The Complement Component 4 Binding Protein α Gene: A Versatile Immune Gene That Influences Lipid Metabolism in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Lines.

Complement component 4 binding protein α (C4BPA) is an immune gene which is responsible for the complement regulation function of C4BP by binding and inactivating the Complement component C4b (C4b) component of the classical Complement 3 (C3) invertase pathway. Our previous findings revealed that C4BPA was differentially expressed by comparing the transcriptome in high-fat and low-fat bovine mammary epithelial cell lines (BMECs) from Chinese Holstein dairy cows. In this study, a C4BPA gene knockout BMECs line model was constructed via using a CRISPR/Cas9 system to investigate the function of C4BPA in lipid metabolism. The results showed that levels of triglyceride (TG) were increased, while levels of cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acid (FFA) were decreased (p < 0.05) after knocking out C4BPA in BMECs. Additionally, most kinds of fatty acids were found to be mainly enriched in the pathway of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and regulation of lipolysis in adipocyte. Meanwhile, the RNA-seq showed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are related to PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The expressions of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase 1 (HMGCS1), Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1), and Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) significantly changed when the C4BPA gene was knocked out. Collectively, C4BPA gene, which is an immune gene, played an important role in lipid metabolism in BMECs. These findings provide a new avenue for animal breeders: this gene, with multiple functions, should be reasonably utilized.

Syndecan-3 Coregulates Milk Fat Metabolism and Inflammatory Reactions in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells through AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway.

Transcriptome sequencing showed that syndecan-3 (SDC3) was differentially expressed in high-fat and low-fat mammary epithelial cells of Chinese Holstein cows. Previous studies found that SDC3 plays an important role in inflammatory diseases and virus infection. However, those studies did not confirm whether or not the functional gene SDC3, which plays an important role in regulating milk fat metabolism, has an effect on susceptibility to breast tissue diseases. Therefore, we studied the effects of SDC3 on milk lipid metabolism and inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and further explored the common regulatory pathway of SDC3 in both. The overexpression of SDC3 increased the contents of triglycerides and cholesterol, reduced the content of non-esterified fatty acids, inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α and COX-2), and reduced the production of ROS in BMECs. However, silenced SDC3 had the opposite effect. Further exploring the mechanisms of SDC3, we found that SDC3 upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) through the AMPK/SIRT1 signal pathway to promote milk fat synthesis. It also regulated the activation of the NF-κB pathway through the AMPK/SIRT1 signal pathway, reducing the expression of inflammatory factors and ROS production, thus inhibiting the inflammatory response of BMECs. Nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NF-κB p50) was an important target of SDC3 in this process. To sum up, our results showed that SDC3 coregulated milk fat metabolism and inflammation through the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. This study laid a foundation for the comprehensive evaluation of breeding value based on multi-effect functional genes in dairy cow molecular breeding.

Porous crystalline conjugated macrocyclic materials and their energy storage applications.

Porous crystalline conjugated macrocyclic materials (CMMs) possess high porosity, tunable structure/function and efficient charge transport ability owing to their planar macrocyclic conjugated π-electron system, which make them promising candidates for applications in energy storage. In this review, we thoroughly summarize the timely development of porous crystalline CMMs in energy storage related fields. Specifically, we summarize and discuss their structures and properties. In addition, their energy storage applications, such as lithium ion batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, sodium ion batteries, potassium ion batteries, Li-CO2 batteries, Li-O2 batteries, Zn-air batteries, supercapacitors and triboelectric nanogenerators, are also discussed. Finally, we present the existing challenges and future prospects. We hope this review will inspire the development of advanced energy storage materials based on porous crystalline CMMs.