Current and Potential Applications of Atmospheric Cold Plasma in the Food Industry.

The cost-effectiveness and high efficiency of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) incentivise researchers to explore its potentials within the food industry. Presently, the destructive nature of this nonthermal technology can be utilised to inactivate foodborne pathogens, enzymatic ripening, food allergens, and pesticides. However, by adjusting its parameters, ACP can also be employed in other novel applications including food modification, drying pre-treatment, nutrient extraction, active packaging, and food waste processing. Relevant studies were conducted to investigate the impacts of ACP and posit that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play the principal roles in achieving the set objectives. In this review article, operations of ACP to achieve desired results are discussed. Moreover, the recent progress of ACP in food processing and safety within the past decade is summarised while current challenges as well as its future outlook are proposed.

Mitigating the allergenicity of peanut allergen Ara h 1 by cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet.

BACKGROUND: Peanut allergy is recognized as a major food allergy that triggers severe and even fatal symptoms. Avoidance of peanuts in the diet is the main option for current safety management. Processing techniques reducing peanut allergenicity are required to develop other options. Cold plasma is currently considered as a novel non-thermal approach to alter protein structure and has the potential to alleviate immunoreactivity of protein allergen. RESULTS: The application of a cold argon plasma jet to peanut protein extract could reduce the amount of a 64 kDa protein band corresponding to a major peanut allergen Ara h 1 using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but the overall protein size distribution did not change significantly. A decrease in peanut protein solubility was a possible cause that led to the loss of protein content in the soluble fraction. Immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay elucidated that the immunoreactivity of Ara h 1 was significantly decreased with the time treated with plasma. Ara h 1 antigenicity reduced by 38% after five scans (approximately 3 min) of cold argon plasma jet treatment, and the reduction was up to 66% after approximately 15 min of treatment. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that cold argon plasma jet treatment could be a suitable platform for alleviating the immunoreactivity of peanut protein. This work demonstrates an efficient, compact, and rapid platform for mitigating the allergenicity of peanuts, and shows great potential for the plasma platform as a non-thermal technique in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Investigation of the physicochemical properties of the thin slices of dried pork meat paper mixed with squid.

Globally, the Peruvian squid (Dosidicus gigas) has the highest productivity among squid species. However, due to its high-water content and astringent taste, it has limited fresh food value. This study used Peruvian squid meat as the primary material to prepare thin slices of dried squid meat paper mixed with pork. Here, different proportions (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%, while 0% as the control group) of squid surimi have used to mix with pork for the meat paper preparation and the changes in physicochemical properties, microstructure, and sensory evaluation were analyzed. The results showed that the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) contents increased with the storage period, where 20% squid surimi substitution had the lowest TVB-N content. The 20% squid surimi substitution group had the highest expansion rate, the lowest peroxide value (PV), and moisture content. The food-borne microorganisms (E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella spp.) were within the legal limits or negative. Hardness and crispiness, 20-40% squid surimi substitution were closely similar to the control group. This study has provided an effective investigation of the possibility of expanding the utilization of Peruvian squid resources by combining appropriate squid surimi with minced pork for high-quality thin slices of dried meat paper.

Applications of atmospheric cold plasma in agricultural, medical, and bioprocessing industries.

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is a nonthermal technology that is extensively used in several industries. Within the scopes of engineering and biotechnology, some notable applications of ACP include waste management, material modification, medicine, and agriculture. Notwithstanding numerous applications, ACP still encounters a number of challenges such as diverse types of plasma generators and sizes, causing standardization challenges. This review focuses on the uses of ACP in engineering and biotechnology sectors in which the innovation can positively impact the operation process, enhance safety, and reduce cost. Additionally, its limitations are examined. Since ACP is still in its nascent stage, the review will also propose potential research opportunities that can help scientists gain more insights on the technology. KEY POINTS: • ACP technology has been used in agriculture, medical, and bioprocessing industries. • Chemical study on the reactive species is crucial to produce function-specific ACP. • Different ACP devices and conditions still pose standardization problems.

The Impact of Different Pretreatment Processes (Freezing, Ultrasound and High Pressure) on the Sensory and Functional Properties of Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.).

Black garlic (BG) is an emerging derivative of fresh garlic with enhanced nutritional properties. This study aimed to develop functional BG products with good consumer acceptance. To this end, BG was treated with freezing (F-BG), ultrasound (U-BG), and HHP (H-BG) to assess its sensory and functional properties. The results showed that F-BG and H-BG had higher S-allyl-cysteine (SAC), polyphenol, and flavonoid contents than BG. H-BG and F-BG displayed the best sensory quality after 18 days of aging, while 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), SAC, and polyphenols were identified as the most influential sensory parameters. Moreover, the F-BG and H-BG groups achieved optimal taste after 18 days, as opposed to untreated BG, which needed more than 24 days. Therefore, the proposed approaches significantly reduced the processing time while enhancing the physical, sensory, and functional properties of BG. In conclusion, freezing and HHP techniques may be considered promising pretreatments to develop BG products with good functional and sensory properties.

Production of Siamenoside I and Mogroside IV from Siraitia grosvenorii Using Immobilized ß-Glucosidase.

Siraitia grosvenorii is a type of fruit used in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown that the conversion of saponins was often carried out by chemical hydrolysis, which can be problematic because of the environmental hazards it may cause and the low yield it produces. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a continuous bioreactor with immobilized enzymes to produce siamenoside I and mogroside IV. The results show that the immobilization process of ß-glucosidase exhibited the best relative activity with a glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration of 1.5%, carrier activation time of 1 h and binding enzyme time of 12 h. After the immobilization through GA linkage, the highest relative activity of ß-glucosidase was recorded through the reaction with the substrate at 60 °C and pH 5. Subsequently, the glass microspheres with immobilized ß-glucosidase were filled into the reactor to maintain the optimal active environment, and the aqueous solution of Siraitia grosvenorii extract was introduced by controlling the flow rate. The highest concentration of siamenoside I and mogroside IV were obtained at a flow rate of 0.3 and 0.2 mL/min, respectively. By developing this immobilized enzyme system, siamenoside I and mogroside IV can be prepared in large quantities for industrial applications.

Pulsed electric field-assisted drying: A review of its underlying mechanisms, applications, and role in fresh produce plant-based food preservation.

Drying is a key processing step for plant-based foods. The quality of dried products, including the physical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory attributes, is influenced by the drying method used. Conventional drying technologies have low efficiency and can negatively affect product quality. Recently, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted techniques are being explored as a novel pretreatment for drying. This review focuses on the application of PEF as pretreatment for drying plant-based products, the preservation effects of this pretreatment, and its underlying mechanisms. A literature search revealed that PEF-assisted drying is beneficial for maintaining the physicochemical properties of the dried products and preserving their color and constituent chemical compounds. PEF-assisted drying promotes rehydration and improves the kinetics of drying. Unlike conventional technologies, PEF-assisted drying enables selective cell disintegration while maintaining product quality. Before the drying process, PEF pretreatment inactivates microbes and enzymes and controls respiratory activity, which may further contribute to preservation. Despite numerous advantages, the efficiency and applicably of PEF-assisted drying can be improved in the future.

Ganoderma formosanum Exopolysaccharides Inhibit Tumor Growth via Immunomodulation.

Ganoderma formosanum (GF) is a medicinal mushroom endemic to Taiwan. Previous research established the optimal culture conditions to produce exopolysaccharide rich in ß-glucan (GF-EPS) from submerged fermentation of GF. The present study investigated the antitumor effects of GF-EPS in a Lewis lung carcinoma cell (LLC1) tumor-bearing mice model. In the preventive model, GF-EPS was orally administered to mice before LLC1 injection. In the therapeutic model, GF-EPS oral administration was initiated five days after tumor cell injection. The tumor size and body weight of the mice were recorded. After sacrifice, the lymphocyte subpopulation was analyzed using flow cytometry. Spleen tissues were used to analyze cytokine mRNA expression. The results showed that GF-EPS (80 mg/kg) effectively suppressed LLC1 tumor growth in both the preventive and therapeutic models. GF-EPS administration increased the proportion of natural killer cells in the spleen and activated gene expression of several cytokines. Our results provide evidence that GF-EPS promotes tumor inhibition through immunomodulation in tumor-bearing mice.

Development and Optimization of Djulis Sourdough Bread Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria for Antioxidant Capacity.

This study developed a nutritionally valuable product with bioactive activity that improves the quality of bread. Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a native plant of Taiwan, was fermented using 23 different lactic acid bacteria strains. Lactobacillus casei BCRC10697 was identified as the ideal strain for fermentation, as it lowered the pH value of samples to 4.6 and demonstrated proteolysis ability 1.88 times higher than controls after 24 h of fermentation. Response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the djulis fermentation conditions for trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The optimal conditions were a temperature of 33.5 °C, fructose content of 7.7%, and dough yield of 332.8, which yielded a TEAC at 6.82 mmol/kg. A 63% increase in TEAC and 20% increase in DPPH were observed when compared with unfermented djulis. Subsequently, the fermented djulis was used in different proportions as a substitute for wheat flour to make bread. The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were 4.23 mg GAE/g and 3.46 mg QE/g, marking respective increases of 18% and 40% when the djulis was added. Texture analysis revealed that adding djulis increased the hardness and chewiness of sourdough breads. It also extended their shelf life by approximately 2 days. Thus, adding djulis to sourdough can enhance the functionality of breads and may provide a potential basis for developing djulis-based functional food.

Reduction of 3-Deoxyglucosone by Epigallocatechin Gallate Results Partially from an Addition Reaction: The Possible Mechanism of Decreased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Epigallocatechin Gallate-Treated Black Garlic.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a harmful substance generated during the processing of black garlic. Our previous research demonstrated that impregnation of black garlic with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could reduce the formation of 5-HMF. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on the mechanism and structural identification of EGCG inhibiting the production of 5-HMF. In this study, an intermediate product of 5-HMF, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), was found to be decreased in black garlic during the aging process, and impregnation with EGCG for 24 h further reduced the formation of 3-DG by approximately 60% in black garlic compared with that in the untreated control. The aging-mimicking reaction system of 3-DG + EGCG was employed to determine whether the reduction of 3-DG was the underlying mechanism of decreased 5-HMF formation in EGCG-treated black garlic. The results showed that EGCG accelerated the decrease of 3-DG and further attenuated 5-HMF formation, which may be caused by an additional reaction with 3-DG, as evidenced by LC-MS/MS analysis. In conclusion, this study provides new insights regarding the role of EGCG in blocking 5-HMF formation.

Producing high quality mung bean sprout using atmospheric cold plasma treatment: better physical appearance and higher γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content.

BACKGROUND: Germination of mung beans increases the content of dietary fiber, vitamin C, antioxidants, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Atmospheric cold plasma is a recently developed technology that can rapidly modify the surface properties of an object. In this work, atmospheric cold plasma was utilized to promote higher moisture absorption of mung bean seeds and, thus, enhance the germination ratio and GABA level. The selected healthy seeds that were exposed to plasma generated at different ionizing powers. RESULT: According to the experimental results, atmospheric cold plasma treatments on mung bean seeds could induce significantly more water absorption and lead to a higher rate of germination. The physical appearance of the sprout developed after plasma treatment was noticeably modified to a more desirable form, which has a short radicle and longer hypocotyls with a larger diameter. The content of the bioactive component GABA in plasma-treated beans was approximately three times higher than the untreated group due to the response of seed to the environmental stress created by the plasma treatment. CONCLUSION: The result from this work will serve as a good reference for future investigation that is searching for a solution to enhance bioactive compound production in natural products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Current progress on the production, modification, and applications of bacterial cellulose.

Adoption of biomass for the development of biobased products has become a routine agenda in evolutionary metabolic engineering. Cellulose produced by bacteria is a "rising star" for this sustainable development. Unlike plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose (BC) shows several unique properties like a high degree of crystallinity, high purity, high water retention, high mechanical strength, and enhanced biocompatibility. Favored with those extraordinary properties, BC could serve as ideal biomass for the development of various industrial products. However, a low yield and the requirement for large growth media have been a persistent challenge in mass production of BC. A significant number of techniques has been developed in achieving efficient BC production. This includes the modification of bioreactors, fermentation parameters, and growth media. In this article, we summarize progress in metabolic engineering in order to solve BC growth limitation. This article emphasizes current engineered BC production by using various bioreactors, as well as highlighting the structure of BC fermented by different types of engineered-bioreactors. The comprehensive overview of the future applications of BC, aims to provide readers with insight into new economic opportunities of BC and their modifiable properties for various industrial applications. Modifications in chemical composition, structure, and genetic regulation, which preceded the advancement of BC applications, were also emphasized.

Enzymatic degradation of ginkgolic acid by laccase immobilized on novel electrospun nanofiber mat.

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba leaf extract contains many active ingredients that are beneficial for health. However, ginkgolic acid, one of the major components found in G. biloba extract, may cause serious allergic and toxic side effects. The purpose of this study is to immobilize the laccase system on the electrospun nylon fiber mat (NFM) to hydrolyze the ginkgolic acid in G. biloba leaf extract efficiently. RESULTS: Novel electrospinning technology successfully produced high-quality nanoscopic fiber mats made of a mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotube and nylon 6,6. Laccase that was immobilized onto the NFM exhibited much higher efficiency in the catalyzation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) than nylon 6,6 pellets. After being immobilized onto the NFM, the pH and temperature stability of laccase were significantly improved. The NFM-immobilized laccase could maintain more than 50% of its original activity even after 40 days of storage or 10 operational cycles. The kinetic parameters, including rate constant (K), the time (τ50) in which 50% of ginkgolic acid hydrolysis was reached, the time (τcomplete) required to achieve complete ginkgolic acid hydrolysis, Km and Vmax were determined, and were 0.07 ± 0.01 min-1 , 8.97 ± 0.55 min, 45.45 ± 2.79 min, 0.51 ± 0.09 mM and 0.49 ± 0.03 mM min-1 mg-1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: The result successfully demonstrated the strong potential of using novel electrospun nanofiber mats as enzyme immobilization platforms, which could significantly enhance enzyme activity and stability. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Extracts from Fermented Black Garlic Exhibit a Hepatoprotective Effect on Acute Hepatic Injury.

The mechanism of hepatoprotective compounds is usually related to its antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects. Black garlic is produced from garlic by heat treatment and its anti-inflammatory activity has been previously reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of five different extracts of black garlic against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatic injury (AHI). In this study, mice in the control, CCl4, silymarin, and black garlic groups were orally administered distilled water, silymarin, and different fraction extracts of black garlic, respectively, after CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally to induce AHI. The results revealed that the n-butanol layer extract (BA) and water layer extract (WS) demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect by reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the BA and WS fractions of black garlic extract increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the interleukin-1 (IL-1ß) level in liver. It was concluded that black garlic exhibited significant protective effects on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury.

TEMPO-Oxidized Bacterial Cellulose Pellicle with Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Dressing.

Biocompatible bacterial cellulose pellicle (BCP) is a candidate for biomedical material such as wound dressing. However, due to lack of antibacterial activity, to grant BCP with the property is crucial for its biomedical application. In the present study, BCP was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation using TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr system at pH 10 to form TEMPO-oxidized BCP (TOBCP) with anionic C6 carboxylate groups. The TOBCP was subsequently ion-exchanged in AgNO3 solution and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) with diameter of ∼16.5 nm were in situ synthesized on TOBC nanofiber surfaces by thermal reduction without using a reducing agent. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out to confirm morphology and structure of the pellicles with AgNP. The AgNP continuously released Ag+ with a rate of 12.2%/day at 37 °C in 3 days. The TOBCP/AgNP exhibited high biocompatibility according to the result of in vitro cytotoxicity test (cell viability >95% after 48 h of incubation) and showed significant antibacterial activities of 100% and 99.2% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Hence, the highly biocompatible and highly antibacterial TOBCP/AgNP prepared in the present study is a promising candidate for wound dressing.

From nutraceutical to clinical trial: frontiers in Ganoderma development.

Ganoderma spp. are medical mushrooms with various pharmacological compounds which are regarded as a nutraceutical for improving health and treating diseases. This review summarizes current progress in the studies of Gamoderma ranging from bioactive metabolites, bioactivities, production techniques to clinical trials. Traditionally, polysaccharides and ganoderic acids have been reported as the major bioactive metabolites of Ganoderma possessing anti-tumor and immunomodulation functions. Moreover, recent studies indicate that Gandoerma also exerts other bioactivities such as skin lighting, gut microbiota regulation, and anti-virus effects. However, since these medical fungi are rare in natural environment, and that the cost of cultivation of fruiting bodies is high, industrial submerged fermentation of Ganoderma mycelia promotes the development of Ganoderma by dint of an increase of biomass and bioactive metabolites used for further application. In addition, various strategies for production of different metabolites are well developed, such as gene regulation, bi-stage pH, and oxygen control. To date, Ganoderma not only has become one of the most popular nutraceuticals worldwide but also has been applied to clinical trials for advanced diseases such as breast and non-small-cell lung cancer.

Expression of the Clonostachys rosea lactonohydrolase gene by Lactobacillus reuteri to increase its zearalenone-removing ability.

BACKGROUND: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that can contaminate agricultural crops in the field as well as during harvest, transportation, processing, or storage. Zearalenone (ZEN), a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, produced by Fusarium species, has been shown to be associated with reproductive disorders in farm animals and to a lesser extent in hyperoestrogenic syndromes in humans. Thus, the decontamination of ZEN in foods and feeds is an important issue. RESULTS: In this study, the gene encoding ZHD101, a ZEN-degrading enzyme produced by Clonostachys rosea IFO 7063, was cloned into an Escherichia coli-Lactobacillus shuttle vector, pNZ3004, and the resultant plasmid pNZ-zhd101 was then introduced via electroporation into Lactobacillus reuteri Pg4, a probiotic strain isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. The transformed strain L. reuteri pNZ-zhd101 acquired the capacity to degrade ZEN. In addition, the production of recombinant ZHD101 did not affect cell growth, acid and bile salt tolerance, and had only a minor effect on the adhesion ability of L. reuteri pNZ-zhd101. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful expression of a ZEN-degrading enzyme by intestinal lactobacilli.

Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity.

In this study, taro waste (TW) was utilized for Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079 cultivation and the anti-tumor and immune-modulatory properties of heat-killed cells (HKCs), cytoplasmic fraction (CF), and exopolysaccharide (EPS) were evaluated. The optimum liquefaction enzyme dosage, temperature, and time determined by Box-Behnken design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) were 9 mL/L of α-amylase, 79.2 °C, and 5 h of reaction, respectively. The optimum temperature and reaction time for saccharification were determined as 60 °C and 3 h. The optimum medium, CGMY1 medium, constitutes of TW hydrolysate containing 37 g/L of glucose, 25 g/L of corn gluten meal (CGM), and 1 g/L of yeast extract (YE). Results of MTT assay showed that HKCs and EPS from CGM medium exhibited the highest anti-proliferative in HT-29 (IC50 of HKCs, 467.25 µg/mL; EPS, 716.10 µg/mL) and in Caco-2 cells (IC50 of EPS, 741.60 µg/mL). Luciferase-based NF-ΚB and COX-2 systems indicated HKCs from CGM medium stimulated the highest expression of luciferin in both systems. The luciferase activities by using 100 and 500 µg/mL of HKCs from CGM were 24.30- and 45.83-fold in NF-ΚB system and 11.54- and 4.93-fold in COX-2 system higher than the control. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of TW medium for L. acidophilus cultivation and the production of non-viable probiotics with enhanced biological activities.

Evaluation of the effects of different liquid inoculant formulations on the survival and plant-growth-promoting efficiency of Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain PS3.

Biofertilizers can help improve soil quality, promote crop growth, and sustain soil health. The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain PS3 (hereafter, PS3), which was isolated from Taiwanese paddy soil, can not only exert beneficial effects on plant growth but also enhance the efficiency of nutrient uptake from applied fertilizer. To produce this elite microbial isolate for practical use, product development and formulation are needed to permit the maintenance of the high quality of the inoculant during storage. The aim of this study was to select a suitable formulation that improves the survival and maintains the beneficial effects of the PS3 inoculant. Six additives (alginate, polyethylene glycol [PEG], polyvinylpyrrolidone-40 [PVP], glycerol, glucose, and horticultural oil) were used in liquid-based formulations, and their capacities for maintaining PS3 cell viability during storage in low, medium, and high temperature ranges were evaluated. Horticultural oil (0.5 %) was chosen as a potential additive because it could maintain a relatively high population and conferred greater microbial vitality under various storage conditions. Furthermore, the growth-promoting effects exerted on Chinese cabbage by the formulated inoculants were significantly greater than those of the unformulated treatments. The fresh and dry weights of the shoots were significantly increased, by 10-27 and 22-40 %, respectively. Horticultural oil is considered a safe, low-cost, and easy-to-process material, and this formulation would facilitate the practical use of strain PS3 in agriculture.

Enrichment of two isoflavone aglycones in black soymilk by Rhizopus oligosporus NTU 5 in a plastic composite support bioreactor.

BACKGROUND: A plastic composite support (PCS) bioreactor was implemented to evaluate the effects on isoflavone deglycosylation in black soymilk fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus NTU 5. RESULTS: Evaluation for the optimal PCS for mycelia immobilisation was conducted, which led to the significant results that the most mycelium weight (0.237 g per PCS, P < 0.05) is held by an S-type PCS; therefore, it was selected for black soymilk fermentation. It was found that the PCS fermentation system without pH control exhibits better efficiency of isoflavone bioconversion (daidzin to daidzein, and genistin to genistein) than the one with pH control at pH 6.5. As for the long-run fermentation, those without pH control indeed accelerate the isoflavone bioconversion by continuously releasing ß-glucosidase into soymilk. Deglycosylation can be completed in 8 to 24 h and sustained for at least 34 days as 26 batches. The non-pH-control fermentation system also exhibits the highest total phenolic content (ranged from 0.147 to 0.340 mg GAE mL(-1) sample) when compared to the pH-controlled and suspended ones. Meanwhile, the black soymilk from the 22nd batch with 8 h fermentation demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging effect (54.7%). CONCLUSION: A repeated-batch PCS fermentation system was established to accelerate the deglycosylation rate of isoflavone in black soymilk. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.