RESUMO
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in regulating T-cell-mediated immune responses. Numerous studies have shown that dysfunction or decreased numbers of Tregs may be involved in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart diseases, heart failure, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Tregs can help to ameliorate CVDs by suppressing excessive inflammation through various mechanisms, including inhibition of T cells and B cells, inhibition of macrophage-induced inflammation, inhibition of dendritic cells and foam cell formation, and induction of anti-inflammatory macrophages. Enhancing or restoring the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs may thus serve as a fundamental immunotherapy to treat hypertension and CVDs. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the Tregs-induced protection against hypertension and CVDs remain to be investigated. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of Tregs subsets and function in CVDs. In addition, we discuss promising strategies for using Tregs through various pharmacological approaches to treat hypertension and CVDs.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Humanos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Animais , Inflamação/imunologiaRESUMO
Exposure to chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for metabolic disorders. Because dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) and cysteinyl cathepsin K (CTSK) play important roles in human pathobiology, we investigated the role(s) of DPP4 in stress-related adipocyte differentiation, with a focus on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/adiponectin-CTSK axis in vivo and in vitro. Plasma and inguinal adipose tissue from non-stress wild-type (DPP4+/+), DPP4-knockout (DPP4-/-) and CTSK-knockout (CTSK-/-) mice, and stressed DPP4+/+, DPP4-/-, CTSK-/-, and DPP4+/+ mice underwent stress exposure plus GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide loading for 2 weeks and then were analyzed for stress-related biological and/or morphological alterations. On day 14 under chronic stress, stress decreased the weights of adipose tissue and resulted in harmful changes in the plasma levels of DPP4, GLP-1, CTSK, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-α proteins and the adipose tissue levels of CTSK, preadipocyte factor-1, fatty acid binding protein-4, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, GLP-1 receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, perilipin2, secreted frizzled-related protein-4, Wnt5α, Wnt11 and ß-catenin proteins and/or mRNAs as well as macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue; these changes were rectified by DPP4 deletion. GLP-1 receptor activation and CTSK deletion mimic the adipose benefits of DPP4 deficiency. In vitro, CTSK silencing and overexpression respectively prevented and facilitated stress serum and oxidative stress-induced adipocyte differentiation accompanied with changes in the levels of pref-1, C/EBP-α, and PPAR-γ in 3T3-L1 cells. Thus, these findings indicated that increased DPP4 plays an essential role in stress-related adipocyte differentiation, possibly through a negative regulation of GLP-1/adiponectin-CTSK axis activation in mice under chronic stress conditions.
Assuntos
Adipócitos , Adiponectina , Catepsina K , Diferenciação Celular , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4 , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Camundongos Knockout , Animais , Camundongos , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/genética , Catepsina K/metabolismo , Catepsina K/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Células 3T3-L1 , Exenatida/farmacologia , PPAR gama/metabolismo , AdipogeniaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exposure to chronic psychological stress (CPS) is a risk factor for thrombotic cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs). The expression and activity of the cysteine cathepsin K (CTSK) are upregulated in stressed cardiovascular tissues, and we investigated whether CTSK is involved in chronic stress-related thrombosis, focusing on stress serum-induced endothelial apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight-week-old wild-type male mice (CTSK+/+) randomly divided to non-stress and 3-week restraint stress groups received a left carotid artery iron chloride3 (FeCl3)-induced thrombosis injury for biological and morphological evaluations at specific timepoints. On day 21 post-stress/injury, the stress had enhanced the arterial thrombi weights and lengths, in addition to harmful alterations of plasma ADAMTS13, von Willebrand factor, and plasminogen activation inhibitor-1, plus injured-artery endothelial loss and CTSK protein/mRNA expression. The stressed CTSK+/+ mice had increased levels of injured arterial cleaved Notch1, Hes1, cleaved caspase8, matrix metalloproteinase-9/-2, angiotensin type 1 receptor, galactin3, p16IN4A, p22phox, gp91phox, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, TNF-α, MCP-1, and TLR-4 proteins and/or genes. Pharmacological and genetic inhibitions of CTSK ameliorated the stress-induced thrombus formation and the observed molecular and morphological changes. In cultured HUVECs, CTSK overexpression and silencing respectively increased and mitigated stressed-serum- and H2O2-induced apoptosis associated with apoptosis-related protein changes. Recombinant human CTSK degraded γ-secretase substrate in a dose-dependent manor and activated Notch1 and Hes1 expression upregulation. CONCLUSIONS: CTSK appeared to contribute to stress-related thrombosis in mice subjected to FeCl3 stress, possibly via the modulation of vascular inflammation, oxidative production and apoptosis, suggesting that CTSK could be an effective therapeutic target for CPS-related thrombotic events in patients with CCVDs.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Catepsina K , Cloretos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Compostos Férricos , Trombose , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteína ADAMTS13/metabolismo , Proteína ADAMTS13/genética , Catepsina K/metabolismo , Catepsina K/genética , Cloretos/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Trombose/metabolismo , Trombose/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição HES-1/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição HES-1/genéticaRESUMO
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a widely expressed cysteinyl protease that has garnered attention because of its enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions under inflammatory and metabolic pathological conditions. Here, we examined whether CTSS participates in stress-related skeletal muscle mass loss and dysfunction, focusing on protein metabolic imbalance. Eight-week-old male wildtype (CTSS+/+ ) and CTSS-knockout (CTSS-/- ) mice were randomly assigned to non-stress and variable-stress groups for 2 weeks, and then processed for morphological and biochemical studies. Compared with non-stressed mice, stressed CTSS+/+ mice showed significant losses of muscle mass, muscle function, and muscle fiber area. In this setting, the stress-induced harmful changes in the levels of oxidative stress-related (gp91phox and p22phox ,), inflammation-related (SDF-1, CXCR4, IL-1ß, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1), mitochondrial biogenesis-related (PPAR-γ and PGC-1α) genes and/or proteins and protein metabolism-related (p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-FoxO3α, MuRF-1, and MAFbx1) proteins; and these alterations were rectified by CTSS deletion. Metabolomic analysis revealed that stressed CTSS-/- mice exhibited a significant improvement in the levels of glutamine metabolism pathway products. Thus, these findings indicated that CTSS can control chronic stress-related skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction by modulating protein metabolic imbalance, and thus CTSS was suggested to be a promising new therapeutic target for chronic stress-related muscular diseases.
Assuntos
Doenças Musculares , Estresse Oxidativo , Camundongos , Masculino , Animais , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Doenças Musculares/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exposure to chronic psychological stress is a risk factor for metabolic cardiovascular disease. Given the important role of lysosomal CTSS (cathepsin S) in human pathobiology, we examined the role of CTSS in stress-related thrombosis, focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. METHODS: Six-week-old wild-type mice (CTSS+/+) and CTSS-deficient mice (CTSS-/-) randomly assigned to nonstress and 2-week immobilization stress groups underwent iron chloride3 (FeCl3)-induced carotid thrombosis surgery for morphological and biochemical studies. RESULTS: On day 14 poststress/surgery, stress had increased the lengths and weights of thrombi in the CTSS+/+ mice, plus harmful changes in the levels of PAI-1 (plasminogen activation inhibitor-1), ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 13 motifs), and vWF (von Willebrand factor) and arterial tissue CTSS expression. Compared to the nonstressed CTSS+/+ mice, the stressed CTSS-/- mice had decreased levels of PAI-1, vWF, TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, interleukin-1ß, toll-like receptor-4, cleaved-caspase 3, cytochrome c, p16INK4A, gp91phox, p22phox, ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88), and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-2/-9 and increased levels of ADAMTS13, SOD (superoxide dismutase)-1/-2, eNOS (endothelial NO synthase), p-Akt (phospho-protein kinase B), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2), p-GSK3α/ß (phospho-glycogen synthase kinases alpha and beta), and p-Erk1/2 (phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2) mRNAs and/or proteins. CTSS deletion also reduced the arterial thrombus area and endothelial loss. A pharmacological inhibition of CTSS exerted a vasculoprotective action. In vitro, CTSS silencing and overexpression, respectively, reduced and increased the stressed serum and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and they altered apoptosis-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS: CTSS inhibition appeared to improve the stress-related thrombosis in mice that underwent FeCl3-induction surgery, possibly by reducing vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. CTSS could thus become a candidate therapeutic target for chronic psychological stress-related thrombotic events in metabolic cardiovascular disease.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Trombose das Artérias Carótidas , Trombose , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Fator de von Willebrand/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Trombose/etiologia , Trombose/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologiaRESUMO
Exposure to chronic psychological stress (CPS) is an intractable risk factor for inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Lysosomal cysteinyl cathepsins play an important role in human pathobiology. Given that cathepsin S (CTSS) is upregulated in the stressed vascular and adipose tissues, we investigated whether CTSS participates in chronic stress-induced skeletal muscle mass loss and dysfunction, with a special focus on muscle protein metabolic imbalance and apoptosis. Eight-week-old male wildtype (CTSS+/+) and CTSS-knockout (CTSS-/-) mice were randomly assigned to non-stress and variable-stress groups. CTSS+/+ stressed mice showed significant losses of muscle mass, dysfunction, and fiber area, plus significant mitochondrial damage. In this setting, stressed muscle in CTSS+/+ mice presented harmful alterations in the levels of insulin receptor substrate 2 protein content (IRS-2), phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospho-protein kinase B, and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin, forkhead box-1, muscle RING-finger protein-1 protein, mitochondrial biogenesis-related peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-α, and apoptosis-related B-cell lymphoma 2 and cleaved caspase-3; these alterations were prevented by CTSS deletion. Pharmacological CTSS inhibition mimics its genetic deficiency-mediated muscle benefits. In C2C12 cells, CTSS silencing prevented stressed serum- and oxidative stress-induced IRS-2 protein reduction, loss of the myotube myosin heavy chain content, and apoptosis accompanied by a rectification of investigated molecular harmful changes; these changes were accelerated by CTSS overexpression. These findings demonstrated that CTSS plays a role in IRS-2-related protein anabolism and catabolism and cell apoptosis in stress-induced muscle wasting, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the control of chronic stress-related muscle disease in mice under our experimental conditions by regulating CTSS activity.
Assuntos
Catepsinas , Atrofia Muscular , Estresse Fisiológico , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Tecido Adiposo , Músculos , Atrofia Muscular/genéticaRESUMO
Exposure to psychosocial stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including vascular atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a complex enzyme that acts as a membrane-anchored cell surface exopeptidase. DPP-4 is upregulated in metabolic and inflammatory cardiovascular disorders. DPP-4 exhibits many physiological and pharmacological functions by regulating its extremely abundant substrates, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Over the last 10 years, emerging data have demonstrated unexpected roles of DPP-4 in extracellular and intracellular signaling, immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress production, cell apoptosis, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism. This mini-review focuses on recent novel findings in this field, highlighting a DPP-4-mediated regulation of GLP-1-dependent and -independent signaling pathways as a potential therapeutic molecular target in treatments of chronic psychological stress-related ACVD in humans and animals.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/enzimologia , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/enzimologia , Animais , Aterosclerose/etiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/uso terapêutico , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/sangue , Humanos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Estresse Psicológico/sangue , Estresse Psicológico/complicaçõesRESUMO
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the role of Notch in indoxyl sulfate (IS)-induced vascular calcification (VC). Materials and methods: VC and expression of Notch-related and osteogenic molecules were examined in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS), DS hypertensive (DH), and DH IS-treated rats (DH+IS). The effects of IS on expression of Notch receptors, apoptotic activity, and calcification were examined in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Results: Medial calcification was noted only in aortas and coronary arteries of DH+IS rats. Notch1, Notch3, and Hes-1 were expressed in aortic SMCs of all rats, but only weakly in the central areas of the media and around the calcified lesions in DH+IS rats. RT-PCR and western blotting of DH+IS rat aortas showed downregulation of Notch ligands, Notch1 and Notch3, downstream transcriptional factors, and SM22, and conversely, overexpression of osteogenic markers. Expression of Notch1 and Notch3 in aortic SMCs was highest in incubation under 500 µM IS for 24hrs, and then decreased time- and dose-dependently. Coupled with this decrease, IS increased caspase 3/7 activity and TUNEL-positive aortic SMCs. In addition, pharmacological Notch signal inhibition with DAPT induced apoptosis in aortic SMCs. ZVAD, a caspase inhibitor abrogated IS-induced and DAPT-induced in vitro vascular calcification. Knockdown of Notch1 and Notch3 cooperatively increased expression of osteogenic transcriptional factors and decreased expression of SM22. Conclusion: Our results suggested that IS-induced VC is mediated through suppression of Notch activity in aortic SMCs, induction of osteogenic differentiation and apoptosis.
Assuntos
Indicã/toxicidade , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/patologia , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Calcificação Vascular/patologia , Animais , Aorta/citologia , Aorta/patologia , Cálcio/análise , Linhagem Celular , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Indicã/administração & dosagem , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Receptores Notch/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Notch/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Calcificação Vascular/induzido quimicamente , Calcificação Vascular/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Therapies using stem/progenitor cells have been experimentally and clinically investigated to regenerate damaged hearts. Substance-P (SP) induces bone marrow (BM) stem cell mobilization and suppresses inflammation in ischemic injuries. This study investigated the role of SP in BM stem cell mobilization and immune responses for tissue repair after ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI), in comparison with that of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). METHODS: SP was intravenously injected into IRI rats and its affect was evaluated by determining colony forming efficiency, immune cell/ cytokine profiles, histological changes, and heart function through echocardiography. RESULTS: In the rat cardiac IRI model, SP suppressed IRI-mediated tumor necrosis factor-α induction, but increased the levels of interleukin-10, CD206+ monocytes, and regulatory T cells in the blood; reduced myocardial apoptosis at day 1 post-IRI; and markedly stimulated colony forming unit (CFU)-e and (CFU)-f cell mobilization. Efficacy of SP in the recovery of cardiac function after IRI was demonstrated by increased cardiac contractility, accompanied by reduced infarction sizes and fibrosis, and increased revascularization of vessels covered with alpha smooth muscle actin. These effects of SP were confirmed in an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model. All effects mediated by SP were superior to those mediated by GCSF. CONCLUSION: Systemic injection of SP decreased early inflammatory responses and promoted stem cell mobilization, leading to a compact vasculature and improved cardiac function in cardiac IRI and AMI.
Assuntos
Mobilização de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Infarto do Miocárdio , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica , Substância P/farmacocinética , Animais , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Masculino , Receptor de Manose , Lectinas de Ligação a Manose/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is an inflammatory phenomenon that leads to structural abnormality in the vascular lumen due to the formation of atheroma by the deposition of lipid particles and inflammatory cytokines. There is a close interaction between innate immune cells (neutrophils, monocyte, macrophages, dendritic cells) and adaptive immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. According to novel insights into the role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis, the activation of CD4+T cells in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein-antigen initiates the formation and facilitates the propagation of atheroma, whereas CD8+T cells cause the rupture of a developed atheroma by their cytotoxic nature. Peripheral CD4+and CD8+T-cell counts were altered in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, on evaluation of the feasibility of immune cells as a diagnostic tool, the blood CD4+(helper), CD8+(cytotoxic), and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+(regulatory) T cells and the ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells hold promise as biomarkers of coronary artery disease and their subtypes. T cells also could be a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this review was therefore to summarize the available information regarding immune disorders in ACVD with a special focus on the clinical implications of circulating T-cell subsets as biomarkers.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/imunologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/patologia , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/sangue , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/patologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Given that cathepsin S (CatS) gained attention due to its enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions in signaling, the role of CatS in ischemia-induced angiogenesis of aged mice was explored.MethodsâandâResults:To study the role of CatS in the decline in aging-related vascular regeneration capacity, a hindlimb ischemia model was applied to aged wild-type (CatS+/+) and CatS-deficient (CatS-/-) mice. CatS-/-mice exhibited impaired blood flow recovery and capillary formation and increased levels of p-insulin receptor substrate-1, Wnt5a, and SC35 proteins and decreased levels of phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), p-mTOR, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2, p-glycogen synthase kinase-3α/ß, and galatin-3 proteins, as well as decreased macrophage infiltration and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 activities in the ischemic muscles. In vitro, CatS knockdown altered the levels of these targeted essential molecules for angiogenesis. Together, the results suggested that CatS-/-leads to defective endothelial cell functions and that CatS-/-is associated with decreased circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-like CD31+/c-Kit+cells. This notion was reinforced by the study finding that pharmacological CatS inhibition led to a declined angiogenic capacity accompanied by increased Wnt5a and SC35 levels and decreased eNOS/Akt-ERK1/2 signaling in response to ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that the impairment of ischemia-induced neovascularization in aged CatS-/-mice is due, at least in part, to the attenuation of endothelial cell/EPC functions and/or mobilization associated with Wnt5a/SC35 activation in advanced age.
Assuntos
Catepsinas/metabolismo , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/enzimologia , Isquemia/enzimologia , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Fatores de Processamento de Serina-Arginina/metabolismo , Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Animais , Catepsinas/deficiência , Catepsinas/genética , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Membro Posterior , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/enzimologia , Humanos , Isquemia/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) is a member of the SFRP family that acts as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. Given the substantial rise in obesity, depot-specific fat accumulation and its associated diseases like diabetes, it is important to understand the molecular basis of depot-specific adipocyte differentiation. In the current study, we investigated the expression of SFRP4 in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in terms of their differentiation. METHODS: White preadipocytes were isolated from the inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) from C57BL/6J mice (age: 8-week-old, male). SFRP4 expression in iWAT and eWAT preadipocytes was silenced by siRNA transfection and harvested cells for gene and protein expression analysis was performed during the differentiation. Furthermore, iWAT and eWAT preadipocytes treated with or without IL-1ß were harvested for gene and protein expression analysis. RESULTS: SFRP4 expression levels were gradually increased and proportionally associated with eWAT adipocyte differentiation toward maturation at 14 days, while iWAT adipocyte just showed an opposite tendency. Moreover, genetic (adiponectin, C/EBPα, C/EBPß, FABP4, GLUT4 and PPARγ) analysis demonstrated that depot-specific adipogenesis in response to SFRP4 silencing in eWAT and iWAT preadipocytes. Upon IL-1ß treatment, SFRP4 mRNA expression decreased significantly in iWAT adipocyte, but the expression was no significant difference in eWAT adipocyte. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SFRP4 expression differentially mediates adipocyte differentiation and may play an important role in adipogenesis.
Assuntos
Adipogenia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/citologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Adipócitos/citologia , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Animais , Epididimo/citologia , Epididimo/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Interferência de RNARESUMO
Stress is associated with pathophysiology of both irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and hypertension. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) have anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of angiotensin II (Ang II)/Ang II type I receptor axis (AT1). Inhibition of the classical RAS pathway is also involved in upregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which activates the Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway to counteract inflammatory signaling and acts as a partner of the amino acid transporter, B0AT-1, to absorb tryptophan for regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this study, we determined the effects of ARB irbesartan on stress-induced intestinal inflammation. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 2-week intermittent restraint stress. They were orally treated during the stress with either vehicle, 3 or 10â¯mg/kg/day irbesartan. Restraint stress resulted in colon inflammation with higher histological damage scores, increased expression of Nox4, TLR-4 and IL1-ß, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of the ACE-angiotensin II-AT1 receptor axis. Stress also downregulated intestinal amino acid transporter, ACE2/B0AT-1, and activity of intestinal mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), resulting in decrease in α-defensins, changes in intestinal microbial contents, and perturbation of tryptophan metabolism with activation of the kynurenine pathway. Administration of irbesartan inhibited activation of stress-induced AT1 pathway to reduce intestinal ROS accumulation and inflammation, restored expression of ACE2/B0AT-1, activity of mTOR and p70S6K, dysbiosis and tryptophan metabolism. Our results suggest that AT1 is a potentially suitable therapeutic target in stress-induced intestinal inflammation, and that irbesartan could be beneficially suitable for the treatment of stressed patients with IBS.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Irbesartana/uso terapêutico , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Irbesartana/farmacologia , Camundongos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Restrição Física , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Exposure to psychosocial stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including vascular aging and regeneration. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) exerts many physiological and pharmacological functions by regulating its extremely abundant substrates [eg., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), stromal cell-derived factor-1α/C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4, etc.]. Over the past decade, emerging data has revealed unexpected roles for DPP-4 and GLP-1 in intracellular signaling, oxidative stress production, lipid metabolism, cell apoptosis, immune activation, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This mini review focuses on recent findings in this field, highlighting an imbalance between DPP4 and GLP-1 as a potential therapeutic target in the management of vascular aging and atherosclerosis in animals under experimental stress conditions.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Vasos Sanguíneos/fisiopatologia , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Animais , Aterosclerose/psicologia , Doença Crônica/psicologia , Humanos , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Cathepsin S (CatS) participates in atherogenesis through several putative mechanisms. The ability of cathepsins to modify histone tail is likely to contribute to stem cell development. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is required in modulating the proliferation and migration of various types of cancer cells. Here, we investigated the cross talk between CatS and HADC6 in injury-related vascular repair in mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Ligation injury to the carotid artery in mice increased the CatS expression, and CatS-deficient mice showed reduced neointimal formation in injured arteries. CatS deficiency decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 and toll-like receptor 2 expression in ligated arteries. The genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CatS also alleviated the increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 induced by platelet-derived growth factor BB in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition and Akt inhibition decreased the phospho-HDAC6 levels. Moreover, CatS inhibition caused decrease in the levels of the HDAC6 activity in VSMCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor BB. The HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A downregulated platelet-derived growth factor-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas HDAC6 overexpression exerted the opposite effect. Tubastatin A also decreased the intimal VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury. Toll-like receptor 2 silencing decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 and VSMC migration and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report detailing cross-interaction between toll-like receptor 2-mediated CatS and HDAC6 during injury-related vascular repair. These data suggest that CatS/HDAC6 could be a potential therapeutic target for the control of vascular diseases that are involved in neointimal lesion formation.
Assuntos
Lesões das Artérias Carótidas/enzimologia , Artéria Carótida Primitiva/enzimologia , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Cicatrização , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Animais , Lesões das Artérias Carótidas/genética , Lesões das Artérias Carótidas/patologia , Artéria Carótida Primitiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Artéria Carótida Primitiva/patologia , Catepsinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Catepsinas/deficiência , Catepsinas/genética , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Genótipo , Desacetilase 6 de Histona , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Músculo Liso Vascular/enzimologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/patologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/enzimologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/patologia , Neointima , Fenótipo , Fosforilação , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Interferência de RNA , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Transfecção , Remodelação Vascular , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a cause of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Cathepsin K (CatK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease which affects vascular calcification and glucose metabolism disorder. We investigated the relationships among CatK, CAC, diabetes mellitus (DM) and MACCE in CKD patients. 113 consecutive CKD patients were enrolled. Their CAC was evaluated by computed tomography. Their plasma CatK level was measured by ELISA. They were divided into two groups by CatK levels and followed up for up to 3 years. The impact of CatK was analyzed in all participants, diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant higher incidence of MACCE in the high CatK group (P = 0.028). The CatK level was significantly higher in patients with MACCE compared to that in patients without MACCE (P = 0.034). Cox's model revealed the higher plasma CatK and BNP level as independent predictors of MACCE (P = 0.043 and P < 0.01, respectively). Only in non-diabetic patients, there was a significant correlation between CatK and CAC score, and high CatK group had a significant higher level of LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) than low CatK group. And these lipid disorders were independent predictors of CatK elevation. In CKD patients, our results indicated an impact of higher CatK level on their MACCE. The significant association among the CatK level, CAC and MACCE was found in non-diabetic CKD patients.
Assuntos
Catepsina K/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Calcificação Vascular/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores de Risco , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
We previously showed that selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade by eplerenone is cardioprotective in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. To clarify the consequences of glucocorticoid-mediated MR activation in these animals, we investigated the effects of exogenous corticosterone on blood pressure as well as cardiac remodeling and function after adrenalectomy. DS rats were subjected to adrenalectomy at 6 weeks of age and thereafter fed a high-salt diet and administered corticosterone (20 mg/kg per day) or vehicle. Systolic blood pressure was higher in the corticosterone group than in the vehicle group at 7 weeks and thereafter. By 11 weeks, corticosterone had reduced left ventricular (LV) mass and induced LV diastolic dysfunction. The ratio of collagen type I to type III mRNA levels in the left ventricle was increased in the corticosterone group compared with the vehicle group. Administration of a non-antihypertensive dose of the MR antagonist spironolactone (20 mg/kg per day) from 6 weeks inhibited the effects of corticosterone on both the collagen type I to type III mRNA ratio and diastolic function without affecting the decrease in LV mass. Spironolactone attenuated both the increase in NADPH oxidase activity in the left ventricle and coronary vascular inflammatory responses apparent in the corticosterone group. These results indicate that exogenous glucocorticoids induce hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and diastolic dysfunction in adrenalectomized DS rats fed a high-salt diet. The cardiac effects of exogenous glucocorticoids are likely attributable, at least in part, to myocardial oxidative stress and coronary vascular inflammation induced by glucocorticoid-activated MRs.
Assuntos
Adrenalectomia , Corticosterona/toxicidade , Glucocorticoides/toxicidade , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/agonistas , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo III/genética , Colágeno Tipo III/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Dahl , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Espironolactona/farmacologia , Fatores de Tempo , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/induzido quimicamente , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/metabolismo , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/prevenção & controle , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Remodelação Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Drug-eluting stents (DES) and dual antiplatelet regimens have significantly improved the clinical management of ischemic heart disease; however, the drugs loaded with DES in clinical practice are mostly paclitaxel or rapamycin derivatives, which target symptoms of post implantation proliferation and inflammation, leading to delayed re-endothelialization and neo-atherosclerosis. Along with the treatments already in place, there is a need for novel strategies to lessen the negative clinical outcomes of DES delays as well as a need for greater understanding of their pathobiological mechanisms. This review concentrates on the function of cathepsins (Cats) in the inflammatory response and granulation tissue formation that follow Cat-induced damage to the vasculature scaffold, as well as the functions of Cats in intimal hyperplasia, which is characterized by the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and endothelial denudation, re-endothelialization, and/or neo-endothelialization. Additionally, Cats can alter essential neointima formation and immune response inside scaffolds, and if Cats are properly controlled in vivo, they may improve scaffold biocompatibility. This unique profile of functions could lead to an original concept for a cathepsin-based coronary intervention treatment as an adjunct to stent placement.
RESUMO
The patient's vasospastic variant angina manifested as syncope with asymptomatic ischemic episodes, and repeated 24-h dynamic electrocardiogram and coronary angiography examinations combined with coronary provocation spasm tests were necessary for its diagnosis and management.