Combined treatment with medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is effective on long-term follow-up.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of combined medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The authors hypothesized that the combined procedure leads to good long-term outcome in patients with isolated medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with ACL deficiency and concomitant medial knee OA were treated from 2008 to 2016 with a combined UKA (Oxford Partial Knee) and ACLR using a hamstring tendon autograft. The follow-up assessment included VAS pain score, Lysholm score, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), American Knee Society scores (AKSS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC 2000), Tegner and UCLA activity scores. Instrumented laxity test was done using the KT-1000 arthrometer. Survivorship analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Implant loosening and disease progression was assessed by conventional radiography. RESULTS: Average follow-up duration was 10 years (6-14.5). VAS, Lysholm, Tegner and UCLA scores improved significantly. OKS, AKSS and IKDC 2000 showed excellent results on follow-up. Implant survivorship was 91.4% at 14.5 years. There were 2 revisions with conversion to total knee arthroplasty at 6 and 12 years postoperatively due to trauma and disease progression, respectively. There were no radiological or clinical signs of instability or disease progression in any of the remaining knees. The side-to-side difference using the KT-1000 arthrometer was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: UKA combined with ACLR is an effective therapeutic option with good outcome and return to sport rate on the long-term. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

[Pain therapy and anaesthesiological procedures in fast-track arthroplasty]. / Schmerztherapie und anästhesiologisches Vorgehen in der Fast-Track-Endoprothetik.

Since the introduction of fast-track surgery in the field of arthroplasty, all disciplines involved have been challenged with the task of close and continuous joint communication in the context of daily routine care. Processes that have been agreed upon interdisciplinarily must be reviewed at regular intervals, and, if necessary, adapted and newly agreed upon with the aim of optimizing the perioperative risks both medically and along the therapeutic pathway. The responsibility of the anaesthesiologist is not only limited to the performance of anaesthesia, but also includes the care of patients with a view to optimal pain therapy, maintenance of homeostasis and ensuring a rapid return of the patient's self-determination.

[Discharge readiness versus discharge-Results of the PROMISE study]. / Entlassbarkeit versus Entlassung ­ Ergebnisse der PROMISE-Studie.

BACKGROUND: In the context of optimized treatment processes for knee and hip replacements, lengths of stay are given for Germany that clearly exceed the internationally published ones. In this context, the present analysis of data from the PROMISE study deals with the relationship between discharge readiness and discharge. METHODS: In the PROMISE study, a jointly developed, optimized standard of care was established in three hospitals of different levels of care and realized for a typical, largely unselected cohort of patients. Among others, data were collected on achievement of discharge criteria (DC) and actual discharge. Univariate comparisons were performed by chi-square tests or the Mann-Whitney­U tests. RESULTS: A total of 1782 patients were included, of whom a mean of 85.3% achieved all previously defined DCs at a mean of 2.4 (median 2) days postoperatively. Discharge for this group occurred after a mean of 5.4 (median 5) days. 14.7% of the participants did not achieve at least one DC. This group was discharged after a mean of 6.5 (median 6) days. Significant differences in outcomes were observed for different subgroups. CONCLUSION: The so-called DCs are used as relative criteria. Achievement generally does not result in timely discharge. If this were to happen, internationally established lengths of stay would also be a reality in Germany. What actually determines discharge from inpatient treatment remains open. A variety of medical, organizational, structural and financial factors could be of importance.

Sports activities before and after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty using the new Heidelberg Sports Activity Score.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to investigate the change of sports activities before and after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with the use of the Heidelberg Sports Activity Score (HAS). METHODS: The Heidelberg Sports Activity Score (HAS) as well as FFb-H-OA, Oxford-12-Score, Tegner, UCLA and ACS were carried out to assess sports activities in 157 patients with medial osteoarthritis of the knee joint before and after UKA. The newly developed HAS also records the important duration and the sporting activity. RESULTS: Patients practiced sports in a more deliberate manner after UKA. Hiking, cycling and swimming were the sports most increased after surgery. Patients ≤65 years of age were sportier than those >65 years. Men were sportier than women, but all became sportier postoperatively. Patients with a high body mass index (BMI) are less sporty at first, but then increase their sports activity after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: HAS is an effective and valid assessment scale for evaluating sports activities before and after knee replacement.

The protective effect of pulsed lavage against implant subsidence and micromotion for cemented tibial unicompartmental knee components: an experimental cadaver study.

Cemented UKAs were performed in 12 pairs of human cadaver legs and the bone bed was cleansed using pulsed lavage (group A) and conventional syringe lavage (group B). Subsidence and micromotion of the loaded tibial trays were measured. There was a significant effect of BMD on subsidence (P = 0.043) but not on micromotion. Cement penetration of group A was significantly increased (P = 0.005). Group A showed a reduced implant subsidence (P = 0.025) and micromotion (P = 0.026) compared to group B. The group differences in micromotion and implant subsidence of UKA tibial components were statistically significant but rather small and might clinically be of minor importance. Nevertheless a worse bone quality adversely affected implant subsidence and pulsed lavage had a protective effect in these specimens.

[Dealing with early complications in unicondylar knee arthroplasty-what works, what does not?] / Umgang mit Frühkomplikationen in der unikondylären Knieprothetik ­ Was funktioniert, was nicht?

Complications in the early postoperative period following the implantation of a unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) are both rare and rarely described in the literature. Often, only small case series or individual case reports are available. In this article, the most common complications of periprosthetic infection, periprosthetic tibial fracture, inlay dislocation and intra-articular cement residue in (loose bone cement body) are described and recommendations for conservative and surgical treatment are presented, including case examples. Ideally, surgical errors or an infection should be recognized at an early stage and revised as soon as possible.

Time-Dependent Prediction Models for Individual Prognosis of Chronic Postsurgical Pain following Knee Replacement Based on an Extensive Multivariable Data Set.

(1) Background: Clinically useful prediction models for chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in knee replacement (TKA) are lacking. (2) Methods: In our prospective, multicenter study, a wide-ranging set of 91 variables was collected from 933 TKA patients at eight time points up to one year after surgery. Based on this extensive data pool, simple and complex prediction models were calculated for the preoperative time point and for 6 months after surgery, using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) 1se and LASSO min, respectively. (3) Results: Using preoperative data only, LASSO 1se selected age, the Revised Life Orientation Test on pessimism, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)-subscore pain and the Timed "Up and Go" Test for prediction, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.617 and a Brier score of 0.201, expressing low predictive power only. Using data up to 6 months after surgery, LASSO 1se included preoperative Patient Health Questionnaire-4, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)-subscore pain (pain) 3 months after surgery (month), WOMAC pain 3 and 6 months, KOOS subscore symptoms 6 months, KOOS subscore sport 6 months and KOOS subscore Quality of Life 6 months. This improved the predictive power to an intermediate one (AUC 0.755, Brier score 0.168). More complex models computed using LASSO min did little to further improve the strength of prediction. (4) Conclusions: Even using multiple variables and complex calculation methods, the possibility of individual prediction of CPSP after TKA remains limited.

Tibial cementing in UKA: a three-dimensional analysis of the bone cement implant interface and the effect of bone lavage.

Loosening is a common cause for revision in cemented UKA. In a cadaver study, we analyzed the three-dimensional cement distribution under the tibial implant and the effect of bone lavage (pulsed lavage, syringe lavage) on maximum cement penetration and penetration volume. Analyses were determined by performing bone cuts in medio-lateral direction and converting this data into a 3D model. Pulsed lavage led to an increased mean maximum cement penetration 5.79 ± 2.63 mm and penetration volume 6471.34 ± 1156.43 mm(3) compared to syringe lavage 4.62 ± 2.61 mm, 5069.81 ± 1177.09 mm(3) (P<0.001; P<0.001). Our results show a complete cement mantle for both investigated lavage techniques. Cleansing the cancellous tibial bone bed using pulsed lavage is more effective than conventional syringe lavage and leads to a deeper cement penetration and lager cement penetration volume under the tibial component.

The influence of the femoral force application point on tibial cementing pressure in cemented UKA: an experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Aseptic loosening is the major cause for implant failure in cemented unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Central positioning of the femoral pressure during the tibial cementation process is recommended to achieve equal pressure and a good cementation result. The aim of this study was to verify the central position of the femoral force application point (FFAP) at 45° flexion of the knee and to investigate the influence of ligament tension and cement penetration pressure (CPP) for UKA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cemented Oxford UKAs were performed in 24 human legs. CPP and ligament tension forces (LTF) were measured. The FFAP was measured in a standardised manner in relation to the tibial implant length on lateral digital X-rays. RESULTS: The FFAP at 45° of knee flexion is located at 53.5 % and is not significantly different from the FFAP at 0° (p = 0.768). The CPP shows mean values at the anterior portion of 13.97 kPa (SD 16.11), at the implant keel of 24.34 kPa (SD 25.21) and at the posterior portion of 36.58 kPa (SD 26.51). The LTF shows a mean value of 194.35 N (SD 83.77). CONCLUSION: The central position of the FFAP for the investigated cemented UKA with single radius femoral component at 45° flexion of the knee could be confirmed. A flexion angle of <45° does not influence the position of the FFAP significantly. More than 45° of flexion should be avoided because the FFAP shifts backwards significantly and may cause increased pressures posteriorly and therefore tilting of the component occurs during the cementation process.

The UniSpacer™: correcting varus malalignment in medial gonarthrosis.

While options for operative treatment of leg axis varus malalignment in patients with medial gonarthrosis include several established procedures, such as unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or high tibial osteotomy (HTO), there has been little focus on a less invasive option introduced more recently: the UniSpacer™ implant, a self-centering, metallic interpositional device for the knee. This study evaluates clinical and radiological results of the UniSpacer™, whether alignment correction can be achieved by UniSpacer™ arthroplasty and alignment change in the first five postoperative years. Anteroposterior long leg stance radiographs of 20 legs were digitally analysed to assess alignment change: two relevant angles and the deviation of the mechanical axis of the leg were analysed before and after surgery. Additionally, the change of the postoperative alignment was determined one and five years postoperatively. Analysing the mechanical tibiofemoral angle, a significant leg axis correction was achieved, with a mean valgus change of 4.7 ± 1.9°; a varus change occurred in the first postoperative year, while there was no significant further change of alignment seen five years after surgery. The UniSpacer™ corrects malalignment in patients with medial gonarthrosis; however, a likely postoperative change in alignment due to implant adaptation to the joint must be considered before implantation. Our results show that good clinical and functional results can be achieved after UniSpacer™ arthroplasty. However, four of 19 knees had to be revised to a TKA or UKA due to persistent pain, which is an unacceptably high revision rate when looking at the alternative treatment options of medial osteoarthritis of the knee.

Correlation of positioning and clinical results in Oxford UKA.

In a prospective clinical study, 59 patients with anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee (61 knee joints) underwent minimally invasive medial Oxford unicompartmental arthroplasty phase 3. Clinical and radiographic examinations of 56 knees were carried out at five (4-7) years. American Knee Society (AKS) scores improved from mean 45.5 (20-80) points (knee score) and 55 (15-100) points (function score) before surgery to 90 (30-100) points in both scores after surgery. The position of each implant was determined on screened radiographs using an image intensifier. The implant position was analysed according to the Oxford X-ray rating system. We evaluated nine measures, and there was no detectable correlation between implant position and clinical result. However, long-term studies are needed before it is possible to elaborate an evidence-based guideline on positioning.

Long-term results of the threaded Weill cup in primary total hip arthroplasty: a 15-20-year follow-up study.

Uncemented, threaded acetabular components with smooth surface treatment were widely used in continental Europe in the 1970s and 1980s for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Previously published studies showed high failure rates in the mid-term. In a consecutive series of 116 patients, 127 threaded cups with smooth surface treatment (Weill cup; Zimmer, Winterthur, Switzerland) were implanted in combination with one type of uncemented stem. Patients were followed up clinically and radiographically. Mean time of follow-up was 17 years (range 15-20). At the time of follow-up, the acetabular component had been revised or was awaiting revision in 30 hips (24%). Two hips were revised for infection and 23 for aseptic loosening. Four polyethylene liners were exchanged because of excessive wear. One hip was awaiting revision. The survival rate for all acetabular revisions including one hip awaiting revision was 75% (95%CI: 65-85%) at 17 years. These results support the view that smooth, threaded acetabular components do not provide satisfactory long-term fixation and should be abandoned. It is important to closely monitor patients with these components as the failure rate remains high in the long-term.

Long-term results of the threaded Mecron cup in primary total hip arthroplasty : A 15-20-year follow-up study.

In the 1970s, high failure rates of cemented acetabular components, especially in young patients, in the middle- and long-term prompted a search for alternatives. The Mecring was one of the most popular first generation uncemented, threaded cups widely used in the 1980s for arthroplasty of the hip. First generation threaded cups commonly had smooth surface treatment and showed unacceptably high failure rates in the mid-term. In a consecutive series of 209 patients, 221 threaded uncemented acetabular cups with smooth surface treatment (Mecring) had been implanted in combination with one type of uncemented stem. Patients were followed up clinically and radiographically. The mean time of follow-up was 17 (range 15-20) years. In 91 (41%) hips the acetabular component had been revised or was awaiting revision: two hips for infection and 84 (38%) for aseptic loosening. Five hips were awaiting revision. The survival rate for all revisions including hips awaiting revision was 49% (95% CI: 41-57%) at 17 years. These results support the view that smooth, threaded acetabular components do not provide satisfactory long-term fixation and should be abandoned. Patients with these components must be closely monitored as the failure rate remains high in the long-term.

The Migration Pattern of a Cementless Hydroxyapatite-Coated Titanium Stem under Immediate Full Weight-Bearing-A Randomized Controlled Trial Using Model-Based RSA.

(1) Background: High primary stability is important for the long-term survival of cementless femoral stems in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The objective of this study was to investigate the migration pattern of a hydroxyapatite-coated cementless hip stem developed for minimally invasive surgery using model-based radiostereometric analysis (RSA). (2) Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 44 patients with an indication for cementless primary THA were randomly allocated to receive either the SL-PLUS MIA stem, developed for minimally invasive surgery, or the SL-PLUS stem (Smith & Nephew Orthopaedics, Baar, Switzerland) which served as a control group. Unlimited weight-bearing was permitted postoperatively in both groups. Model-based RSA was performed after six weeks and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. (3) Results: Mean total stem subsidence at two-year follow-up was 0.40 mm (SD 0.66 mm) in the SL-PLUS group and 1.08 mm (SD 0.93 mm) in the SL-PLUS MIA group (p = 0.030). Stem subsidence occurred during the first six weeks after surgery, indicating initial settling of the stem under full weight-bearing. Both stem designs showed good osseointegration and high secondary stability with no further migration after initial settling. (4) Conclusions: Settling of a cementless straight femoral stem occurs during the first six weeks after surgery under full weight-bearing. Although initial stem migration was higher in the SL-PLUS MIA group, it had no influence on secondary stability. All implants showed good osseointegration and high secondary stability with no signs of implant loosening during this two-year follow-up period.

Pulsed lavage reduces the incidence of radiolucent lines under the tibial tray of Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: pulsed lavage versus syringe lavage.

The aim of the study was to determine whether the incidence of radiolucencies can be reduced using pulsed lavage before cementing the tibia in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). We prospectively studied a consecutive series of 112 cemented Oxford UKA in 100 patients in two centres. In group A (n = 56) pulsed lavage and in group B (n = 56) conventional syringe lavage was used to clean the cancellous bone. The same standardised cementing technique was applied in all cases. At a minimum follow-up of one year patients were evaluated clinically and screened radiographs were obtained. The cement bone interface under the tibial plateau was divided into four zones and evaluated for the presence of radiolucent lines. All radiographs were evaluated (n = 112), and radiolucencies in all four zones were found in two cases in group A (4%) and in 12 cases in group B (22%) (p = 0.0149). Cement penetration showed a median of 2.6 mm (group A) and 1.5 mm (group B) (p < 0.0001). We recommend the routine use of pulsed lavage in Oxford UKA to reduce the incidence of radiolucency and to improve long-term fixation.

Ten-year survival of the cemented MS-30 femoral stem: increased revision rate in male patients.

This retrospective study evaluated the clinical and radiographic results of 337 consecutive matte surfaced, straight cemented MS-30 femoral stems implanted with first -to second-generation cementing technique. The median age of the patients at time of surgery was 72 (27-91) years. The median duration of follow-up was 10 (0.1-14) years. A Kaplan Meier survival analysis was performed. At follow-up, 113 patients (120 stems) had died and 13 (13 hips) were lost to follow-up. Twenty-one hips had undergone femoral revision, 13 for aseptic loosening, five for infection, two for dislocation and one for periprosthetic fracture. Survival analysis with revision of the femoral component for any reason as the end point was 91% (95% CI: 87-96) and for aseptic loosening 94% (95% CI: 90-97) at 12 years. Females (n = 245) with 99% (95% CI: 97-100) had significantly better survival compared to males (n = 92) showing 80% stem survival (95% CI: 67-91) at 12 years (p < 0.001). Median Harris Hip score (HHS) was 82 (25-100) points. Male patients had a higher activity score than female patients (p = 0.04). Femoral Dorr type A was associated with a higher risk of failure. THA with the MS-30 stem revealed satisfactory midterm results despite relatively crude cementing techniques. However, the higher revision rate in males and Dorr Type A is of concern.

Fracture load for periprosthetic femoral fractures in cemented versus uncemented hip stems: an experimental in vitro study.

This cadaveric study examined fracture loads in cemented and uncemented hip stems. Additionally, individual data and bone quality were analyzed and correlated to fracture patterns and fracture load. Cemented or uncemented hip stems were implanted in a randomized fashion in 10 matched paired fresh-frozen femora (donor median age, 78 years, and donor median weight, 74.2 kg). Bone density was measured before the femurs were fractured under load (maximum load of 10,000 N), and fracture patterns were analyzed according to the Vancouver and Johansson classification systems. In the uncemented group, all of the femurs fractured with a median load of 2625 N (range, 1725-7647 N). In the cemented group, 5 femurs fractured with a median maximum load of 9127 N (range, 2845-10,000 N) and 5 femurs did not fracture with a maximum load of 10,000 N. Fracture load corresponded to 4 times and 8.8 times body weight in the uncemented and cemented groups, respectively. Fracture patterns corresponded to Vancouver type A fractures in uncemented stems and Vancouver type C fractures in cemented hip stems. Analysis showed a significant correlation between fracture load and bone density in the uncemented group, whereas there was no correlation in the cemented group. Patients with poor bone quality treated with an uncemented hip stem are at higher risk for periprosthetic fractures; therefore, we recommend cemented stems in this group of patients. Cementation appears to protect against periprosthetic fractures, probably from internal stiffening of the femoral cavity.

Influence of bone density on the cement fixation of femoral hip resurfacing components.

In clinical outcome studies, small component sizes, female gender, femoral shape, focal bone defects, bad bone quality, and biomechanics have been associated with failures of resurfacing arthroplasties. We used a well-established experimental setup and human bone specimens to analyze the effects of bone density on cement fixation of femoral hip resurfacing components. Thirty-one fresh frozen femora were prepared for resurfacing using the original instruments. ASR resurfacing prostheses were implanted after dual-energy X-ray densitometer scans. Real-time measurements of pressure and temperature during implantation, analyses of cement penetration, and measurements of micro motions under torque application were performed. The associations of bone density and measurement data were examined calculating regression lines and multiple correlation coefficients; acceptability was tested with ANOVA. We found significant relations between bone density and micro motion, cement penetration, cement mantle thickness, cement pressure, and interface temperature. Mean bone density of the femora was 0.82 +/- 0.13 g/cm(2), t-score was -0.7 +/- 1.0, and mean micro motion between bone and femoral resurfacing component was 17.5 +/- 9.1 microm/Nm. The regression line between bone density and micro motion was equal to -56.7 x bone density + 63.8, R = 0.815 (p < 0.001). Bone density scans are most helpful for patient selection in hip resurfacing, and a better bone quality leads to higher initial component stability. A sophisticated cementing technique is recommended to avoid vigorous impaction and incomplete seating, since increasing bone density also results in higher cement pressures, lower cement penetration, lower interface temperatures, and thicker cement mantles.

Are patients' expectations of hip and knee arthroplasty fulfilled? A prospective study of 130 patients.

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is the most successful procedure in orthopedic and trauma surgery. Patients' expectations of joint replacement surgery prior to and after the procedure are often discounted. This study investigated the expectations of patients before and 3 years after THA or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 130 patients (70 hips, 60 knees) received a modified FFbH-OA survey with 6 additional questions concerning patients' expectations before and 3 years after joint replacement surgery. The overall response rate was 78.8% (101 patients). Patients who underwent THA had a mean age of 63.7 years, and those who underwent TKA had a mean age of 67.4 years.Sixty-three percent of all respondents reported that their expectations had been fulfilled or exceeded 3 years postoperatively (THA, 65%; TKA, 61%). A high negative correlation in the THA group could be seen between patients' expectations and clinical scores: the lower the clinical score, the less the patient's expectations had been fulfilled. A statistically significant increase of change in personal relationships was found, as well as a statistically significant decrease in worries and less complications than had been expected before joint replacement.Thirty-seven percent of all respondents felt that their expectations regarding joint replacement had not been fulfilled. Looking at the results of this study, the 37% of patients whose expectations had not been fulfilled did not exhibit a lower postoperative functioning than those who were satisfied.