RESUMO
Covering: 1981 to 2019Natural products continue to play a major role in drug discovery, with half of new chemical entities based structurally on a natural product. Herein, we report a cheminformatic analysis of the structural and physicochemical properties of natural product-based drugs in comparison to top-selling brand-name synthetic drugs, and a selection of chemical probes recently discovered from diversity-oriented synthesis libraries. In this analysis, natural product-based drugs covered a broad range of chemical space based on size, polarity, and three-dimensional structure. Natural product-based structures were also more prevalent in top-selling drugs of 2018 compared to 2006. Further, the drugs clustered well according to biosynthetic origins, but less so based on therapeutic classes. Macrocycles occupied distinctive and relatively underpopulated regions of chemical space, while chemical probes largely overlapped with synthetic drugs. This analysis highlights the continued opportunities to leverage natural products and their pharmacophores in modern drug discovery.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos/química , Quimioinformática , Descoberta de Drogas , Descoberta de Drogas/métodosRESUMO
GPR40 (FFAR1 or FFA1) is a G protein-coupled receptor, primarily expressed in pancreatic islet ß-cells and intestinal enteroendocrine cells. When activated by fatty acids, GPR40 elicits increased insulin secretion from islet ß-cells only in the presence of elevated glucose levels. Towards this end, studies were undertaken towards discovering a novel GPR40 Agonist whose mode of action is via Positive Allosteric Modulation of the GPR40 receptor (AgoPAM). Efforts were made to identify a suitable GPR40 AgoPAM tool molecule to investigate mechanism of action and de-risk liver toxicity of GPR40 AgoPAMs due to reactive acyl-glucuronide (AG) metabolites.
Assuntos
Indanos/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Desenho de Fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
Metabolite identification is an integral part of both preclinical and clinical drug discovery and development. Synthesis of drug metabolites is often required to support definitive identification, preclinical safety studies and clinical trials. Here we describe the use of microbial biotransformation as a tool to produce drug metabolites, complementing traditional chemical synthesis and other biosynthetic methods such as hepatocytes, liver microsomes and recombinant human drug metabolizing enzymes. A workflow is discussed whereby microbial strains are initially screened for their ability to form the putative metabolites of interest, followed by a scale-up to afford quantities sufficient to perform definitive identification and further studies. Examples of the microbial synthesis of several difficult-to-synthesize hydroxylated metabolites and three difficult-to-synthesize glucuronidated metabolites are described, and the use of microbial biotransformation in drug discovery and development is discussed.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Preparações Farmacêuticas/metabolismo , Biotransformação , Humanos , Metaboloma , Oxirredução , Preparações Farmacêuticas/químicaRESUMO
Targeting tryptophan is a promising strategy to achieve high levels of selectivity for peptide or protein modification. A chemoselective peptide modification method via photocatalytic tryptophan ß-position conjugation has been discovered. This transformation has good substrate scope for both peptide and Michael acceptor, and has good chemoselectivity versus other amino acid residues. The endogenous peptides, glucagon and GLP-1 amide, were both successfully conjugated at the tryptophan ß-position. Insulin was studied as a nontryptophan control molecule, resulting in exclusive B-chain C-terminal-selective decarboxylative conjugation. This transformation provides a novel approach toward peptide modification to support the discovery of new therapeutic peptides, protein labeling and bioconjugation.
Assuntos
Peptídeos/química , Processos Fotoquímicos , Proteínas/química , Triptofano/química , Catálise/efeitos da radiação , Conformação MolecularRESUMO
G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) partial agonists lower glucose through the potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which is believed to provide significant glucose lowering without the weight gain or hypoglycemic risk associated with exogenous insulin or glucose-independent insulin secretagogues. The class of small-molecule GPR40 modulators, known as AgoPAMs (agonist also capable of acting as positive allosteric modulators), differentiate from partial agonists, binding to a distinct site and functioning as full agonists to stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Here we show that GPR40 AgoPAMs significantly increase active GLP-1 levels and reduce acute and chronic food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. These effects of AgoPAM treatment on food intake are novel and required both GPR40 and GLP-1 receptor signaling pathways, as demonstrated in GPR40 and GLP-1 receptor-null mice. Furthermore, weight loss associated with GPR40 AgoPAMs was accompanied by a significant reduction in gastric motility in these DIO mice. Chronic treatment with a GPR40 AgoPAM, in combination with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, synergistically decreased food intake and body weight in the mouse. The effect of GPR40 AgoPAMs on GLP-1 secretion was recapitulated in lean, healthy rhesus macaque demonstrating that the putative mechanism mediating weight loss translates to higher species. Together, our data indicate effects of AgoPAMs that go beyond glucose lowering previously observed with GPR40 partial agonist treatment with additional potential for weight loss.
Assuntos
Regulação do Apetite/genética , Peso Corporal/genética , Ingestão de Alimentos/genética , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Redução de Peso/fisiologia , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genéticaRESUMO
Single-stranded silencing RNAs (ss siRNA), while not as potent as duplex RNAs, have the potential to become a novel platform technology in RNA interference based gene silencing by virtue of their simplicity and plausibly favorable characteristics in pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Like other therapeutic pharmaceutical agents, ss siRNA can be optimized to achieve higher potency through a structure-activity based approach. Systematic chemical modification at each position of a 21-mer oligonucleotide identified 2',5'-linked 3'-deoxythymidine (3dT) at position 1 and locked nucleic acids (LNAs) at the seed region as key components to afford significant enhancement in knockdown activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further optimization by additional chemical modifications should enable ss siRNA as an alternative gene silencing modality.
Assuntos
Inativação Gênica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , beta Catenina/genética , Células HEK293 , HumanosRESUMO
The application of small interfering (si)RNAs as potential therapeutic agents requires safe and effective methods for their delivery to the cytoplasm of the target cells and tissues. Recent studies have shown significant progress in the development of targeting reagents that facilitate the recognition of, and siRNA delivery to, specific cell types. Among recently reported delivery approaches, polymers with amphipathic properties have been used to enable endosome escape and cytosolic delivery. Here, we describe a linear amphipathic poly(amido amine) polymer conjugate system for the efficient siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. This polymer contains a novel amine bearing bis-acrylamide monomer designed for increasing amine density, which resulted in substantial improvement in liver uptake and RNAi activity compared to our previously reported poly(amido amine disulfide) polymer.1 The activity for this liver targeted delivery system was demonstrated in rodents and nonhuman primates.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Endossomos/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Poliaminas/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacocinética , Animais , Endossomos/química , Feminino , Inativação Gênica , Células Hep G2 , Hepatócitos/citologia , Humanos , Fígado/citologia , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Poliaminas/síntese química , Poliaminas/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Polymer based carriers that aid in endosomal escape have proven to be efficacious siRNA delivery agents in vitro and in vivo; however, most suffer from cytotoxicity due in part to a lack of selectivity for endosomal versus cell membrane lysis. For polymer based carriers to move beyond the laboratory and into the clinic, it is critical to find carriers that are not only efficacious, but also have margins that are clinically relevant. In this paper we report three distinct categories of polymer conjugates that improve the selectivity of endosomal membrane lysis by relying on the change in pH associated with endosomal trafficking, including incorporation of low pKa heterocycles, acid cleavable amino side chains, or carboxylic acid pH sensitive charge switches. Additionally, we determine the therapeutic index of our polymer conjugates in vivo and demonstrate that the incorporation of pH responsive elements dramatically expands the therapeutic index to 10-15, beyond that of the therapeutic index (less than 3), for polymer conjugates previously reported.
Assuntos
Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Polímeros/uso terapêutico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/uso terapêutico , Animais , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/farmacocinética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacocinética , RatosRESUMO
The G-protein-coupled receptors GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B share significant sequence homology and form a small group of receptors, each of which is encoded by clustered genes. In recent years, endogenous ligands for all three receptors have been described. These endogenous ligands have in common that they are hydroxy-carboxylic acid metabolites, and we therefore have proposed that this receptor family be named hydroxy-carboxylic acid (HCA) receptors. The HCA(1) receptor (GPR81) is activated by 2-hydroxy-propanoic acid (lactate), the HCA(2) receptor (GPR109A) is a receptor for the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, and the HCA(3) receptor (GPR109B) is activated by the ß-oxidation intermediate 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid. HCA(1) and HCA(2) receptors are found in most mammalian species, whereas the HCA(3) receptor is present only in higher primates. The three receptors have in common that they are expressed in adipocytes and are coupled to G(i)-type G-proteins mediating antilipolytic effects in fat cells. HCA(2) and HCA(3) receptors are also expressed in a variety of immune cells. HCA(2) is a receptor for the antidyslipidemic drug nicotinic acid (niacin) and related compounds, and there is an increasing number of synthetic ligands mainly targeted at HCA(2) and HCA(3) receptors. The aim of this article is to give an overview on the discovery and pharmacological characterization of HCAs, and to introduce an International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)-recommended nomenclature. We will also discuss open questions regarding this receptor family as well as their physiological role and therapeutic potential.
Assuntos
Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/classificação , Receptores Nicotínicos/classificação , Terminologia como Assunto , Animais , Clonagem Molecular , Humanos , Agências Internacionais , Modelos Moleculares , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/genética , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Efficient siRNA delivery is dependent not only on the ability of the delivery vehicle to target a specific organ but also on its ability to enable siRNA entry into the cytoplasm of the target cells. Polymers with endosomolytic properties are increasingly being used as siRNA delivery vehicles due to their potential to facilitate endosomal escape and intracellular delivery. Addition of disulfide bonds in the backbone of these polymers was expected to provide degradability through reduction by glutathione in cytosol. This paper describes the synthesis of new endosomolytic bioreducible poly(amido amine disulfide) polymers whose lytic potential can be masked at physiological pH, but can be restored at acidic endosomal pH. These polymer conjugates gave good in vitro knockdown (KD) and did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in a MTS assay. Efficient mRNA KD for apolipoprotein B in mouse liver was observed with these polyconjugates following intravenous dosing.
Assuntos
Dissulfetos/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Endossomos/metabolismo , Poliaminas/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , Animais , Apolipoproteínas B/deficiência , Apolipoproteínas B/genética , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inativação Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Oxirredução , RNA Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologiaRESUMO
Novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors with nanomolar IC(50) values were prepared by replacing the previously described dichlorobenzimidazole-substituted pyrrolidine amides with a variety of substituted benzylamine amides. In contrast to prior series, the compounds demonstrated minimal inhibition shift in whole serum and minimal recognition by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporters. The compounds were also cell permeable and demonstrated in vivo brain exposure. The in vivo effect of compound (S)-6e on weight loss in an established diet-induced obesity (eDIO) mouse model was studied.
Assuntos
Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Carboxipeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Amidas/química , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Peso Corporal , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Modelos Químicos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Pirrolidinas/química , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Efforts were dedicated to develop potent and brain penetrant prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors by replacing the amide group of original leads 1 and 2 with heterocycles. Aminopyrimidines including compound 32a were identified to display good PrCP inhibitory activity (32a, IC(50)=43 nM) and impressive ability to penetrate brain in mice (brain/plasma ratio: 1.4).
Assuntos
Aminas/síntese química , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Carboxipeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Amidas/química , Aminas/química , Aminas/farmacologia , Animais , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Efforts to modify the central proline portion of lead compound 4 lead to the discovery of novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Especially, replacement with alanine afforded compound 19 displaying more potent human and mouse PrCP inhibitory activity than 4 and an overall comparable profile.
Assuntos
Alanina/química , Carboxipeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Descoberta de Drogas , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Amino-anthranilic acid derivatives have been identified as a new class of low serum shifted, high affinity full agonists of the human orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109a with improved ADME properties.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animais , Flúor/química , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Niacina/síntese química , Niacina/química , Niacina/farmacologia , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores NicotínicosRESUMO
A series of benzimidazole pyrrolidinyl amides containing a piperidinyl group were discovered as novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Low-nanomolar IC(50)'s were achieved for several analogs, of which compound 9b displayed modest ex vivo target engagement in eDIO mouse plasma. Compound 9b was also studied in vivo for its effect on weight loss and food intake in an eDIO mouse model and the results will be discussed.
Assuntos
Amidas , Benzimidazóis , Carboxipeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Pirrolidinas , Amidas/química , Amidas/farmacologia , Animais , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of pyrazolyl propionyl cyclohexenamides were discovered as full agonists for the high affinity niacin receptor GPR109A. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were aimed to improve activity on GPR109A, reduce Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) and Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) inhibition, reduce serum shift and improve pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Cicloexenos/farmacologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animais , Cicloexenos/química , Cicloexenos/farmacocinética , Camundongos , Ratos , Receptores Nicotínicos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
5-Alkyl and aryl-pyrazole-acids have been identified as a new class of selective, small-molecule, agonists of the human orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109a, a high affinity receptor for the HDL-raising drug nicotinic acid.
Assuntos
Pirazóis/química , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animais , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Niacina/química , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Distinct from previously reported urea and amide inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a novel class of inhibitors were rationally designed based on the X-ray structure of this enzyme and known amide inhibitors. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was focused on improving the sEH inhibitory activity. Aminobenzisoxazoles emerged to be the optimal series, of which a potent human sEH inhibitor 7t was identified with a good pharmacokinetics (PK) profile. The strategy of employing aminoheterocycles as amide replacements may represent a general approach to develop mimics of known hydrolase or protease inhibitors containing an amide moiety.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Compostos de Anilina/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Epóxido Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/química , Isoxazóis/química , Compostos de Anilina/síntese química , Compostos de Anilina/farmacocinética , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Simulação por Computador , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Epóxido Hidrolases/metabolismo , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/farmacocinética , Humanos , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Isoxazóis/farmacocinética , Ligação Proteica , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Platensimycin (1) displays antibacterial activity due to its inhibition of the elongation condensing enzyme (FabF), a novel mode of action that could potentially lead to a breakthrough in developing a new generation of antibiotics. The medicinal chemistry efforts were focused on the modification of the enone moiety of platensimycin and several analogs showed significant activity against FabF and possess antibacterial activity.
Assuntos
3-Oxoacil-(Proteína de Transporte de Acila) Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Adamantano/síntese química , Aminobenzoatos/síntese química , Anilidas/síntese química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , 3-Oxoacil-(Proteína de Transporte de Acila) Sintase/química , Adamantano/farmacologia , Aminobenzoatos/farmacologia , Anilidas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Cristalografia por Raios X/métodos , Desenho de Fármacos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Enterococcus faecalis/metabolismo , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Meticilina/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Modelos Químicos , Estrutura Molecular , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
5-Alkyl and aryl-pyrazole-tetrazoles have been identified as a new class of selective, small-molecule, agonists of the human G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109a, a high affinity receptor for the HDL-raising drug nicotinic acid.