Assessing Adverse Effects of Aroclor 1254 on Perinatally Exposed Rat Offspring.

To assess the neurotoxic effects and redox responses of Aroclor 1254 (A1254) on perinatally exposed rat offspring, A1254 was administered by gavage from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Neurobehavioral development, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and NO synthase (NOS) levels were analyzed in the offspring. Neurobehavioral development analysis revealed delayed appearance of the righting reflex, negative geotaxis, and cliff drop test responses in A1254 exposed group. Developmental A1254 exposure also caused oxidative stress in the brain of PND 22 offspring via reductions in the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, and by promoting a rise in the levels of NO and NOS.

Rapid monitoring of mercury in air from an organic chemical factory in China using a portable mercury analyzer.

A chemical factory, using a production technology of acetaldehyde with mercury catalysis, was located southeast of Qingzhen City in Guizhou Province, China. Previous research showed heavy mercury pollution through an extensive downstream area. A current investigation of the mercury distribution in ambient air, soils, and plants suggests that mobile mercury species in soils created elevated mercury concentrations in ambient air and vegetation. Mercury concentrations of up to 600 ng/m(3) in air over the contaminated area provided evidence of the mercury transformation to volatile Hg(0). Mercury analysis of soil and plant samples demonstrated that the mercury concentrations in soil with vaporized and plant-absorbable forms were higher in the southern area, which was closer to the factory. Our results suggest that air monitoring using a portable mercury analyzer can be a convenient and useful method for the rapid detection and mapping of mercury pollution in advanced field surveys.

[Distribution and Settlement of Microplastics in the Surface Sediment of Yangtze Estuary].

This study is designed to understand the microplastic contamination in the coastal area of Yangtze estuary. The abundance and distribution profiles of microplastics in the surface sediment of six sampling sites along the Yangtze estuary were examined throughout one year. The detected average concentration of microplastic, including fibers and fragments, in the surface sediment of Yangtze estuary was (3.42±1.31) items ·g-1 (DW). Sampling during four seasons, in the months of January, April, July, and November, indicated that the highest abundance of microplastics in Yangtze estuary surface sediment occurred in January. A re-suspension experiment showed that microplastics tend to settle in the surface sediment after re-suspension. The distribution and settlement of microplastics along the coastal area has a high concordance with the dynamic erosion-accretion process of the Yangtze estuary. Microplastics tend to settle in accretion sites rather than in erosion sites.

Consumption of mercury-contaminated rice induces oxidative stress and free radical aggravation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To study the oxidative stress induced by consumption of mercury-contaminated rice in rats, and to assess the possible public health risk of mercury contamination in Wanshan mining area. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats were fed the mercury-contaminated rice produced from Wanshan area for 90 days. The antioxidant status and the free radicals in rat serum were evaluated. RESULTS: High mercury accumulation in organs of rats fed the mercury-contaminated rice confirmed the server pollution of mercury in Wanshan mining area. The intensity of electron spin resonance (ESR) signal increased by 87.38% in rats fed the rice from Wanshan compared with that in the control rats fed the rice from Shanghai, suggesting that chronic dietary consumption of rice from mercury mining area could induce an aggravation of free radicals. Feeding the mercury-contaminated rice was associated with significant decreases in the antioxidant enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and concentration of serum nitric oxide (NO), but it had no effect on serum nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Feeding the mercury-contaminated rice raised the level of serum malonyldialdehyde (MDA), indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: The long-term dietary consumption of mercury-contaminated rice induces the aggravation of free radicals and exerts oxidative stress.

[Physicochemical Properties and Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comparison of Environmental and Laboratorial Conditions].

This study aimed to understand how the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) affected its toxicity in the aquatic environment. The morphologies of oleylamine-coated AgNPs (4 nm) under environmental and laboratory water conditions were studied under transmission electron microscopy, and the results showed oleylamine-coated AgNPs formed big aggregates in the environmental water samples after 12 h equilibration. Dynamic light scattering results also showed that oleylamine-coated AgNPs had larger hydrodynamic size in all water samples as compared to its primary size (4 nm). Exposure to oleylamine-coated AgNPs inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and reduced its cell viability in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and 0.85% NaCl, respectively. A dose-dependent toxicity of AgNPs in B. subtilis was observed in laboratorial medium conditions but not in environmental water condition. Low concentration of AgNPs exhibited lower toxicity in environmental water samples as compared to that in laboratorial medium conditions. Separating AgNPs from bacterial suspension through a dialysis membrane enhanced the cell viability of B. subtilis significantly. In the environmental water samples, the AgNPs-bacteria interaction would be reduced with the formation of big aggregates by AgNPs, which consequently decreased its toxicity in aquatic environment.

Developmental toxicity and molecular responses of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos to ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 exposure.

Ciguatoxins are produced by toxic benthic dinoflagellates and cause ciguatera fish poisoning worldwide, but the toxic effects on developing marine fish have not been well investigated. The Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1), is a potent sodium channel agonist, which is one of the most toxic members among all CTXs. This study evaluated the toxic effects of microinjecting purified Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) on embryonic development of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. A lower 96h-LD50 value was estimated for eleuthero-embryos (1.32ngg-1) than that for embryos (1.71ngg-1), indicating that P-CTX-1 is more lethal to newly hatched medaka larvae. P-CTX-1 induced detrimental effects during embryonic development, including hatching failure, abnormalities in physical development (caudal fin malformation and spinal deformities), internal damage (green coloration of the gall bladder and hemorrhaging), immune dysfunction, and altered muscle physiology (bradycardia and hyperkinetic twitching). The results of a transcriptional expression analysis of genes related to the stress/immune responses, cardiac and bone development, and apoptosis supported the observed developmental abnormalities. This study advanced the understanding of P-CTX-1 mediated toxic mechanisms in the development of early life stages of a fish, and thus contributed to the toxicity assessment of CTXs in marine ecosystems.

Expression of c-fos in rat brain as a prelude marker of central nervous system injury in response to methylmercury-stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the prelude marker of central nervous system injury in response to methyl mercury chloride (MMC) stimulation and the signal transduction molecular mechanism of injury in rat brain induced by MMC. METHODS: The expression of c-fos mRNA in brain and the expression of c-FOS protein in cortex, hippocampus and ependyma were observed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical methods. The control group was injected with physiological saline of 0.9%, while the concentrations for the exposure groups were 0.05 and 0.5, 5 mg/kg MMC respectively, and the sampling times points were 20, 60, 240, 1440 min. RESULTS: The expression of c-FOS protein in cortex and hippocampus increased significantly, the accumulation of mercury in the brain induced by 0.05 mg/Kg MMC for 20 min had no significant difference compared with the control group. The mean value was 0.0044 mg/Kg, while the protein c-FOS expression had significant difference compared with the control group (P < 0.01). More sensitive expression occurred in hippocampus and cortex, but not in ependyma. Conclusion The expression of c-FOS protein in cortex and hippocampus can predict the neurotoxicity of MMC in the early time, and immediately early gene (IEG) c-fos participates in the process of brain injury induced by MMC.

[Analyzing the function of different expression genes in the brain of rat exposure to methylmercury using genomics technology].

OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the function of different expression genes in the brain of rat exposure to methylmercury. METHODS: The experimental group of rats were treated with 0.5 mg/kg weight of methylmercury via hypodermic injection. The different expression genes were scanned by using cDNA microarray, and the function genes were analyzed using genomics technology. RESULTS: The gene expression profiles showed that there were 303 genes, in which 170 were upregulated and 133 were downregulated, were differential expressed in the experimental group. Further analysis by bioinformatic technique disclosed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in many biological processes, which included immuno-response and detoxifcation, transfer and expression of genetic information, cell signalling, neurotransduction, cell proliferation and cell differentiation, apoptosis, etc. Cell signaling gene and neurotransduction gene had an very obvious change in the exposure group. CONCLUSION: The signaling pathway was the target by which methylmercury exerted the neurotoxic effects.

Expression of c-fos and oxidative stress on brain of rats reared on food from mercury-selenium coexisting mining area.

Wanshan mercury mine is the largest mercury deposit in Guizhou Province of China, but there were few reports on mercury toxic effect in the mining area. In order to study the neurotoxicity of food from Wanshan mercury mine area and probe into the effect of food from Wanshan mercury miner area on the changes of brain oxidative damage and expression of c-fos gene. The rats were exposed to mercury contaminated food for 20 d. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-peroxidase (GSH-px) and Glutathione (GSH) in rat brain was measured, and the effect of mercury contaminated rice on the expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain and the expression of c-FOS protein in cortex, hippocampus were observed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical methods. The results showed the levels of GSH, MDA, SOD and of GSH-dependent enzymes in the rat brain changed between exposure groups and control group; The mercury polluted rice induced significantly the expression of c-fos mRNA; the c-FOS positive cells in hippocampus and cortex of exposure groups were significant different from control group (P<0.01). It could be concluded that oxidative stress signals could contribute to the induction of immediate early genes (IEGs); free radicals and their by-products might not only cause oxidative damage, but also influenced gene expression; IEGs c-fos participated in the toxicity process of brain injury by mercury polluted food.

[Contribution of Particle Size and Surface Coating of Silver Nanoparticles to Its Toxicity in Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum].

Due to the unique antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in commercial applications. In this study, the toxicity of three kinds of AgNPs with different sizes and surface coatings to marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum) was studied, which was one of the dominant species in estuarine and coastal areas. All three kinds of tested AgNPs inhibited the growth of exposed S. costatum under acute exposure condition, and the order of toxicity was 10 nm-OA > 10 nm-PVP > 20 nm-PVP. Given the condition of similar particle size, oil amine surface coated AgNPs were more toxic than polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) surface coated AgNPs in S. costatum in term of cytotoxicity. With the same surface coating, the toxicity of AgNPs in S. costatum was affected by its hydrodynamic diameter and exposure concentrations. When the concentration of AgNPs was less than 500 µg · L⁻¹, larger sized AgNPs showed greater toxicity; When the concentration was greater than or equal to 500 µg · L⁻¹, smaller AgNPs exhibited greater toxicity. At molecular level, 50 µg · L⁻¹ 10nm-PVP significantly upregulated expression level of 3HfcpA (P < 0.05) and significantly downregulated expression level of Dl (P < 0.05), and 500 µg · L⁻¹ 10nm-OA significantly upregulated 3HfcpA expression (P < 0.05), while 20 nm-PVP treatment group didn't show any significant change. Exposed diatom demonstrated sensitive photosynthesis response to small size and PVP coated silver nanoparticles at molecular level. This study suggested that the toxicity of AgNPs to marine microalgae was largely controlled by the particle size, surface coating, exposure medium, exposure concentration and other factors. The smaller the particle size, the greater the toxicity of AgNPs, and the particle size of AgNPs played an important role in the toxicity of AgNPs in marine diatom S. costatum.

Rice from mercury contaminated areas in Guizhou Province induces c-jun expression in rat brain.

OBJECTIVE: Mercury (Hg), as one of the priority pollutants and also a hot topic of frontier environmental research in many countries, has been paid higher attention in the world since the middle of the last century. Guizhou Province (at N24 degrees 30'-29 degrees 13', E103 degrees 1'-109 degrees 30', 1 100 m above the sea level, with subtropical humid climate) in southwest China is an important mercury production center. It has been found that the mercury content in most media of aquatics, soil, atmosphere and in biomass of corns, plants and animals, is higher than the national standard. The present study aims to explore the influence of mercury pollution on the health of local citizens. METHODS: The effect of rice from two mercury polluted experimental plots of Guizhou Province on the expression of c-jun mRNA in rat brain and c-jun protein in cortex, hippocampus and ependyma was observed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical methods. RESULTS: The results showed that the mercury polluted rice induced expression of c-jun mRNA and its protein significantly. Selenium can reduce Hg uptake, an antagonism between selenium and mercury on the expression of c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein. CONCLUSION: c-jun participates in the toxicity process of brain injury by mercury polluted rice, the expression of c-jun mRNA in brain, and c-jun protein in rat cortex and hippocampus can predict neurotoxicity of mercury polluted rice. People should be advised to be cautious in eating any kind of Hg-polluted foods. To reveal the relationship between c-jun induction and apoptosis, further examinations are required.

Effects of mercury contaminated rice from typical chemical plant area in China on nitric oxide changes and c-fos expression of rats brain.

China is one of countries with the highest mercury production in the world. The Guizhou Province in Southwestern China is currently one of the world's most important mercury production areas. In order to study the neurotoxicity of rice from Qingzhen Chemical Plant area and probe into the signal transduction molecular mechanism of injury in rat brain stimulation by mercury contaminated rice. The rats were exposed to mercury contaminated rice for 20 d. Both of the measurements of NO and NOS were processed according to the protocol of the kit. The effect of Hg contaminated rice on the expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain and the expression of c-FOS protein in cortex, hippocampus were observed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical methods. The results showed the neural transmitter NO and NOS in brain were significantly change between exposure groups and control group; the mercury polluted rice induced significantly the expression of c-fos mRNA; the c-FOS positive cells in hippocampus and cortex of exposure groups were significant different from control group (p < 0.01). It could be concluded that nitric oxide was involved in mercury contaminated rice induced immediate early gene c-fos expressions in the rat brain. Through food chain, local ecosystem and health of local people iave been deteriorated seriously by mercury. This serious situation will last a long period. In order to alleviate mercury pollution, more work needs to do.

Neurotransmitter level changes in domestic ducks (Shaoxing duck) growing up in typical mercury contaminated area in China.

The neurotransmitter level changes of ducks exposed 8-month in a mercury-polluted site (Wanshan, China) and a reference site (Shanghai, China) were examined. Chemical analyses showed both higher mercury and selenium concentrations in the organ of Wanshan ducks. An increased content of acetylcholine (ACh) in brain and blood and a decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in blood were observed. Moreover, there was an increasing trend for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and nitric oxide(NO) production in duck brain, but a reduction of NOS activity in duck serum. The possible explanations were due to the interactive effect of selenium accumulation and the sublethal exposure level of mercury in Wanshan area. The present study showed that AChE and NOS were sensitive to mercury contamination of real circumstance, suggesting that these two indexes have the potential to be biomarkers in assessment of health effects by mercury contamination.

Effect of methylmercury on some neurotransmitters and oxidative damage of rats.

In order to study the molecular mechanism of injury in rat organs induced by methylmercury, and the relationship between neurotransmitter and oxidative damage in the toxicity process of rat injury by methylmercury was studied. The control group was physiological saline of 0.9%, the concentration of exposure groups were 5 mg/( kg x d) and 10 mg/( kg x d) respectively. The content of AChE, ACh, NOS, NO, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH in different organs of rats were determined with conventional methods. The results showed that after exposure to methylmercury for 7 d, the mercury content in brain of exposure groups increased clearly and had significant difference compared with the control group (P < 0.01). In rat's brain, serum, liver and kidney, the content of ACh and AChE were all decreased; the content of NOS and NO were all increased; the content of MDA was increased compared with the control group, the exposure groups had significant difference (P < 0.01); the content of SOD, GSH and GSH-Px was decreased compared with the control group, the exposure groups had significant difference (P < 0.01). It could be concluded that methylmercury did effect the change of neurotransmitter and free radical. They participated in the toxicity process of injury by methylmercury. The damage of neurotransmitter maybe cause the chaos of free radical and the chaos of free radical may also do more damage to neurotransmitter vice versa.

Effects of pre-harvest chemical application on rice desiccation and seed quality.

Pre-harvest desiccation may increase the efficiency of seed production. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of diquat, paraquat, and ethephon applications on grain moisture, grain weight, and seed germination of hybrid rice Yanliangyou 88 (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) and conventional rice Wuyunjing 7 (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica). In 2013, we tested 12 treatments applied at four weeks (Yanliangyou 88) and six weeks (Wuyunjing 7) after heading. Results showed that reductions in moisture content were significant two and four days after chemical application. Chemical applications had no adverse effects on 1000-grain weight, germination percentage, or germination index, but there were negative effects on the percentage of normal seedlings. Desiccation effects increased with increase in the period after application, while the effect of ethephon combined with diquat or paraquat on desiccation was limited compared with that of diquat or paraquat alone in a short period after application. In 2013, chemical applications reduced the moisture content by from 0.5% to 6.4%, the germination percentage by from 0% to 3.3%, and the percentage of normal seedlings by from 13.3% to 100.0%. Among the treatments, diquat applied at 120 g/ha resulted in effective desiccation with fewer negative effects on grain weight and seed germination in 2013 and 2014. Therefore, diquat may have potential as a pre-harvest chemical desiccation treatment for rice. These results may provide a basis for developing and implementing protocols for large scale field trials.

[Size distribution characteristics of particulate mercury on haze and non-haze days].

With the rapid economic development, China suffers from the severe haze and atmospheric mercury pollution. Particulate mercury transport has an important significance in its global cycle. In order to investigate the distribution characteristics of particulate mercury, 12 degrees Nano-moudi (6.2-9.9 µm, 3.1-6.2 µm, 1.8-3.1 µm, 1.0-1.8 µm, 0.56-1.0 µm, 0.32-0.56 µm, 0.18- 0.32 µm, 0.10-0.18 µm, 0.056-0.10 µm, 0.032-0.056 µm, 0.018-0.032 µm, 0.010-0.018 µm) impactor was used to measure the size distributions of atmospheric particulate mercury on both haze and non-haze days in Shanghai. The results indicated that particulate mercury levels were positively correlated with those of the particles. The average concentration of particulate mercury (0.31 ng x m (-3)) on haze days was 2-3 times than that on non-haze days (0.11 ng x m(-3)). The mass size distributions of aerosols and particulate mercury showed bimodal distributions. The peak shifted from 0.56-1.0 µm and 3.1-6.2 µm on haze days to 0.32-0.56 µm and 3.1-6.2 µm on non-haze days. The particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1 µm which could stay for a long time and transport for a long distance, had higher particulate mercury concentrations. The average contribution of particulate mercury to total PM aerosol were higher on haze days (0.029 ng x µg(-1)) than on non-haze days (0.015 ng x µg(-1)), indicating that secondary particles typically grew faster than mercury during the haze pollution events. The particulate mercury concentration in accumulation mode was 2.06 ng x m(-3) on haze days, while it was 0.55 ng x m(-3) on non-haze days. The large increase of the accumulation mode particles was a main reason for the formation of haze. Emissions from the coal burning as well as road surface dust and dust from long-range transport accounted for the serious pollution on haze days.

Screening of flocculant-producing microorganisms and flocculating activity.

A strain saccharomycete STSM-1 with high flocculanting activity was isolated from activated sludge with conventional methods. The high production rate and the low cost STSM-1 medium was obtained by selecting different kinds of media, carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt ion. The best flocculant-producing conditions were found by changing medium initial pH, culture temperature and ventilation flow. The best flocculating effect was obtained by changing positive ion types, density and concentration of flocculant.

[Assessment and correlation analysis of heavy metals pollution in soil of Dajinshan Island].

The Dajinshan Island is the highest altitude point in the nature land of Shanghai. In order to find out the status of soil heavy metals pollution of the Dajinshan Island and its correlation, this paper used the methods of grid and serpents sampling to collect samples, and applied the single factor pollution index method and potential ecological harm index method to assess the pollutions status. The results showed that the main contributor of soil heavy metal pollution in Dajinshan Island was Cd, with an over-standard rate of 85.4%, followed by Pb, with an over-standard rate of 26.8%, whereas Zn and Cu were not excessive. In addition, there was significant positive correlation between Pb-Cu, Pb-Zn and Cu-Zn at the level of P = 0.05, suggesting that they had high homology and were easily influenced by the soil forming materials. This was an indirect evidence that the Dajinshan Island was well protected and not much affected by human activities.

[Ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals of the typical dredged mud in Shanghai].

In order to discuss the potential ecological risk of heavy metals of the typical dredged mud in Shanghai, the Hakanson potential ecological risks method was used to analyse and assess the potential ecological risks of heavy metals, including Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, As,Cr and Zn in dredged mud from the following three areas-the dock apron of Huangpu River, the mouth of the Yangtze River and inland waterways. The results showed that the mean values of ecological risk index (Er(i)) of the seven heavy metals are 20.05, 17.49, 8.82, 5.71, 4.68, 1.74 and 1.13, respectively, all of which belonged to the low ecological risk; Cd (one location in inland waterways) and Hg (three locations in the mouth of the Yangtze River and one location in inland waterways) are the most hazardous elements, with the Er(i) > 40, which belonged to the medium ecological risk or the high ecological risk, and other elements belonged to the low ecological risk. From the results of ecological risk indices(ERI) of the heavy metals in Shanghai dredged mud, the risk of the heavy metals belonged to the low ecological risk. The ERI of inland waterways, the mouth of the Yangtze River and the dock apron of the Huangpu River were 81.4, 57.7 and 52.5, respectively, which all belong to the low ecological risk.

[Reconstruction of urban land space based on minimum cumulative resistance model: a case study of Xintang Town, Guangzhou City].

Based on the source-sink landscape theory and the principles of ecosystem services, the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model was modified, where the urban center construction land was taken as the expansion source, and the contribution rate of ecological land ecosystem services value was considered as the resistance coefficient. With the modified MCR, the urban spatial expansion process of Xintang Town, Guangzhou City was successfully simulated, and, based on the protection of ecological security pattern, the optimum path for reconstructing urban land space was put forward. The simulated urban spatial expansion short path in 1988-2008 was in accordance with the real situation. By the modified MCR, the urban space was divided into four zones of high, higher, medium, and low resistance, with the area of 80.84, 78.90, 24.26, and 61.88 km2, respectively. The expansion path of the urban space was along the route from low to medium and then to high resistance zones successively. The land suitable for eco-protection and construction had an area of 159.74 km2 and 86.14 km2, while the ecological conflict area (17.37 km2) was mainly located in higher and high resistance zones, being 10.38 and 6.99 km2, respectively. The modified MCR could not only effectively reflect the distribution area of urban land use and the conflict relationship between urban construction and ecological protection, but also reasonably judge the best developmental short path for urban spatial expansion.