The regulation of negative and positive affect in response to daily stressors.

Experimental investigations of emotion regulation have shown that reappraisal (changing interpretations to change emotions) and distraction (directing attention to change emotions) are effective for regulating the experience of both negative and positive affect, while suppression (changing the outward expression of emotion) has been consistently shown to be ineffective. It is unknown, however, whether this pattern of effects generalizes to the context of daily stressors-a common part of daily life in which effective emotion regulation should be particularly beneficial. In addition, little is known about how frequently different strategies are deployed in response to daily stressors. The present investigation used daily diary methodology in two separate samples of adults (N = 174) to examine the use of these three emotion regulation strategies and their relationships with both negative and positive affect in response to daily stressors. Results revealed that reappraisal was negatively associated with negative affect and positively associated with positive affect, although the effect sizes for positive affect were larger than those for negative affect, suggesting that reappraisal may be particularly important for increasing positive affect in response to daily stressors. Distraction was consistently positively associated with negative affect, while suppression was not consistently associated with either negative or positive affect, suggesting that these two strategies may not be associated with emotional relief in the face of stressors. In terms of frequency of use, suppression was endorsed at higher rates than reappraisal and distraction, suggesting that individuals' use of emotion regulation strategies may not align with their effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Sex differences in wild chimpanzee behavior emerge during infancy.

The role of biological and social influences on sex differences in human child development is a persistent topic of discussion and debate. Given their many similarities to humans, chimpanzees are an important study species for understanding the biological and evolutionary roots of sex differences in human development. In this study, we present the most detailed analyses of wild chimpanzee infant development to date, encompassing data from 40 infants from the long-term study of chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Our goal was to characterize age-related changes, from birth to five years of age, in the percent of observation time spent performing behaviors that represent important benchmarks in nutritional, motor, and social development, and to determine whether and in which behaviors sex differences occur. Sex differences were found for indicators of social behavior, motor development and spatial independence with males being more physically precocious and peaking in play earlier than females. These results demonstrate early sex differentiation that may reflect adult reproductive strategies. Our findings also resemble those found in humans, which suggests that biologically-based sex differences may have been present in the common ancestor and operated independently from the influences of modern sex-biased parental behavior and gender socialization.