. In the future, AI technology is expected to be innovatively applied in the field of pain medicine. The advancement of AI is anticipated to have a positive impact on the entire medical field by providing patients with accurate and effective medical services.

Chronic venous insufficiency, could it be one of the missing pieces in the puzzle of treating pain?

Pain is a common complaint among patients seeking medical care. If left untreated, pain can become chronic, significantly affecting patients' quality of life. An accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of pain is crucial for effective treatment. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is frequently overlooked by pain physicians. Moreover, many pain physicians lack sufficient knowledge about CVI. CVI is a common condition resulting from malfunctioning or damaged valves in lower limb veins. Symptoms of CVI, ranging from mild to severe, include pain, heaviness, fatigue, itching, swelling, skin color changes, and ulcers in the lower limbs. Recently, it has become more widely known that these symptoms can be attributed to CVI. Even slight or mild CVI can cause related symptoms. Pain physicians primarily consider neuromusculoskeletal disorders when assessing patients with leg pain, and often neglect the possibility of CVI. In clinical practice, when pain physicians encounter patients with unresolved leg pain, they must assess whether the patients exhibit symptoms of CVI and conduct tests to differentiate CVI from other potential causes.

Convolutional neural network algorithm trained on lumbar spine radiographs to predict outcomes of transforaminal epidural steroid injection for lumbosacral radicular pain from spinal stenosis.

Little is known about the therapeutic outcomes of transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain due to lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Using lumbar spine radiographs as input data, we trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict therapeutic outcomes after lumbar TFESI in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain caused by LSS. We retrospectively recruited 193 patients for this study. The lumbar spine radiographs included anteroposterior, lateral, and bilateral (left and right) oblique views. We cut each lumbar spine radiograph image into a square shape that included the vertebra corresponding to the level at which the TFESI was performed and the vertebrae juxta below and above that level. Output data were divided into "favorable outcome" (≥ 50% reduction in the numeric rating scale [NRS] score at 2 months post-TFESI) and "poor outcome" (< 50% reduction in the NRS score at 2 months post-TFESI). Using these input and output data, we developed a CNN model for predicting TFESI outcomes. The area under the curve of our model was 0.920. Its accuracy was 87.2%. Our CNN model has an excellent capacity for predicting therapeutic outcomes after lumbar TFESI in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain induced by LSS.

The assessment of the validity, safety, and utility of ChatGPT for patients with herniated lumbar disc: A preliminary study.

ChatGPT is perceived as a potential tool for patients diagnosed with herniated lumbar disc (HLD) to ask questions concerning desired information, with provision for necessary responses. In this preliminary study, we assessed the validity, safety, and utility of ChatGPT in patients with HLD. Two physicians specializing in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders discussed and determined the 12 most frequently asked questions by patients with HLD in clinical practice. We used ChatGPT (version 4.0) to ask questions related to HLD. Each question was inputted into ChatGPT, and the responses were assessed by the 2 physicians. A Likert score was used to evaluate the validity, safety, and utility of the responses generated by ChatGPT. Each score for validity, safety, and utility was divided into 4 points, with a score of 4 indicating the most valid, safe, and useful answers and 1 point indicating the worst answers. Regarding validity, ChatGPT responses demonstrated 4 points for 9 questions (9/12, 75.0%) and 3 points for 3 questions (3/12, 25.0%). Regarding safety, ChatGPT scored 4 points for 11 questions (11/12, 91.7%) and 3 points for 1 question (1/12, 8.3%). Regarding utility, ChatGPT responses exhibited 4 points for 9 questions (9/12, 75.0%) and 3 points for 3 questions (3/12, 25.0%). ChatGPT demonstrates a tendency to offer relatively valid, safe, and useful information regarding HLD. However, users should exercise caution as ChatGPT may occasionally provide incomplete answers to some questions on HLD.

Assessment of the information provided by ChatGPT regarding exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the feasibility of ChatGPT for patients with type 2 diabetes seeking information about exercise. METHODS: In this pilot study, two physicians with expertise in diabetes care and rehabilitative treatment in Republic of Korea discussed and determined the 14 most asked questions on exercise for managing type 2 diabetes by patients in clinical practice. Each question was inputted into ChatGPT (V.4.0), and the answers from ChatGPT were assessed. The Likert scale was calculated for each category of validity (1-4), safety (1-4) and utility (1-4) based on position statements of the American Diabetes Association and American College of Sports Medicine. RESULTS: Regarding validity, 4 of 14 ChatGPT (28.6%) responses were scored as 3, indicating accurate but incomplete information. The other 10 responses (71.4%) were scored as 4, indicating complete accuracy with complete information. Safety and utility scored 4 (no danger and completely useful) for all 14 ChatGPT responses. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT can be used as supplementary educational material for diabetic exercise. However, users should be aware that ChatGPT may provide incomplete answers to some questions on exercise for type 2 diabetes.

Short-Term Outcomes of Intraarticular Corticosteroid Injection into the Lumbar Facet Joint According to the Findings of Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging.

Objective: Bone single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) preferentially localizes areas exhibiting greater bone remodeling and enhanced perfusion, which helps identify areas of pain and inflammation in the lumbar facet joints (LFJs). Herein, we investigated the treatment outcome of intraarticular (IA) corticosteroid injection in patients with LFJ-origin lower back pain (LBP) depending on the presence of increased LFJ uptake on bone SPECT. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 38 patients with LFJ-origin LBP. Of the 38 patients, 22 patients showed increased uptake on bone SPECT (SPECT+ group), and 16 patients did not show increased uptake on bone SPECT (SPECT- group). A numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to assess pain reduction 1 month after treatment with a corticosteroid injection. Treatment was considered successful when the posttreatment NRS score was ≥50% lower than the pretreatment NRS score. Results: The NRS scores of the SPECT+ group at the 1-month follow-up were significantly lower than those of the SPECT- group. Additionally, the degree of change in the NRS scores was larger in the SPECT+ group than that in the SPECT- group. In addition, 18 of the 22 patients (81.8%) in the SPECT+ group underwent successful treatment. Eight of the 16 patients (50%) in the SPECT- group underwent successful treatment. The ratio of successful treatment was significantly higher in the SPECT+ group than in the SPECT- group. Discussion: Bone SPECT could help predict the therapeutic outcome after IA LFJ corticosteroid injection and determine the treatment plan for patients with LFJ-origin LBP.

Management of lymphedema is really a matter in patients with breast cancer.

Lymphedema is a prevalent complication affecting patients with breast cancer, greatly impacting their quality of life. This editorial describes diagnostic methods and therapeutic interventions for managing lymphedema in patients with breast cancer. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and objective measures, including arm circumference and volumetric assessments, along with lymphoscintigraphy and ultrasonic measurements. Treatment primarily involves complex decongestive physical therapy, comprising manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, exercise, and meticulous skin care. These interventions aim to reduce swelling, alleviate discomfort, and prevent further complications. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as avoiding extreme temperatures and maintaining proper hygiene are essential. Flavonoids can be used for drug therapy. Despite its prevalence, lymphedema often receives inadequate attention in clinical practice, emphasizing the importance of raising awareness and enhancing medical services for affected individuals. Clinicians play a pivotal role in educating patients about preventive measures and ensuring timely intervention. Overall, a comprehensive approach encompassing early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and patient education is essential to mitigate the burden of lymphedema in patients with breast cancer and improve their overall well-being.

Association of Range of Motion Deficit and Recurrence of Pain After Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the factors influencing the duration of significant pain reduction after conservative management for adhesive capsulitis (AC). METHODS: Follow-up for 6-8 months was performed with 141 patients with AC who experienced significant pain reduction after treatment. Clinical and demographic factors, numeric rating scale (NRS) scores, and shoulder range of motion (ROM) were collected and assessed pretreatment (T0), at 5 weeks post-treatment (T1), and at 6-8 months post-treatment (T2). Patients were divided into successful (n = 96) and unsuccessful (n = 45) NRS groups according to the degree of pain reduction at T2. We assessed post-treatment NRS and ROM improvement scores within each group and compared these parameters between the two groups. RESULTS: Significant NRS and ROM improvements were achieved in all patients who participated in our study. The unsuccessful NRS group demonstrated a lack of significant improvement in abduction at T1 and T2. All T1 and shoulder ROM measurements among the unsuccessful NRS group were significantly smaller than those among the successful NRS group. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to achieve a significant improvement in abduction angle after conservative management of AC was significantly associated with pain recurrence.

Protocol for lower back pain management: Insights from the French healthcare system.

In this editorial we comment on the article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases. This article described a novel ultrasound-guided lateral recess block approach in treating a patient with lateral recess stenosis. The impact of spinal pain-related disability extends significantly, causing substantial human suffering and medical costs. Each county has its preferred treatment strategies for spinal pain. Here, we explore the lower back pain (LBP) treatment algorithm recommended in France. The treatment algorithm for LBP recommended by the French National Authority for Health emphasizes early patient activity and minimal medication use. It encourages the continuation of daily activities, limits excessive medication and spinal injections, and incorporates psychological assessments and non-pharmacological therapies for chronic cases. However, the algorithm may not aggressively address acute pain in the early stages, potentially delaying relief and increasing the risk of chronicity. Additionally, the recommended infiltrations primarily involve caudal epidural steroid injections, with limited consideration for other injection procedures, such as transforaminal or interlaminar epidural steroid injections. The fixed follow-up timeline may not accommodate patients who do not respond to initial treatment or experience intense pain, potentially delaying the exploration of alternative therapies. Despite these limitations, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the French approach could inform adaptations in LBP treatment strategies globally, potentially enhancing patient outcomes and satisfaction across diverse healthcare systems.

Experience from a single-center study on multimodal medication therapy for patients with complex regional pain syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Despite the application of various therapeutic methods, pain caused by complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is not sufficiently managed and often progresses to a chronic stage. For the systematic and effective treatment of CRPS, we developed an algorithm for multimodal medication therapy based on the established pathophysiology of CRPS to control CRPS-related pain. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we present the outcomes of our novel algorithm for multimodal medication therapy for patients with CRPS, consisting of three major components: multimodal oral medication, intravenous ketamine, and intravenous lidocaine therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated patients with CRPS who received multimodal therapy. Pain severity scores were evaluated using a numerical rating scale at four time points (P1, pain at initial consultation; P2, pain after oral medication; P3, pain after ketamine treatment; and P4, pain after lidocaine treatment). The effect of the multimodal medication therapy algorithm on pain management was evaluated at each time point. RESULTS: In patients with CRPS, multimodal oral medication, intravenous ketamine, and intravenous lidocaine therapies led to significantly improved pain control (p< 0.05). Additionally, the combination of these three therapies (through the multimodal medication therapy algorithm) resulted in significant pain relief in patients with CRPS (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our multimodal medication therapy algorithm effectively controlled pain in patients with CRPS. However, further prospective studies with large sample sizes and randomized controlled trials are needed for more accurate generalization.

Assessment of Bone Age Based on Hand Radiographs Using Regression-Based Multi-Modal Deep Learning.

(1) Objective: In this study, a regression-based multi-modal deep learning model was developed for use in bone age assessment (BAA) utilizing hand radiographic images and clinical data, including patient gender and chronological age, as input data. (2) Methods: A dataset of hand radiographic images from 2974 pediatric patients was used to develop a regression-based multi-modal BAA model. This model integrates hand radiographs using EfficientNetV2S convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and clinical data (gender and chronological age) processed by a simple deep neural network (DNN). This approach enhances the model's robustness and diagnostic precision, addressing challenges related to imbalanced data distribution and limited sample sizes. (3) Results: The model exhibited good performance on BAA, with an overall mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.410, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.637, and accuracy of 91.1%. Subgroup analysis revealed higher accuracy in females ≤ 11 years (MAE: 0.267, RMSE: 0.453, accuracy: 95.0%) and >11 years (MAE: 0.402, RMSE: 0.634, accuracy 92.4%) compared to males ≤ 13 years (MAE: 0.665, RMSE: 0.912, accuracy: 79.7%) and >13 years (MAE: 0.647, RMSE: 1.302, accuracy: 84.6%). (4) Conclusion: This model showed a generally good performance on BAA, showing a better performance in female pediatrics compared to male pediatrics and an especially robust performance in female pediatrics ≤ 11 years.

"Pronation Compensation Sign" as a New Diagnostic Tool for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Prospective Preliminary Study.

Purpose: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is commonly encountered in clinical practice. Diagnostic tools that currently exist include painful provocative maneuvers, invasive nerve conduction studies and the use of tests that require physician's direct participation in an era of sanitary crisis and virtual consultations. Therefore, having an easily accessible, reliable and practical tool for diagnosing CTS would be highly beneficial. Herein, we investigated the diagnostic value of the "pronation compensation sign" that we described for diagnosing CTS. Patients and Methods: We included 18 hands with and 18 hands without CTS (age: CTS hands = 52.5 ± 13.8 years, non-CTS hands = 43.2 ± 12.3 years; sex ratio: CTS hands = 12:8, non-CTS hands = 9:9). The presence of the "pronation compensation sign" was evaluated in each included hand. The presence of the "pronation compensation sign" were compared between CTS and non-CTS hands using the chi-squared test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated of the "pronation compensation sign" for CTS. Results: All 18 hands with CTS showed a positive "pronation compensation sign", while those without CTS were negative. All 18 hands that were positive for the "pronation compensation sign" were hands with CTS, while those that were negative were hands without CTS. The sensitivity and specificity of the "pronation compensation sign" for diagnosing CTS were both 100%. The PPV and NPV of the "pronation compensation sign" for CTS were both 1.000. The rates of the presence of the "pronation compensation sign" were significantly different between hands with and without CTS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The "pronation compensation sign" seems a useful tool for diagnosing CTS. We believe that the "pronation compensation sign" will help clinicians diagnose CTS with high diagnostic accuracy.

Differences between the healthcare systems of Quebec and France for the treatment of pain due to spinal disorders.

In Quebec, Canada, the public healthcare system offers free medical services. However, patients with spinal pain often encounter long waiting times for specialist appointments and limited physiotherapy coverage. In contrast, private clinics provide expedited care but are relatively scarce and entail out-of-pocket expenses. Once a patient with pain caused by a spinal disorder meets a pain medicine specialist, spinal intervention is quickly performed when indicated, and patients are provided lifestyle advice. Transforaminal epidural steroid injections are frequently administered to patients with radicular pain, and steroid injections are administered on a facet joint to control low back or neck pain. Additionally, medial branch blocks are performed prior to thermocoagulation. France's universal healthcare system ensures accessibility at controlled costs. It emphasizes physical activity and provides free physical therapy services. However, certain interventions, such as transforaminal and interlaminar epidural injections, are not routinely used in France owing to limited therapeutic efficacy and safety concerns. This underutilization may be a potential cause of chronic pain for many patients. By examining the differences, strengths, and weaknesses of these two systems, valuable insights can be gained for the enhancement of global spinal pain management strategies, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and satisfaction.

Three-dimensional printing technology applied to the production of prosthesis: A systemic narrative review.

The purpose of this scoping review was to investigate the effects of 3-dimensional (3D)-printed prostheses. Articles published up to August 19, 2023, were searched in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases. The search terms used were "3D printed prosthesis," "3D printed prostheses," "3D printed prosthe*," "3D printed artificial arm," "3D printed artificial leg," "3D printing prosthesis," "3D printing prostheses," "3D printing prosthe*," "3D printing artificial arm," and "3D printing artificial leg." This review included studies that applied 3D-printed prostheses to upper- or lower-limb amputees. Case reports, conference abstracts, presentations, reviews, and unidentified articles were excluded from the analysis. A total of 937 articles were identified, 11 of which were included after confirming eligibility through the title, abstract, and full text. The results indicated that the 3D-printed prostheses demonstrated the ability to substitute for the functions of impaired limbs, similar to conventional prostheses. Notably, the production cost and weight were reduced compared with those of conventional prostheses, increasing patient satisfaction. The use of 3D-printed prostheses is expected to gain prominence in future clinical practice. However, concerns regarding the durability of 3D-printed prostheses have increased among users. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to explore highly durable materials that can withstand the weight of the user without breaking easily. In addition, advancements are required in technologies that enable the depiction of various skin tones and the production of smaller-sized prostheses suitable for clothing.

The Short-Term Outcome of Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Patients with Radicular Pain Due to Foraminal Stenosis from Lumbar Isthmic Spondylolisthesis.

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic outcomes of transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) in managing chronic radicular pain due to foraminal stenosis. Furthermore, we evaluated its effectiveness according to isthmic spondylolisthesis (IS) severity. Patients and Methods: We included 40 patients with radicular pain due to IS-derived foraminal stenosis in our study and treated them with TFESI. Two patients were lost during follow-up. Based on the lateral lumbar radiograph findings, we allocated the recruited patients with < 25% slippage by IS to Group 1 (n = 23) and those having 25-50% slippage to Group 2 (n = 15). The degree of pain was measured using a numeric rating scale (NRS) at pre-treatment and 1 and 2 months after TFESI. Results: In 38 patients who completed the study, the NRS at pre-treatment was significantly reduced at the 1- and 2-month follow-ups. In the Group analysis, the NRS scores were significantly reduced after TFESI in both Groups 1 and 2, regardless of IS severity. However, the reduction in NRS scores 1 month after TFESI was significantly greater in Group 1 than in Group 2. Moreover, the rate of successful treatment outcomes was significantly higher (65.2%) in Group 1 than in Group 2 (26.7%). Conclusion: After TFESI, chronic radicular pain was significantly reduced regardless of IS severity, and its effect persisted for at least 2 months. However, its effect was superior when the vertebra slippage by IS was less than 25% compared to patients with 25%-50%.