Influence of the dietary polyunsaturation level on chicken meat quality: lipid oxidation.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of increasing amounts of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and alpha-tocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) supplementation on lipid oxidation of raw and cooked thigh meat stored under refrigeration. One hundred ninety-two female, 1-d-old, broiler chickens were randomly distributed into 16 experimental treatments resuIting from the combination of 4 levels of dietary PUFA (15, 34, 45, and 61 g/kg) and 4 levels of supplementation with alpha-TA (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values in cooked meat and cooked refrigerated meat were 12- and 24-fold higher, respectively, than in raw meat. Dietary polyunsaturation and alpha-TA supplementation affected lipid oxidation more markedly in cooked meat and cooked refrigerated meat than in raw meat and raw refrigerated meat. Lipid oxidation in cooked meat showed a significant linear increase as the concentration of PUFA in raw meat increased. The oxidative stability of meat was not affected by an increase in the dietary alpha-TA level from 200 to 400 mg/kg. Nonlinear relationship between TBARS values in cooked meat and alpha-tocopherol content of raw meat showed saturation in the antioxidant effect of alpha-Toc. The equation y = x (11.88 + 63.38e(-0.007z) was calculated to predict the minimum inclusion of alpha-tocopherol to diets (z) of chickens with certain dietary PUFA content (x) to assure a certain TBARS value (y).

Fatty acid content in chicken thigh and breast as affected by dietary polyunsaturation level.

One hundred ninety-two female broiler chickens were randomly distributed into 16 experimental treatments as a result of the combination of 4 levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (15, 34, 45, and 61 g/kg) and 4 levels of supplementation with alphatocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), to determine the modification of the amount and type of fatty acids (FA) deposited in raw and cooked chicken tissues. At 44 d, quantified FA of thighs and breasts were not affected by dietary supplementation with alpha-TA. Total FA content of breast was less than 15% of the total FA content of thigh. However, increasing the PUFA content of the diet by 46 g, from 15 to 61 g/kg, decreased total FA of thigh 17%, but did not affect FA content in breast meat. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of thigh (y) decreased linearly as the inclusion of dietary PUFA (x) increased (MUFA: y = 89.34 - 0.92x, R2 = 0.70; SFA: y = 53.81 - 0.43x, R2 = 0.57), whereas the relationship between PUFA content of feed (x) and thighs (y) was exponential (y = 92.03 92.03e(-00155x), R2 = 0.75). A similar response was observed in breast, with less variation and more incorporation of PUFA than thigh. Cooking of thigh meat led to a reduction in total FA content that affected SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in a similar proportion.

Accumulation of alpha-tocopherol in eggs enriched with omega3 and omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of accumulation of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc) in egg as a response to dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg diet of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) and whether the inclusion of dietary oils with different fatty acid (FA) composition affected this parameter. Forty hens were randomly distributed into two treatments resulting from the supplementation of a basal diet containing 200 mg/kg alpha-TA with either 5% linseed oil (LO) or sunflower oil (SO). alpha-Tocopherol concentration of eggs was measured at 0, 4, 9, 14, 19, and 50 d after inclusion of the experimental diets. Results show that alpha-Toc concentration in the egg increased after the 4th d of feeding, reaching its maximum level at 14 d (168 microg/g egg), after which it decreased 10 to 12% until 19 d, obtaining similar values at 50 d (145 microg/g egg). No differences were observed between dietary oils in the deposition pattern of alpha-Toc in the egg.

Alpha-tocopherol transfer efficiency and lipid oxidation in fresh and spray-dried eggs enriched with omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acids.

We evaluated the effect of supplementing a basal diet containing 5% linseed oil with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) on alpha-tocopherol content, fatty acid composition, and lipid oxidation in fresh and spray-dried eggs during storage. Alpha-tocopherol transfer efficiency from feed to egg was also studied. The alpha-tocopherol content of fresh egg increased in a dose-dependent manner (16.6, 49.8, 78.9, and 132.3 microg/g of egg for 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg alpha-TA supplementation, respectively), but transfer efficiency decreased, from 41.8% to 26.7%, with increasing alpha-tocopherol content in the diet. Spray-drying significantly decreased the alpha-tocopherol content of eggs and increased lipid oxidation. Dietary supplementation with different levels of alpha-TA significantly reduced lipid oxidation in spray-dried eggs. Alpha-TA supplementation had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of fresh eggs.

Theories on anxiety in Freud and Melanie Klein. Their metapsychological status.

This paper presents a comparative study of the theories on anxiety formulated by Freud and Melanie Klein, with particular emphasis on the questions of its origin, its meaning for the individual and its function in both theoretical systems. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to offer an instrument which helps frame the theoretical discussions in psychoanalysis in an epistemological context. The authors hold that for Freud anxiety is considered as one more amongst the various manifestations of mental life, which his general theories try to explain, whereas for Melanie Klein anxiety and its destinies occupies a central place in her theories on mental functioning. The differences in both theories, which the authors of this paper describe, especially as to origin, function and meaning of anxiety, respond partially to the different metapsychological points of view with which both authors focus mental life--points of view which they have themselves investigated in a previous paper.

ACTH secreting pituitary microadenomas disclosed only by gadolinium DTPA enhanced MRI.

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of Gd-DTPA enhancement in disclosing microadenomas of the pituitary gland that had not been demonstrated by non enhanced MRI in patients with Cushing's disease. METHODS: Six patients with Cushing's disease underwent pre and post enhancement MRI scanning and the findings were correlated at surgery and confirmed by histological and immunohistochemistry studies of the surgical specimen. RESULTS: In all cases post enhancement MR scans demonstrated circumscribed hypointense foci that corresponded well with the location and extension of the adenomatous tissue found at surgery. Selective removal of the microadenomas failed to improve the clinical and laboratory abnormalities in two of the six patients. Such cases did not present residual hypointense foci in the post-operative Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI is useful to detect pituitary microadenomas; however, the abnormalities of the pituitary tissue may extend beyond the abnormal imaging.

Beyond Freudian metapsychology. The metapsychological points of view of the Kleinian School.

This paper deals with the term 'metapsychology' and its different usages, especially emphasizing the concept of 'point of view' in order to stress its epistemological importance. Two metapsychological areas are then suggested, each with different contents. After an enumeration and brief analysis of the main hypotheses of the Kleinian school, and applying the aforementioned distinction, the following points of view, contained in the Kleinian developments, are put forward and explained; namely, the positional, the economic policy, the dramatic and the spatial points of view.

Effects of dietary concentration and degree of polyunsaturation of dietary fat on endogenous synthesis and deposition of fatty acids in chickens.

Two experiments were performed to assess the effect of different amounts of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on fatty acid composition of chickens. The contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to fatty acid profile was also estimated. In trial 1, different fat sources were blended in different ratios allowing a gradient of dietary PUFA (from 15 to 61 g/kg), keeping added fat constant (9%). In trial 2, PUFA-rich oil was added at increasing inclusion rates (2, 4, 6 and 8%), achieving a dietary PUFA content ranging between 27 and 59 g/kg. Increasing dietary PUFA inclusion resulted in an increase in PUFA deposition, with higher efficiency when dietary fat also provided saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids (trial 1). Increasing dietary PUFA in both trials resulted in a decrease in SFA and MUFA concentration in the whole body. The estimated deposition of fatty acids from de novo synthesis was reduced when dietary fat content increased from 0 to 10%, varying between 35.34 and 17.66% for SFA and between 52.70 and 7.01% for MUFA in the whole body. The greater variation range for the MUFA supports the existence of a mechanism maintaining the SFA: (MUFA + PUFA) ratio within a specific range in biological membranes.

A clinical trial of the use of sibutramine for the treatment of patients suffering essential obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Sibutramine 10 mg per os, once a day in obese patients over a period of 6 months. DESIGN: A monocenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, prospective clinical trial. SUBJECTS: 109 male and female obese patients (BMI>30 kg/m2) from 16 to 65 y entered the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and waist/hip ratio, medical history, assessment of hunger, satiety and diet compliance, standard laboratory assessments, blood pressure, heart rate and ECG. RESULTS: 40 out of 55 patients in the Sibutramine group and 44 out of 54 patients in the placebo group completed the trial. Using the method of last observation carried forward (LOCF), the weight loss in the Sibutramine group was 7.52 kg (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 6.15; 8.9) and that in the placebo group was 3.56 kg (95% CI 2.41; 4.7). The BMI loss was 3.14 kg/m2 (95% CI 2.58; 3.69) in the Sibutramine group and 1.46 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.99; 1.93) in the placebo group. The waist reduction was 12. 51 cm (95% CI 9.25; 15.77) in the Sibutramine group and 3.26 cm (95% CI 1.38; 5.14) in the placebo group (P<0.05 by paired Student's t-test for all the intragroup comparisons). 32 Sibutramine patients had 45 adverse events, the most frequent adverse events in the Sibutramine group being dry mouth (n=19), increase in blood pressure (n=5), constipation (n=5) and tachycardia (n=5); 23 placebo patients had 29 adverse events, mainly increase in blood pressure (n=11) and dry mouth (n=10). Two Sibutramine patients withdrew from the trial due to adverse events. CONCLUSION: Sibutramine induces significant loss of body weight, BMI and waist, but does not significantly affect cardiovascular function. Sibutramine was well tolerated by most of the patients.

Second phase of a double-blind study clinical trial on Sibutramine for the treatment of patients suffering essential obesity: 6 months after treatment cross-over.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the weight gain after Sibutramine 10 mg daily discontinuation. To evaluate the effect of Sibutramine 10 mg daily in patients who were on a diet for 6 months. DESIGN: After a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, prospective phase for 6 months, the treatments were crossed over and the patients continued in double-blind observation for another 6-month period. SUBJECTS: Forty out of 44 patients who were on Sibutramine and 42/44 who were on placebo switched the trial medication. All the patients were obese at the beginning of the trial (body mass index, BMI>30 kg/m(2)). During the first phase, the weight loss in the Sibutramine group was 7.52 kg (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 6.15; 8.9) and that in the placebo group 3.56 kg (95% CI 2.41; 4.7) (using last observation carried forward (LOCF)). MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, BMI, waist, medical history, assessment of hunger, satiety and diet compliance, standard laboratory assessments, blood pressure, heart rate and ECG. RESULTS: Thirty out 40 patients in the Sibutramine/placebo (S/P) group and 32 out of 42 in the placebo/Sibutramine (P/S) group completed the second phase of the trial. During the second part of the trial the S/P gained 3.21 (95% CI 2.15; 4.26) kg, 1.21 (0.82; 1.59) kg/m(2), and 2.83 (1.55; 4.12) waist cm. The P/S group lost 1.62 (2.62; 0.61), 0.67 (1.09; -0.25) kg/m(2), and 1.85 (3.18; 0.53) waist cm. Eleven patients in the S/P group suffered 14 adverse events, mainly blood pressure increase (n=4); 19 patients in the P/S group had 29 adverse events, mainly dry mouth (n=8), constipation (n=5) and blood pressure increase (n=4). Only one P/S patient withdrew because of an adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: After Sibutramine discontinuation patients had weight gain but they did not reach the baseline body weight. No significant adverse events presented after Sibutramine discontinuation. When Sibutramine was administrated to patients after 6 months of diet, the weight plateau was broken. Early Sibutramine administration had better effects than late post-diet administration. Sibutramine was well tolerated by the patients.

Relationship between dietary unsaturation and vitamin E in poultry.

Vitamin E requirements are linked to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content as a result of the protective effect of vitamin E from lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, it has been suggested that dietary PUFA interfere with vitamin E absorption. A 4 x 4 factorial study was planned to assess the effect of dietary vitamin E inclusion level (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and degree of unsaturation (15, 34, 45 and 61 g PUFA/kg) on vitamin E apparent absorption and tissue deposition in poultry. A total of 192 female broiler chickens were used. A digestibility balance was carried out between 19 and 23 days of age to calculate apparent absorption of fat and vitamin E. The livers of 96 animals were obtained at 44 days of age for vitamin E determination. Increasing dietary levels of vitamin E reduced its apparent absorption. The more saturated diet reduced fat and vitamin E apparent absorption while PUFA levels from 34 to 61 g/kg did not modify this parameter but reduced the hepatic vitamin E concentration, suggesting a greater systemic use of this vitamin. These results suggest that PUFA do not limit vitamin E absorption, although they may increase its degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Combinación de insulina con sulfonilureas en pacientes diabéticos tipo II con control deficiente: estudio abierto / Combination therapy of insulin and sulfonylureas in type II diabetic patients with deficient control. An open study

El tratamiento combinado con insulina y sulfonilureas en pacientes diabéticos tipo II que no responden al tratamiento oral con hipoglucemiantes ha sido un tema de interés reciente. Varios estudios han demostrado mejoría en el control metabólico de la glucemia; sin embargo, no se han determinado las características que presentan los pacientes en los que se obtiene un mayor beneficio. En este estudio, durante 12 semanas evaluamos los resultados alcanzados con el tratamiento combinado de hipoglucemiantes orales por la mañana y de insulina a bajas dosis antes de la cena, en 35 pacientes diabéticos tipo II con falla secundaria a las sulfonilureas. Se demostró una mejoría significativa en el grupo estudiado, tanto en la glucemia de ayuno (de 14.9 a 7.81 mmol/l) como en la postprandial (de 14.09 a 10.86 mmol/l). Fue más notorio el beneficio en aquellos que al inicio del estudio presentaron cifras más altas de glucemia y de péptido C, así como en quienes tuvieron una mejor función renal valorada por medio del filtrado glomerular. La edad, el peso y el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, no mostraron correlación. Se concluye que la terapia combinada es una buena elección, más aún si tomamos en cuenta los marcadores que correlacionan con un mayor beneficio

Bion, esse conhecido/desconhecido Uma memória do futuro da psicanálise / Bion, this Known/Unknon A memory of the future of psychoanalysis

Neste trabalho analisam-se os aportes de W.R.Bion à psicanálise, tomando-se como eixo os termos novos que introduziu na teoria e seu uso pela comunidade psicanalítica. Discutem-se alguns destes termos (os mais usados e também os menos usados) assim como suas características estilísticas e implicações. Alerta-se para o risco de que se convertam em um jargão, mais para reforçar a identidade daquele que os usa do que por uma compreensão autêntica daquilo que o autor quis transmitir(au)