[Study on noninvasive blood glucose detection method using the near-infrared light based on particle swarm optimization and back propagation neural network].

Most of the existing near-infrared noninvasive blood glucose detection models focus on the relationship between near-infrared absorbance and blood glucose concentration, but do not consider the impact of human physiological state on blood glucose concentration. In order to improve the performance of prediction model, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to train the structure paramters of back propagation (BP) neural network. Moreover, systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature and 1 550 nm absorbance were introduced as input variables of blood glucose concentration prediction model, and BP neural network was used as prediction model. In order to solve the problem that traditional BP neural network is easy to fall into local optimization, a hybrid model based on PSO-BP was introduced in this paper. The results showed that the prediction effect of PSO-BP model was better than that of traditional BP neural network. The prediction root mean square error and correlation coefficient of ten-fold cross-validation were 0.95 mmol/L and 0.74, respectively. The Clarke error grid analysis results showed that the proportion of model prediction results falling into region A was 84.39%, and the proportion falling into region B was 15.61%, which met the clinical requirements. The model can quickly measure the blood glucose concentration of the subject, and has relatively high accuracy.

[Realization of non-invasive blood glucose detector based on nonlinear auto regressive model and dual-wavelength].

The use of non-invasive blood glucose detection techniques can help diabetic patients to alleviate the pain of intrusive detection, reduce the cost of detection, and achieve real-time monitoring and effective control of blood glucose. Given the existing limitations of the minimally invasive or invasive blood glucose detection methods, such as low detection accuracy, high cost and complex operation, and the laser source's wavelength and cost, this paper, based on the non-invasive blood glucose detector developed by the research group, designs a non-invasive blood glucose detection method. It is founded on dual-wavelength near-infrared light diffuse reflection by using the 1 550 nm near-infrared light as measuring light to collect blood glucose information and the 1 310 nm near-infrared light as reference light to remove the effects of water molecules in the blood. Fourteen volunteers were recruited for in vivo experiments using the instrument to verify the effectiveness of the method. The results indicated that 90.27% of the measured values of non-invasive blood glucose were distributed in the region A of Clarke error grid and 9.73% in the region B of Clarke error grid, all meeting clinical requirements. It is also confirmed that the proposed non-invasive blood glucose detection method realizes relatively ideal measurement accuracy and stability.

[Different calcium ion concentrations affect epithelial mesenchymal transformation of human peritoneal mesothelial cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of different calcium ion concentrations on epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of human peritoneal mesothelial cell (HPMC) via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS: HPMC cell line HMrSV5 was cultured in vitro and treated in groups. The cells in the control group, high calcium group 1, and high calcium group 2 were treated with medium containing calcium ion concentrations of 1.25, 1.75, and 2.25 mmol/L, respectively. The solvent control group was treated with medium containing 1.25 mmol/L physiological calcium ion concentration and 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the high calcium+solvent group was treated with medium containing 2.25 mmol/L calcium ion concentration and 0.1% DMSO, the high calcium+4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) group was treated with medium containing 2.25 mmol/L calcium ion concentration and 1 mmol/L ERS inhibitor 4-PBA, and each group was treated for 48 hours. Morphological changes of cells in each group were observed under light microscope. The expressions of epithelial cell phenotype marker zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and mesenchymal cell phenotype marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the cells were observed by immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of EMT marker genes E-cadherin, ZO-1, α-SMA and Vimentin were detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expressions of ERS marker proteins phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), transcription activating factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the morphology of HMrSV5 cells became slender and fibrotic, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 increased, and the fluorescence intensity of α-SMA decreased in high calcium 1 and high calcium 2 groups, indicating that the cells transformed from epithelial cells to mesenchyme cells. The mRNA expressions of E-cadherin and ZO-1 were significantly decreased, while the mRNA expressions of α-SMA and Vimentin and the protein expressions of p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP were significantly increased, moreover, the expressions of the above marker genes or proteins in the high calcium 2 group was more obvious than those in the high calcium 1 group [E-cadherin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.53±0.05 vs. 0.75±0.09, ZO-1 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.42±0.06 vs. 0.69±0.06, α-SMA mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 1.81±0.16 vs. 1.32±0.14, Vimentin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 2.05±0.22 vs. 1.48±0.16, p-PERK protein (p-PERK/ß-actin): 0.81±0.09 vs. 0.59±0.06, p-eIF2α protein (p-eIF2α/ß-actin): 0.87±0.10 vs. 0.50±0.06, ATF4 protein (ATF4/ß-actin): 0.93±0.10 vs. 0.72±0.06, CHOP protein (CHOP/ß-actin): 0.79±0.09 vs. 0.46±0.04, all P < 0.05]. Compared with the solvent control group, the morphological changes of cells, the expressions of EMT marker genes and ERS marker proteins after high calcium ion concentration of 2.25 mmol/L were consistent with those in the high calcium 2 group than control group. Compared with the high calcium+solvent group, the cell morphology recovered the characteristics of polygonal and pebble-like epithelial cells in the high calcium+4-PBA group, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 increased, the fluorescence intensity of α-SMA decreased, and the mRNA expressions of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in the cells were significantly increased [E-cadherin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.86±0.09 vs. 0.57±0.04, ZO-1 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.81±0.06 vs. 0.48±0.05, both P < 0.05], the mRNA expressions of α-SMA and Vimentin and the protein expressions of p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP were significantly decreased [α-SMA mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 1.21±0.13 vs. 1.77±0.15, Vimentin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 1.30±0.14 vs. 1.94±0.20, p-PERK protein (p-PERK/ß-actin): 0.38±0.04 vs. 0.92±0.11, p-eIF2α protein (p-eIF2α/ß-actin): 0.34±0.05 vs. 1.05±0.13, ATF4 protein (ATF4/ß-actin): 0.57±0.06 vs. 0.97±0.11, CHOP protein (CHOP/ß-actin): 0.51±0.04 vs. 0.90±0.12, all P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: High calcium ion concentrations of 1.75 mmol/L and 2.25 mmol/L promote EMT of HPMC via activating ERS.

Retrospective study on the effect of Niaoduqing particles on outcome of non-diabetic patients with stage IV chronic kidney disease.

This study was to investigate the improvement value of Niaoduqing particles in the outcome of non-diabetic patients with stage IV chronic kidney disease (CKD). The non-diabetic patients with stage IV CKD who were to receive Niaoduqing particles were set as the study group (252 cases), and the patients with the same disease who only received Western medicine in the public database were set as the control group (220 cases). The follow-up visits were 3 months/time for 1 year. Deaths due to various causes, doubling of creatinine levels, and end-stage renal disease were used as hard end points to stop follow-up. The clinical indexes of the 2 groups were observed and compared. The results showed that the rate of compound outcome was significantly lower in the study group (28.17%) than in the control group (36.82%), the glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the levels of uric acid and urea were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < .05). Niaoduqing particles can reduce creatinine and urea nitrogen, stabilize renal function, delay dialysis time, and improve the incidence of compound outcome in patients with non-diabetic stage IV CKD, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Chinese experience on comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of diabetic kidney failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: This meta-analysis aims to compare the efficacy and safety of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) in the treatment of diabetic kidney failure. Methods: Five databases were selected to retrieve research on PD and HD for diabetic kidney failure until 6 August 2022. A fixed-effects or random-effects model was utilized to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) based on the heterogeneity among studies. Results: Sixteen studies were included. The results showed that patients with diabetic kidney failure treated with PD had lower levels of albumin, total protein, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and higher levels of urine volume, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lower risk of cardiovascular and bleeding events, with significant statistical difference when compared with patients treated with HD (albumin: SMD = -1.22, 95%CI: -1.53, -0.91; total protein: SMD = -0.96, 95%CI: -1.16, -0.77; SBP: SMD = -0.35, 95%CI: -0.64, -0.06; urine volume: SMD = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.40, 0.96; creatinine: SMD = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.27, 0.72; BUN: SMD = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.25, 0.85; cardiovascular events: OR = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.62; bleeding: OR = 0.41, 95%CI 0.27, 0.62). Conclusion: This meta-analysis summarized the advantages and disadvantages of PD and HD for treating diabetic kidney failure patients. Compared with HD, PD is more effective in preserving residual kidney function, reducing hemodynamic effect, and lowering the risk of bleeding and cardiovascular events in diabetic kidney failure patients, but it also predisposes to protein-energy malnutrition and increases the risk of infection.