Eco-physiological trait variation in widely occurring species of Western Himalaya along elevational gradients reveals their high adaptive potential in stressful conditions.

Species distributed across a wide elevation range have broad environmental tolerance and adopt specific adaptation strategies to cope with varying climatic conditions. The aim of this study is to understand the patterns of variation in leaf eco-physiological traits that are related to the adaptation of species with a wide distribution in different climatic conditions. We studied the variability in eco-physiological traits of two co-occurring species of Western Himalaya (Rumex nepalensis and Taraxacum officinale), along elevational gradients. We conducted our study in elevations ranging from 1000 to 4000 m a.s.l. in three transects separated in an eco-region spanning 2.5° latitudes and 2.3° longitudes in the Western Himalaya. We hypothesized substantial variation in eco-physiological traits, especially increased net rate of photosynthesis (PN), Rubisco specific activity (RSA), and biochemicals at higher elevations, enabling species to adapt to varying environmental conditions. Therefore, the photosynthetic measurements along with leaf sampling were carried out during the months of June-August and the variations in photosynthetic performance and other leaf traits were assessed. Data was analyzed using a linear mixed effect model with 'species,' 'elevation' as fixed and 'transect' as random factor. Elevation had a significant effect on majority of traits. It was found that PN and maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax) have unimodal or declining trend along increasing elevations. High RSA was observed at higher elevations in all the three transects. Trends for biochemical traits such as total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, proline, and total phenolics content suggested an increase in these traits for the survival of plants in harsh environments of higher elevations. Our study reveals that although there is considerable variation in the eco-physiological traits of the two species across elevational gradients of different transects, there are certain similarities in the patterns that depict their high adaptive potential in varying climatic conditions.

Vascular complications secondary to resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta placement at a Level 1 Trauma Center.

OBJECTIVE: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is designed to manage severe hemorrhagic shock. Popularized in medical care during military conflicts, the concept has emerged as a lifesaving technique that is utilized around the United States. Literature on risks of REBOA placement, especially vascular injuries, are not well-reported. Our goal was to assess the incidence of vascular injury from REBOA placement and the risk factors associated with injury and death among these patients at our institution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent REBOA placement between September 2017 and June 2022 at our Level 1 Trauma Center. The primary outcome variable was the presence of an injury related to REBOA insertion or use. Secondary outcomes studied were limb loss, the need for dialysis, and mortality. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2, and t-tests as appropriate for the variable type. RESULTS: We identified 99 patients who underwent REBOA placement during the study period. The mean age of patients was 43.1 ± 17.2 years, and 67.7% (67/99) were males. The majority of injuries were from blunt trauma (79.8%; 79/99). Twelve of the patients (12.1%; 12/99) had a vascular injury related to REBOA placement. All but one required intervention. The complications included local vessel injury (58.3%; 7/12), distal embolization (16.7%; 2/12), excessive bleeding requiring vascular consult (8.3%; 1/12), pseudoaneurysm requiring intervention (8.3%; 1/12), and one incident of inability to remove the REBOA device (8.3%; 1/12). The repairs were performed by vascular surgery (75%; 9/12), interventional radiology (16.7%; 2/12), and trauma surgery (8.3%; 1/12). There was no association of age, gender, race, and blunt vs penetrating injury to REBOA-related complications. Mortality in this patient population was high (40.4%), but there was no association with REBOA-related complications. Ipsilateral limb loss occurred in two patients with REBOA-related injuries, but both were due to their injuries and not to REBOA-related ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Although vascular complications are not unusual in REBOA placement, there does not appear to be an association with limb loss, dialysis, or mortality if they are addressed promptly. Close coordination between vascular surgeons and trauma surgeons is essential in patients undergoing REBOA placement.

Exploring DNA barcode for accurate identification of threatened Aconitum L. species from Western Himalaya.

BACKGROUND: Aconitum species, belonging to Ranunculaceae, have high medicinal importance but due to their overexploitation come under IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) red list. The precise identification of the Aconitum species is equally important because they are used in herbal formulations. The present study aimed to develop an efficient DNA barcode system for the authentic identification of Aconitum species. METHODS AND RESULTS: A set of 92 barcode gene sequences (including 12 developed during the present study and 80 retrieved from NCBI) of 5 Aconitum species (A. heterophyllum, A. vialoceum, A. japonicum, A. napellus, and A. stapfianum) were analyzed using three methods (tree-based, distance-based, and similarity-based) for species discrimination. The PWG-distance method was found most effective for species discrimination. The discrimination rate of PWG- distance ranged from 33.3% (rbcL + trnH-psbA) to 100% (ITS, rbcL + ITS, ITS + trnH-psbA and rbcL + ITS + trnH-psbA). Among DNA barcodes and their combinations, the ITS marker had the highest degree of species discrimination (NJ-40%, PWG-100% and BLAST-40%), followed by trnH-psbA (NJ-20%, PWG-60% and BLAST-20%). ITS also had higher barcoding gap as compared to other individual barcodes and their combinations. Further, we also analyzed six Aconitum species (A. balfourii, A. ferox, A. heterophyllum, A. rotundifolium, A. soongaricum and A. violaceum) existing in Western Himalaya. These species were distinguished clearly through tree-based method using the ITS barcode gene with 100% species resolution. CONCLUSION: ITS showed the best species discrimination power and was used to develop species-specific barcodes for Aconitum species. DNA barcodes developed during the present study can be used to identify Aconitum species.

A Novel Clinically Based Classification System for the Profunda Femoris Artery and the Circumflex Femoral Arteries.

BACKGROUND: The profunda femoris artery (PFA) supplies important collateral branches to both the ipsilateral internal iliac artery and the distal superficial femoral artery (SFA). The size and patency of these collateral pathways can determine the risk of pelvic malperfusion, spinal cord ischemia, and lower extremity limb loss following vascular interventions. Despite its importance, the anatomy of the PFA is rarely characterized in clinical studies involving the pelvic or lower extremity circulation. This discussion may be limited by the lack of a comprehensive classification system. Our objective was to describe the most common PFA anatomic variants and present a classification system based on its branching patterns. METHODS: We dissected 155 fixed and nonfixed femoral artery systems from 88 cadavers. Seventy-seven female and 78 male femoral exposures were performed. Vessel diameters, branch configurations, and relative distances between the inguinal ligament, PFA, lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), and medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) were recorded. RESULTS: The mean diameters of the common femoral artery, SFA, and PFA were 10.3 mm, 8.0 mm, and 6.9 mm in males and 8.9 mm, 6.9 mm, and 6.1 mm in females, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean distances from the inguinal ligament for PFA, MCFA, and LCFA were 41 mm, 41.7 mm, and 52.5 mm, respectively. No significant differences were noted relative to laterality or fixation. We developed a clinically applicable classification system based on the orientation of the PFA, LCFA, and MCFA. Six PFA, 5 LCFA, and 5 MCFA variations were identified and ranked by frequency. The 5 most common combinations accounted for 56.1% of our cadaver series. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomic orientation of the PFA and its branches is highly variable. We propose a novel classification system of this rich collateral system to facilitate consistent communication in academic and clinical vascular surgery.

A proposed model for a comprehensive virtual subinternship in vascular surgery.

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we sought to understand the challenges, advantages, and applications of a vascular surgery virtual subinternship (VSI) curriculum. METHODS: Our institution hosted 25 students for two 4-week VSI rotations, one in July 2020 and one in August 2020. The students participated in a curriculum centered around the use of Zoom and telephone interactions with residents and faculty. The curriculum included selected readings, surgical videos, group didactics, and one-on-one mentorship. Anonymous pre- and postrotation self-assessments were used to ascertain the students' achievement of the learning objectives and the utility of the educational tools implemented during the rotation. The faculty and resident mentors were also surveyed to assess their experience. RESULTS: With the exception of knot-tying techniques (P = .67), the students reported significant improvement in their understanding of vascular surgery concepts after the virtual elective (P < .05). The highest ranked components of the course were interpersonal, including interaction with faculty, mentorship, and learning the program culture. The lowest ranked components of the course were simulation training and research opportunities. The rating of the utility of aspects of the course were consistent with the ranking of the components, with faculty interaction receiving the highest average rating. The ideal amount of time for daily virtual interaction reported by the students ranged from 3 to 6 hours (median, 4 hours). Overall, most of the mentors were satisfied with the virtual course. However, they reported limited ability to assess the students' personality and fit for the program. The time spent per week by the mentors on the virtual vascular surgery rotation ranged from 2 to 7 hours (median, 4 hours). Of the 17 mentors completing the surveys, 14 reported that having a virtual student was a significant addition to their existing workload. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our student and mentor feedback was positive. Several challenges inherent to the virtual environment still require refinement. However, the goals of a VSI are distinct and should be explored by training programs. With changes to healthcare in the United States on the horizon and the constraints resulting from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, implementing a virtual away rotation could be an acceptable platform in our adaptations of our recruitment strategies.

Time-series eco-metabolomics reveals extensive reshuffling in metabolome during transition from cold acclimation to de-acclimation in an alpine shrub.

Recording environmentally induced variations in the metabolome in plants can be a promising approach for understanding the complex patterns of metabolic regulation and their eco-physiological consequences. Here, we studied metabolome-wide changes and eco-physiological adjustments occurring across the year at high elevation environments in the leaf tissue of Rhododendron anthopogon, an alpine evergreen shrub of the Himalaya. New leaves of R. anthopogon appear after the snow-melt and remain intact even when the plants get covered under snow (November-June). During this whole period, they may undergo several physiological and biochemical adjustments in response to fluctuating temperatures and light conditions. To understand these changes, we analyzed eco-physiological traits, that is, freezing resistance, dry matter content and % of nitrogen and the overall metabolome across 10 different time-points, from August until the snowfall in November 2017, and then from June to August 2018. As anticipated, the freezing resistance increased toward the onset of winters. The leaf tissues exhibited a complete reshuffling of the metabolome during the growth cycle and time-points segregated into four clusters directly correlating with distinct phases of acclimation: non-acclimation (August 22, 2017; August 14, 2018), early cold acclimation (September 12, September 29, October 11, 2017), late cold acclimation (October 23, November 4, 2017), and de-acclimation (June 15, June 28, July 14, 2018). Cold acclimation involved metabolic progression (101 metabolites) with an increase of up to 19.4-fold (gentiobiose), whereas de-acclimation showed regression (120 metabolites) with a decrease of up to 30-fold (sucrose). The changes in the metabolome during de-acclimation were maximum and were not just a reversal of cold acclimation. Our results provided insights into the direction and magnitude of physiological changes in Rhododendron anthopogon that occurred across the year.

Managing central venous access during a health care crisis.

OBJECTIVE: During the COVID-19 pandemic, central venous access line teams were implemented at many hospitals throughout the world to provide access for critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to describe the structure, practice patterns, and outcomes of these vascular access teams during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, self-reported study of central venous access line teams in hospitals afflicted with the COVID-19 pandemic. To participate in the study, hospitals were required to meet one of the following criteria: development of a formal plan for a central venous access line team during the pandemic; implementation of a central venous access line team during the pandemic; placement of central venous access by a designated practice group during the pandemic as part of routine clinical practice; or management of an iatrogenic complication related to central venous access in a patient with COVID-19. RESULTS: Participants from 60 hospitals in 13 countries contributed data to the study. Central venous line teams were most commonly composed of vascular surgery and general surgery attending physicians and trainees. Twenty sites had 2657 lines placed by their central venous access line team or designated practice group. During that time, there were 11 (0.4%) iatrogenic complications associated with central venous access procedures performed by the line team or group at those 20 sites. Triple lumen catheters, Cordis (Santa Clara, Calif) catheters, and nontunneled hemodialysis catheters were the most common types of central venous lines placed by the teams. Eight (14%) sites reported experience in placing central venous lines in prone, ventilated patients with COVID-19. A dedicated line cart was used by 35 (59%) of the hospitals. Less than 50% (24 [41%]) of the participating sites reported managing thrombosed central lines in COVID-19 patients. Twenty-three of the sites managed 48 iatrogenic complications in patients with COVID-19 (including complications caused by providers outside of the line team or designated practice group). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a dedicated central venous access line team during a pandemic or other health care crisis is a way by which physicians trained in central venous access can contribute their expertise to a stressed health care system. A line team composed of physicians with vascular skill sets provides relief to resource-constrained intensive care unit, ward, and emergency medicine teams with a low rate of iatrogenic complications relative to historical reports. We recommend that a plan for central venous access line team implementation be in place for future health care crises.

Tourniquet use for knee replacement surgery.

BACKGROUND: Many surgeons prefer to perform total knee replacement surgery with the aid of a tourniquet. A tourniquet is an occlusive device that restricts distal blood flow to help create a bloodless field during the procedure. A tourniquet may be associated with increased risk of pain and complications. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of tourniquet use in knee replacement surgery. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) up to 26 March 2020. We searched clinicaltrials.gov, the World Health Organization trials portal, and several international registries and joint registries up to March 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing knee replacement with use of a tourniquet versus without use of a tourniquet and non-randomised studies with more than 1000 participants. Major outcomes included pain, function, global assessment of success, health-related quality of life, serious adverse events (including venous thromboembolism, infection, re-operation, and mortality), cognitive function, and survival of the implant. Minor outcomes included blood loss, economic outcomes, implant stability, and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors screened abstracts and full texts, extracted data, performed risk of bias assessments, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included 41 RCTs with 2819 participants. Trials included from 20 to 199 participants. Mean age ranged between 58 and 84 years. More than half of the RCTs had unclear risk of selection bias and unclear risk of performance and detection bias due to absence of blinding of participants and surgeons. Major outcomes Pain: at postoperative day 1, pain (on a scale from zero to 10, with higher scores indicating worse pain) was ranked at 4.56 points after surgery without a tourniquet and at 1.25 points (MD) higher (95% CI 0.32 higher to 2.19 higher) with a tourniquet (8 studies; 577 participants), for an absolute difference of 12.5% higher pain scores (95% CI 3.2% higher to 21.9% higher) and a relative difference of 19% higher pain scores (95% CI 3.4% higher to 49% higher) with a tourniquet. Evidence for these findings was of moderate certainty, downgraded due to risk of bias. Knee replacement with a tourniquet probably led to higher postoperative pain scores at day 1, although this difference may or may not be noticeable to patients (based on a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 1.0). Function: at 12 months, tourniquet use probably makes little or no difference to function, based on an MCID of 5.3 for Knee Society Score (KSS) and 5.0 for Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Mean function (on a scale from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better outcomes) was 90.03 points after surgery without a tourniquet and was 0.29 points worse (95% CI 1.06 worse to 0.48 better) on a 0 to 100 scale, absolute difference was 0.29% worse (1.06% worse to 0.48% better), with a tourniquet (5 studies; 611 participants). This evidence was downgraded to moderate certainty due to risk of bias. Global assessment of success: low-certainty evidence (downgraded due to bias and imprecision) indicates that tourniquet use may have little or no effect on success. At six months, 47 of 50 (or 940 per 1000) reported overall successful treatment after surgery without a tourniquet and 47 of 50 (or 940 per 1000) with a tourniquet (risk ratio (RR) 1.0, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.10) based on one study with 100 participants. Health-related quality of life: at six months, tourniquet may have little or no effect on quality of life. The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) score (mental component from zero to 100 (100 is best)) was 54.64 after surgery without a tourniquet and 1.53 (MD) better (95% CI 0.85 worse to 3.91 better) with a tourniquet (1 study; 199 participants); absolute difference was 1.53% better (0.85% worse to 3.91% better). Evidence was of low certainty, downgraded due to risk of bias and small number of participants. Serious adverse events: the risk of serious adverse events was probably higher with tourniquet; 26 of 898 (29 per 1000) reported events following surgery without a tourniquet compared to 53 of 901 (59 per 1000) with a tourniquet (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.73) in 21 studies (1799 participants). Twenty-nine more per 1000 patients (95% CI 3 to 50 more per 1000 patients) had a serious adverse event with a tourniquet. Forty-eight (95% CI 20 to 345) participants would need to have surgery without a tourniquet to avoid one serious adverse event. This evidence was downgraded to moderate certainty due to risk of bias. Cognitive function: one study reported cognitive function as an outcome; however the data were incompletely reported and could not be extracted for analysis. Survival of implant: it is uncertain if tourniquet has an effect on implant survival due to very low certainty evidence (downgraded for bias, and twice due to very low event rates); 2 of 107 (19 per 1000) required revision surgery in the surgery with a tourniquet group compared to 1 of 107 (9 per 1000) without a tourniquet group at up to two years' follow-up (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.23 to 8.92). This equates to a 0.4% (0.7% lower to 7% more) increased absolute risk in surgery with a tourniquet. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Moderate certainty evidence shows that knee replacement surgery with a tourniquet is probably associated with an increased risk of serious adverse events. Surgery with a tourniquet is also probably associated with higher postoperative pain, although this difference may or may not be noticeable to patients. Surgery with a tourniquet does not appear to confer any clinically meaningful benefit on function, treatment success or quality of life. Further research is required to explore the effects of tourniquet use on cognitive function and implant survival, to identify any additional harms or benefits. If a tourniquet continues to be used in knee replacement surgery, patients should be informed about the potential increased risk of serious adverse events and postoperative pain.

ANTECEDENTES: Muchos cirujanos prefieren realizar una cirugía de reemplazo total de rodilla con la ayuda de un torniquete. Un torniquete es un dispositivo oclusivo que restringe el flujo sanguíneo distal para ayudar a crear un campo sin sangre durante el procedimiento. El torniquete se puede asociar con un mayor riesgo de dolor y complicaciones. OBJETIVOS: Determinar los efectos beneficiosos y perjudiciales del uso de torniquetes en la cirugía de reemplazo de rodilla. MÉTODOS DE BÚSQUEDA: Se hicieron búsquedas en MEDLINE, Embase y en el Registro Cochrane central de ensayos controlados (CENTRAL) hasta el 26 de marzo de 2020. Se realizaron búsquedas en clinicaltrials.gov, el portal de ensayos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y en varios registros internacionales y registros conjuntos hasta marzo de 2020. CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN: Se incluyeron los ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) que compararon el reemplazo de rodilla con el uso de un torniquete versus sin el uso de un torniquete y los estudios no aleatorizados con más de 1000 participantes. Los desenlaces principales fueron el dolor, la funcionalidad, la evaluación general del éxito, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, los eventos adversos graves (incluido el tromboembolismo venoso, la infección, la reintervención y la mortalidad), la función cognitiva y la supervivencia del implante. Los desenlaces secundarios incluyeron la pérdida de sangre, los desenlaces económicos, la estabilidad del implante y los eventos adversos. OBTENCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS: Dos autores de la revisión examinaron los resúmenes y los textos completos, extrajeron los datos, realizaron las evaluaciones del riesgo de sesgo y evaluaron la certeza de la evidencia utilizando el enfoque GRADE. RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES: Se incluyeron 41 ECA con 2819 participantes. Los ensayos incluyeron de 20 a 199 participantes. La media de edad varió entre 58 y 84 años. Más de la mitad de los ECA tenían riesgo incierto de sesgo de selección y riesgo incierto de sesgo de realización y detección debido a la falta de cegamiento de los participantes y los cirujanos. Desenlaces principales Dolor: en el primer día después de la cirugía, el dolor (en una escala de 0 a 10, con puntuaciones mayores que indican un peor dolor) se clasificó en 4,56 puntos después de la cirugía sin torniquete y en 1,25 puntos (DM) mayor (IC del 95%: 0,32 mayor a 2,19 mayor) con un torniquete (ocho estudios; 577 participantes), para una diferencia absoluta de 12,5% de puntuaciones mayores de dolor (IC del 95%: 3,2% mayor a 21,9% mayor) y una diferencia relativa de 19% de puntuaciones mayores de dolor (IC del 95%: 3,4% mayor a 49% mayor) con un torniquete. La evidencia de estos hallazgos fue de certeza moderada, disminuida debido al riesgo de sesgo. El reemplazo de rodilla con un torniquete probablemente dio lugar a mayores puntuaciones de dolor en el primer día después de la cirugía, aunque esta diferencia puede o no ser perceptible para los pacientes (sobre la base de una diferencia mínima clínicamente importante [DMCI] de 1,0). Funcionalidad: a los 12 meses el uso de torniquetes probablemente da lugar a poca o ninguna diferencia en la funcionalidad, según una DMCI de 5,3 en la Knee Society Score (KSS) y de 5,0 en la Oxford Knee Score (OKS). La funcionalidad media (en una escala de 0 a 100, con puntuaciones más altas que indican mejores desenlaces) fue de 90,03 puntos después de la cirugía sin torniquete y fue 0,29 puntos peor (IC del 95%: 1,06 peor a 0,48 mejor) en una escala de 0 a 100, la diferencia absoluta fue 0,29% peor (1,06% peor a 0,48% mejor), con un torniquete (cinco estudios; 611 participantes). Esta evidencia se disminuyó a certeza moderada debido al riesgo de sesgo. Evaluación general del éxito: evidencia de certeza baja (disminuida debido al sesgo y la imprecisión) indica que el uso de torniquetes puede tener poco o ningún efecto en el éxito. A los seis meses, 47 de 50 (o 940 por 1000) informaron de un tratamiento general exitoso después de la cirugía sin torniquete y 47 de 50 (o 940 por 1000) con torniquete (razón de riesgos [RR] 1,0; IC del 95%: 0,91 a 1,10), según un estudio con 100 participantes. Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud: a los seis meses, el torniquete puede tener poco o ningún efecto en la calidad de vida. La puntuación de la 12­Item Short Form Survey (SF­12) (componente mental de 0 a 100 [100 es mejor]) fue de 54,64 después de la cirugía sin torniquete y 1,53 (DM) mejor (IC del 95%: 0,85 peor a 3,91 mejor) con torniquete (un estudio; 199 participantes); la diferencia absoluta fue 1,53% mejor (0,85% peor a 3,91% mejor). La evidencia fue de certeza baja, y se disminuyó debido al riesgo de sesgo y al escaso número de participantes. Eventos adversos graves: el riesgo de eventos adversos graves probablemente fue mayor con el uso de un torniquete; 26 de 898 (29 por 1000) notificaron eventos después de la cirugía sin torniquete en comparación con 53 de 901 (59 por 1000) con un torniquete (RR 1,73; IC del 95%: 1,10 a 2,73) en 21 estudios (1799 participantes). Veintinueve más por cada 1000 pacientes (95% CI 3 a 50 más por 1000 pacientes) presentaron un evento adverso grave con un torniquete. Cuarenta y ocho (IC del 95%: 20 a 345) participantes tendrían que ser operados sin torniquete para evitar un evento adverso grave. Esta evidencia se disminuyó a certeza moderada debido al riesgo de sesgo. Función cognitiva: un estudio informó de la función cognitiva como un desenlace; sin embargo, los datos se informaron de manera incompleta y no se pudieron extraer para el análisis. Supervivencia del implante: no está claro si el torniquete tiene un efecto sobre la supervivencia del implante debido a evidencia de certeza muy baja (disminuida por el sesgo, y dos veces debido a las tasas de eventos muy bajas); dos de 107 (19 por 1000) requirieron cirugía de revisión en el grupo de cirugía con torniquete en comparación con uno de 107 (nueve por 1000) en el grupo sin torniquete hasta los dos años de seguimiento (RR 1,44; IC del 95%: 0,23 a 8,92). Esto equivale a un 0,4% (0,7% menos a 7% más) de aumento del riesgo absoluto en la cirugía con torniquete. CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES: Evidencia de certeza moderada muestra que la cirugía de reemplazo de rodilla con torniquete probablemente se asocia con un mayor riesgo de eventos adversos graves. La cirugía con torniquete también se asocia probablemente con un mayor dolor posoperatorio, aunque esta diferencia puede o no ser perceptible para los pacientes. La cirugía con torniquete no parece conferir efectos beneficiosos clínicamente significativos en la funcionalidad, el éxito del tratamiento o la calidad de vida. Se necesitan estudios de investigación adicionales para explorar los efectos del uso de torniquetes en la función cognitiva y la supervivencia del implante, para identificar cualquier efecto perjudicial o beneficioso adicional. Si se sigue utilizando un torniquete en la cirugía de reemplazo de rodilla, se debe informar a los pacientes sobre el posible aumento del riesgo de que se produzcan efectos adversos graves y dolor posoperatorio.

Water quality assessment of river Beas, India, using multivariate and remote sensing techniques.

River Beas originates in the Himalayas and merges into river Sutlej at Harike, a Ramsar wetland. This river is a habitat of the endangered freshwater dolphin, Platanista gangetica minor R. Twenty-five water quality parameters, including eight heavy metals, were studied at four sampling sites over a stretch of 63 km between Beas and Harike towns for pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons. Principal component analysis of the data proved to be an effective tool for data reduction as the first three principal components of all the water quality parameters explained 100% variance. Factor analysis delineated three factors underlying the water quality. Factor 1 comprised pollution-related parameters like BOD, COD, DO, PO4(-3) and hardness. Factor 2 was a natural water quality determinant and explained maximum variance in turbidity, alkalinity and TDS. Factor 3 comprised NO3(-1), a fertilizer-related parameter. Reflectance values from bands 2 (green), 3 (red) and 4 (near infra-red) of Landsat (TM) digital data were regressed on PO4(-3), turbidity and TDS using multiple linear regression analysis. PO4(-3) contributed positively to the spectral radiance, whereas TDS contributed negatively. Beta regression analysis revealed that PO4(-3) had a positive relation with BOD, whereas turbidity and TDS were negatively regressed with BOD. Artificial neural network models were fitted to the data. Correlations between the target values from ANN for turbidity, BOD and bands 2 (green), 3 (red) and 4 (near infra-red) were highly significant.

Microfracture produces inferior outcomes to other cartilage repair techniques in chondral injuries in the paediatric knee.

INTRODUCTION: Chondral injuries are becoming increasingly common in the paediatric knee. First line surgical therapy is usually microfracture (MF), but the emergence of alternative techniques raises the question of what is the optimal treatment in paediatric patients. SOURCES OF DATA: A comprehensive search of PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, SportDiscus and Cochrane databases was performed using the key words 'autologous chondrocyte implantation, MF, mosaicplasty, juvenile, paediatric'. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: Each technique demonstrated a significant post-surgical improvement in clinical outcome scores. However, MF demonstrated poorer outcomes in larger lesions (>3 cm(2)) and shorter durability. AREA OF CONTROVERSY: The quality of the available literature is poor, and there is a lack of comparative trials. GROWING POINTS: The impact of defect characteristics, mechanism of injury and concomitant surgeries should be investigated. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Appropriately powered randomized controlled trials with suitably long follow up and condition-specific outcome measures should compare different techniques against each other and placebo.

Flexible, humidity- and contamination-resistant superhydrophobic MXene-based electrospun triboelectric nanogenerators for distributed energy harvesting applications.

The low surface-charge density, poor stability and irreparable surface of triboelectric materials under harsh environments are still some obstacles for developing high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In particular, a two-dimensional MXene material's surface is likely to be corroded by water molecules under high humidity conditions owing to its hydrophilic nature, limiting the output performance and stability of TENGs. Herein, an approach for fabricating a humidity- and contamination-resistant MXene-based TENG is established using the electrospinning technique. First, nanofibrous layers of MXene/MoS2 composites blended in a cellulosic polymer matrix were prepared, benefitting the high surface roughness and controlled air-trapping pores. Furthermore, the prepared nanofibrous layers were chemically modified with stearic acid (SA), which enhances the hydrophobicity and electronegativity of MXene/MoS2 composites. In a typical synthesis, four different compositions of MXene/MoS2/cellulose acetate nanofibers were prepared, which illustrates that an increasing concentration of MoS2 could effectively tune the surface oxidation, hydrophilic nature, and surface roughness of MXene as well as induce a piezoelectricity-enhanced triboelectric potential. On the other side, the SA modification ultimately generated a superhydrophobic surface with low surface energy and a high water contact angle of ∼154°. The integrated TENG displayed an enhanced output voltage of ∼140 V and an instantaneous power density of ∼2975 mW cm-2 with long-term stability under high humidity conditions. Additionally, the self-cleaning properties were demonstrated, ensuring the sustainability and reusability of the TENG in a contaminated environment. Moreover, the fabricated MXene-based superhydrophobic layer can harvest the energy on dripping water droplets based on the liquid-solid contact-electrification TENG mode. Overall, this work paves the way for the design and development of humidity- and contamination-resistant triboelectric materials and guides the study of harvesting of distributed environmental energy efficiently.

Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of Euvichol-Plus with Shanchol in healthy Indian adults and children: an open-label, randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, parallel-group, phase 3 trial.

Background: Considering the cholera menace in India and to seek licensure of the oral cholera vaccine (OCV), Euvichol-Plus, we conducted a clinical trial to compare the immunogenicity and safety of Euvichol-Plus with Shanchol in healthy Indian adults and children. Methods: This phase 3, open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority, parallel-group, comparative study was conducted at seven sites across India involving 416 healthy adults (aged ≥18-60 years) and children (aged ≥1 to <18 years). Healthy individuals who agreed to participate through a voluntary written informed consent form along with oral or written assent (for children aged 7-18 years) were included. No assent was required for those <7 years, as consent was given by the legally acceptable representatives (LAR). Participants were randomised 1:1 to receive two doses of either Euvichol-Plus or Shanchol orally, 14 days apart. The first dose (1.5 ml) was administered on visit 1, and the second dose at 2 weeks after the first dose during visit 2. Participants were followed up telephonically for 3 consecutive days after each visit and returned for final assessment at 2 weeks after the second dose (visit 3). Blood samples were collected for immunogenicity assessment, and safety analyses were done during all the visits. The primary immunogenicity endpoint was the percentage of participants with ≥4-fold increase in anti-Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) O1 Ogawa and O1 Inaba (vibriocidal) antibody titres at 2 weeks after the second dose as compared to baseline titres prior to dosing. The secondary immunogenicity endpoints included the percentage of participants with ≥4-fold increase in anti-V. cholerae O139 antibody titres at 2 weeks after the second dose as compared to baseline titres, and geometric mean titres (GMT) and geometric mean ratios (GMR) as measured by anti-V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, O1 Inaba, and O139 antibody titres at 2 weeks after the second dose as compared to baseline titres. The safety endpoints included assessment of solicited, unsolicited adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). The clinical trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2021/08/035344). Findings: The study was performed in two age cohorts: cohort 1 (aged ≥18-60 years, 208 participants [104 in Euvichol-Plus group and 104 in Shanchol group]), and cohort 2 (aged ≥1 to <18 years, 208 participants [104 in Euvichol-Plus group and 104 in Shanchol group]). A total of 414 participants (Euvichol-Plus: 206 and Shanchol: 208) who completed the study (intention-to-treat and per-protocol set) were analysed to compare the vibriocidal titre as an index for immunogenicity. At 2 weeks after the second dose, the percentage of participants in the Euvichol-Plus group who reported a ≥4-fold increase in anti-V. cholerae antibody titres were 68.93% (O1 Ogawa) [95% CI 62.13%-75.18%], 66.02% (O1 Inaba) [95% CI 59.11%-72.46%], and 59.71% (O139) [95% CI 52.67%-66.47%] as compared to 63.94% (O1 Ogawa) [95% CI 57.01%-70.47%], 65.87% (O1 Inaba) [95% CI 58.99%-72.28%], and 56.25% (O139) [95% CI 49.22%-63.10%] in the Shanchol group. The lower limit of 95% CI for treatment difference for all the antibody titres was ≥10% (non-inferiority margin), demonstrating that Euvichol-Plus was non-inferior to Shanchol. The post-vaccination GMT (Day 14 and 28) were more than the pre-vaccination GMT for all three serotypes in both groups. The GMR obtained for Euvichol-Plus over Shanchol for O1 Ogawa, O1 Inaba, and O139 serotypes was >1, indicating non-inferiority of Euvichol-Plus to Shanchol. The safety cohort included 416 participants. Headache was the most common solicited AE, whereas cold and cough were the most common unsolicited AEs in both groups. Interpretation: Euvichol-Plus appears to be non-inferior to Shanchol in terms of immunogenicity and safety in healthy Indian adults and children. Funding: Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India.

A review of chemistry and biological activities of the genus Aerva--a desert plant.

There are approximately 28 species of Aerva genus, but only a few species are medicinal of which A. persica, A. lanata and A. javanica are of great value. A number of flavonol glycosides (e.g., aervanone, kaempferol-3-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-ß-D-glucoside) have been reported from Aerva persica as major phytoconstituents and the minor constituents are ß-cyanins (glycine betaine and trigonelline), sterols and carbohydrates. This plant is used as medicinal herb in several traditional systems of medicine all over the world, like diuretic, demulcent, purgative, emetic and tinder. Aerva plants are used to cure ulcer, lithiasis, dropsical affections, eye affection, toothache, headache, in disorders of abdomen and inflammation of internal organs. Roots and flowers are reported to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anthelmintic, analgesic, antimalarial, antivenin activities and medicinal properties against rheumatism and kidney troubles.

Time-series RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling reveals novel insights about cold acclimation and de-acclimation processes in an evergreen shrub of high altitude.

The high-altitude alpine regions are characterized by highly variable and harsh environmental conditions. However, relatively little is known about the diverse mechanisms adopted by alpine plants to adapt to these stressful conditions. Here, we studied variation in transcriptome and physiological adjustments occurring across the year at high elevation environments in the leaf tissue of Rhododendron anthopogon, an evergreen shrub of Himalaya. The samples were collected at 12 different time-points, from August until snowfall in November 2017, and then from June to September 2018. It was observed that with a drop in both ambient air temperature and photoperiod towards onset of winter, the freezing resistance of plants increased, resulting in 'cold acclimation'. Further, 'de-acclimation' was associated with a decrease in freezing resistance and increase in photosynthetic efficiency of leaves during spring. A considerable amount of variation was observed in the transcriptome in a time-dependent sequential manner, with a total of 9,881 differentially expressed genes. Based on gene expression profiles, the time-points could be segregated into four clusters directly correlating with the distinct phases of acclimation: non-acclimation (22-August-2017, 14-August-2018, 31-August-2018), early cold acclimation (12-September-2017, 29-September-2017), late cold acclimation (11-October-2017, 23-October-2017, 04-November-2017, 18-September-2018) and de-acclimation (15-June-2018, 28-June-2018, 14-July-2018). Cold acclimation was a gradual process, as indicated by presence of an intermediate stage (early acclimation). However, the plants can by-pass this stage when sudden decrease in temperature is encountered. The maximum variation in expression levels of genes occurred during the transition to de-acclimation, hence was 'transcriptionally' the most active phase. The similar or higher expression levels of genes during de-acclimation in comparison to non-acclimation suggested that molecular functionality is re-initiated after passing through the harsh winter conditions.

Characterization of Solang valley watershed in western Himalaya for bio-resource conservation using remote sensing techniques.

The development activities in mountainous region though provide comfort to the human being and enhance the socioeconomic status of the people but create pressure on the bio-resources. In this paper, the current status of land use/landcover and the vegetation communities of the Solang valley watershed in Himachal Pradesh of Indian western Himalaya has been mapped and presented using remote sensing. This watershed area was dominated by alpine and sub-alpine pastures (30.34%) followed by scree slopes (22.34%) and forests (21.06%). Many tree, shrub, and herb species identified in the study area are among the prioritized species for conservation in the Indian Himalayan Region. Thus, scientific interventions and preparation of action plans based on ecological survey are required for conservation of the Solang valley watershed.

Time to reconsider the routine use of tourniquets in total knee arthroplasty surgery.

AIMS: Many surgeons choose to perform total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery with the aid of a tourniquet. A tourniquet is a device that fits around the leg and restricts blood flow to the limb. There is a need to understand whether tourniquets are safe, and if they benefit, or harm, patients. The aim of this study was to determine the benefits and harms of tourniquet use in TKA surgery. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, and trial registries up to 26 March 2020. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing TKA with a tourniquet versus without a tourniquet. Outcomes included: pain, function, serious adverse events (SAEs), blood loss, implant stability, duration of surgery, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: We included 41 RCTs with 2,819 participants. SAEs were significantly more common in the tourniquet group (53/901 vs 26/898, tourniquet vs no tourniquet respectively) (risk ratio 1.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 2.73). The mean pain score on the first postoperative day was 1.25 points higher (95% CI 0.32 to 2.19) in the tourniquet group. Overall blood loss did not differ between groups (mean difference 8.61 ml; 95% CI -83.76 to 100.97). The mean length of hospital stay was 0.34 days longer in the group that had surgery with a tourniquet (95% CI 0.03 to 0.64) and the mean duration of surgery was 3.7 minutes shorter (95% CI -5.53 to -1.87). CONCLUSION: TKA with a tourniquet is associated with an increased risk of SAEs, pain, and a marginally longer hospital stay. The only finding in favour of tourniquet use was a shorter time in theatre. The results make it difficult to justify the routine use of a tourniquet in TKA surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):830-839.

Assessment of water quality parameters of the Harike wetland in India, a Ramsar site, using IRS LISS IV satellite data.

This study aims at the classification and water quality assessment of Harike wetland (Ramsar site) in India using satellite images from the Indian Remote Sensing satellite, Resourcesat (IRS P6). The Harike wetland is a converging zone of two rivers, Beas and Sutlej. The satellite images of IRS Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS) IV multispectral sensor with three bands (green, red, and near infrared (NIR)) and a spatial resolution of 5.8 m were classified using supervised image classification techniques. Field points for image classification and water sampling were recorded using a Garmin eTrex Global Positioning System. The water quality parameters assessed were dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand, and Secchi disk transparency (SDT). Correlations were established between turbidity and SS, SS and SDT, and total solids and turbidity. Using reflectance values from the green, red, and NIR bands, we then plotted the water quality parameters with the mean digital number values from the satellite imagery. The NIR band correlated significantly with the water quality parameters, whereas, using SDT values, it was observed that the green and the red reflectance bands were able to distinguish the waters from the two rivers, which have different water qualities.

De novo transcriptome provides insights into the growth behaviour and resveratrol and trans-stilbenes biosynthesis in Dactylorhiza hatagirea - An endangered alpine terrestrial orchid of western Himalaya.

This is the first report on de novo transcriptome of Dactylorhiza hatagirea, a critically-endangered, terrestrial orchid of alpine Himalayas. The plant is acclaimed for medicinal properties but little is known about its secondary-metabolites profile or cues regulating their biosynthesis. De novo transcriptome analysis was therefore, undertaken to gain basic understanding on these aspects, while circumventing the acute limitation of plant material availability. 65,384 transcripts and finally, 37,371 unigenes were assembled de novo from a total of 236 million reads obtained from shoot, tuber and leaves of the plant. Dominance of differentially-expressing-genes (DEGs) related to cold-stress-response and plant-hormone-signal-transduction; and those involved in photosynthesis, sugar-metabolism and secondary-metabolite-synthesis provided insights into carbohydrate-partitioning in the plant during its preparation for freezing winter at natural habitat. DEGs of glucomannan, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phylloquinone/naphthoquinones, indole alkaloids, resveratrol and stilbene biosynthesis revealed the secondary-metabolite profile of D. hatagirea. UHPLC results confirmed appreciable amounts of resveratrol and trans-stilbene in D. hatagirea tubers, for the first time. Expression analysis of 15 selected genes including those of phenylpropanoid pathway confirmed the validity of RNA-seq data. Opportunistic growth, temperature- and tissue-specific-differential-expression of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and stress tolerant genes were confirmed using clonal plants growing at 8, 15 and 25 °C.

Determining the stress biomarker profile in patients undergoing total knee replacement and the relationship with outcome at 12 months.

BACKGROUND: Total knee replacement (TKR) is the commonest joint arthroplasty procedure worldwide. Despite excellent outcomes, some studies have reported dissatisfaction in up to 20% of patients. There is evidence of an association between the biochemical stress response to surgery and outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe the stress biomarker profile for TKR, and correlate this with patient outcomes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 50 patients undergoing primary TKR was conducted. Serum IL-6, TNF-α, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were measured immediately pre- and post-operatively, and on Days 1 and 3. Follow-up questionnaires including the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and EuroQol five dimensions (EQ-5D) were completed at 12-months. Univariate analysis was completed using a linear regression model (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Serum IL-6, NLR, and PLR all increased to Day 1 post-operatively, and decreased by Day 3. TNF-α values increased across all time points. Statistical analysis found a significant negative correlation (r = -0.414; p = 0.005) between pre-operative IL-6 and 12-month OKS. There was a significant positive correlation between pre-operative NLR and 12 month OKS (r = 0.272; p = 0.039) and 12 month EQ5D (r = 0.268; p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to describe the biochemical stress response to TKR. The results raise the potential for a pre-operative risk stratification tool for patients based on IL-6 and NLR measurements. Further research should be conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms involved, and investigate interventions to reduce pre-operative physiological stress with a view to improving post-operative outcomes.

Subdural hematoma following spinal cord stimulator implant.

Headache following interventional procedures is a diagnostic challenge due to the multitude of possible etiologies involved. Presentation can be simple (PDPH alone) or complex (exacerbation of pre-existing chronic headache along with PDPH) or headache associated with a new onset intracranial process. Subdural hematoma is a rare complication of cranio-spinal trauma. Cranial subdural hematoma may present in an acute, sub-acute, or chronic fashion. Diagnosis of a subdural hematoma in the wake of a PDPH is difficult, requiring a high level of suspicion. Delayed diagnosis of subdural hematoma is usually related to failure to consider it in the differential diagnosis. Thorough history, assessment of the evolution of symptoms, and imaging studies may identify the possible cause and help direct treatment. Change in the character of initial presenting symptoms may be a sign of resolution of the headache or the onset of a secondary process. We report a case of acute intracranial subdural hematoma secondary to unintentional dural puncture during placement of a permanent spinal cord stimulator lead for refractory angina. There is need for careful follow-up of patients with a known post-dural tear. Failure to identify uncommon adverse events in patients with complicated spinal cord stimulator implantation may lead to permanent injury.