Essential oils for managing anthracnose in mango (Mangifera indica): laboratory results do not translate into field efficacy.

Essential oil-based products with broad plant disease control claims are commercially available and may be a practical alternative to copper fungicides for crop protection in organic mango orchards. We evaluated the disease control efficacy and crop safety of thyme oil, savory oil, and tree tea oil through replicated in vitro, in vivo (detached leaf and potted trees), and field assays. Three Colletotrichum species associated with mango anthracnose were tested in vitro, whereas only C. siamense was used for in vivo assays. Within the range of concentrations tested in vitro (62.5 to 2,000 µl a.i./liter), thyme and savory oil displayed fungicidal activity, whereas no fungistatic or fungicidal activity was observed with tea tree oil. In the in vivo assays, none of the treatments based on a preventive application rate of thyme (1,150 µl a.i./liter), savory (2,000 µl a.i./liter), or tea tree oil (342 µl a.i./liter) were effective in preventing the development of anthracnose on wounded and artificially inoculated leaves. Although field applications of thyme or tea tree oil did not result in phytotoxicity or negative impacts on fruit yield, they were ineffective in reducing the incidence and severity of naturally occurring anthracnose. Applications of copper hydroxide approved for organic agriculture were effective in controlling anthracnose in the field, and no added benefits were found by premixing this compound with thyme oil. Results indicate that essential oil products based on thyme or tea tree oil are inefficient at controlling anthracnose in mangoes.

Prevalence and Epidemics of Neoscytalidium Stem and Fruit Canker on Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) in South Florida.

Since the 2000s, production of pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) has increased significantly in South Florida. However, very limited information is available on the main diseases affecting this crop, particularly in regard to disease epidemiology and economic impact on the commodity. In this study, we surveyed five local pitahaya orchards and documented the most prevalent diseases and their causal agents. Three genera of fungal pathogens (Neoscytalidium, Alternaria, and Colletotrichum) were the major groups associated with symptoms on pitahaya cladodes (stems) during the early growing season. Among these, N. dimidiatum was identified as the most prevalent pathogen, with an overall isolation frequency of 29.8% (range, 13.9 to 47.2%). Hence, the temporal progress of N. dimidiatum stem canker infection was monitored and the relationship between stem canker intensity (incidence and severity) and fruit canker incidence was investigated. A significant positive correlation was found between fruit canker incidence and the standardized area under the disease incidence or severity curve on cladodes, suggesting that high stem canker intensity in the early season may contribute to high fruit canker incidence and thereby impact the aesthetic and market value of fruits. In vitro assays showed that both conidial germination and mycelial growth of N. dimidiatum are positively correlated with increasing temperature, with a maximum growth area at 32°C. This finding suggests a higher risk of infection, under an environment with high temperatures, which is common in South Florida. Data obtained in this study represent baseline knowledge for the future development of integrative management programs for controlling major diseases of pitahaya in South Florida.

Use of Nitrous Oxide in Dermatology: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Many dermatologic procedures are painful and can be distressing to patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nitrous oxide has been used in dermatology and whether literature supports its use in terms of providing analgesia and anxiety associated with dermatologic procedures. METHODS: A search of PubMed and Cochrane databases was conducted through July 15, 2016, to identify studies involving nitrous oxide use in dermatology. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified and reviewed. The use of nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture resulted in a significant reduction in pain when used for photodynamic therapy, botulinum toxin therapy for hyperhidrosis of both the palms and axilla, aesthetic procedures involving various laser procedures, and in the treatment of bed sores and leg ulcers. However, pain scores were higher when nitrous oxide/oxygen was used in the debridement of chronic ulcers when compared with the use of topical anesthesia. In addition, nitrous oxide has been reported effective at reducing pain in hair transplants, dermabrasion, excision and repairs, and pediatric procedures. CONCLUSION: Current literature provides some evidence that nitrous oxide, used alone or as adjunct anesthesia, is effective at providing analgesia for many dermatologic procedures. Nitrous oxide has many potential applications in dermatology; however, further evidence from randomized controlled trials is needed.

Branching, flowering and fruiting of Jatropha curcas treated with ethephon or benzyladenine and gibberellins.

Jatropha curcas L. has been identified for biofuel production but it presents limited commercial yields due to limited branching and a lack of yield uniformity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of single application of ethephon or a combination of 6-benzyladenine (BA) with gibberellic acid isomers A4 and A7 (GA4+7) on branch induction, flowering and fruit production in jatropha plants with and without leaves. Plants with and without leaves showed differences for growth and reproductive variables. For all variables except inflorescence set, there were no significant statistical interactions between the presence of leaves and plant growth regulators concentration. The total number of flowers per inflorescence was reduced as ethephon concentration was increased. As BA + GA4 +7 concentration increased, seed dry weight increased. Thus, ethephon and BA + GA4 +7 applications appeared to affect flowering and seed production to a greater extent than branching. The inability to discern significant treatment effects for most variables might have been due to the large variability within plant populations studied and thus resulting in an insufficient sample size. Therefore, data collected from this study were used for statistical estimations of sample sizes to provide a reference for future studies.

Potential of contact insecticides to control Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a vector of laurel wilt disease in avocados.

Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is an invasive ambrosia beetle that vectors laurel wilt, a new disease that threatens avocado and other species in the Lauraceae Family. The lethal concentrations (LC50 & 90) of nine commercial insecticides to X. glabratus were determined by using a bolt-dip bioassay. Different formulations of bifenthrin, permethrin, fenpropathrin, z-cypermethrin + bifenthrin, 1-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, malathion, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and methomyl were tested. Four concentrations of each insecticide were tested (0.5, 0.1, 0.03, and 0.01 of the label rate) and with water as a control. Beetles were exposed to treated bolts and mortality registered 48 h later. After 2 wk, bolts were destructively sampled to determine the number of beetles that constructed galleries and were alive inside the wood. Probit analysis was used to determine the LC50 & 90. Six pesticides were applied directly to the trunk and limbs of avocado trees in a commercial grove. Limbs of treated trees were cut weekly after the application and exposed to X. glabratus to determine the number of beetles boring into the logs. The toxicity of pesticides to X. glabratus was greatly reduced 2 wk after application. Among the tested pesticides, malathion and z-cypermethrin + bifenthrin provided the best suppression of X. glabratus. Among the insecticides registered for use in avocado, fenpropathrin and malathion were the most effective in protecting trees from attack by X. glabratus. Other pesticides that are currently not registered for use in avocados could be useful for managing this ambrosia beetle.

Integration of Volatilomics and Metabolomics Unveils Key Flavor-Related Biological Pathways in Different Carambola Cultivars.

Carambola is a tropical fruit that is highly sought after by consumers due to its unique flavor, star shape, and nutritional value. Enhancing the flavor quality of this fruit can increase the consumer acceptance and market demand. However, flavor is an intrinsic characteristic of fruits. Its decoding requires in-depth knowledge based on recognizing key biological pathways relevant to flavor formation and development. In this study, the volatile and non-volatile metabolites contributing to the flavor variation of five carambola cultivars were investigated by a novel strategy combining GC-MS/O-based volatilomics with LC-MS-based metabolomics. Several significant flavor-related pathways, involving biosynthesis or metabolism of amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, sugar and organic acid, and flavonoids were identified based on the enrichment analysis of important volatile and non-volatile metabolites. The results indicated that there were metabolites in the flavor-related pathways being up- or downregulated, leading to the differences in flavor traits of different carambola cultivars. This study could provide a valuable reference for breeders and researchers of interest in the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flavor, which would ultimately lead to the creation of carambola cultivars with more attractive flavor profiles and pleasurable consuming experiences.

Binding affinity and specificity of neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 M1/M23 isoforms and orthogonal arrays.

Autoantibodies against astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are highly specific for the neuroinflammatory disease neuromyelitis optica (NMO). We measured the binding of NMO autoantibodies to AQP4 in human astrocyte-derived U87MG cells expressing M1 and/or M23 AQP4, or M23 mutants that do not form orthogonal array of particles (OAPs). Binding affinity was quantified by two-color fluorescence ratio imaging of cells stained with NMO serum or a recombinant monoclonal NMO autoantibody (NMO-rAb), together with a C terminus anti-AQP4 antibody. NMO-rAb titrations showed binding with dissociation constants down to 44 ± 7 nm. Different NMO-rAbs and NMO patient sera showed a wide variation in NMO-IgG binding to M1 versus M23 AQP4. Differences in binding affinity rather than stoichiometry accounted for M1 versus M23 binding specificity, with consistently greater affinity of NMO-IgG binding to M23 than M1 AQP4. Binding and OAP measurements in cells expressing different M1:M23 ratios or AQP4 mutants indicated that the differential binding of NMO-IgG to M1 versus M23 was due to OAP assembly rather than to differences in the M1 versus M23 N termini. Purified Fab fragments of NMO-IgG showed similar patterns of AQP4 isoform binding, indicating that structural changes in the AQP4 epitope upon array assembly, and not bivalent cross-linking of whole IgG, result in the greater binding affinity to OAPs. Our study establishes a quantitative assay of NMO-IgG binding to AQP4 and indicates remarkable, OAP-dependent heterogeneity in NMO autoantibody binding specificity.

Unintended insulin delivery using Omnipod DASH during a high-altitude flight.

Insulin pumps are an important tool in the management of type I diabetes mellitus. Omnipod DASH is a tubeless insulin pump that delivers insulin through customisable basal rate and bolus amounts. There is no data available to date on how this insulin pump delivery system is influenced by changes in atmospheric pressure during flight at high altitudes. We report a case of a 55-year-old woman who developed symptomatic hypoglycaemia while using this pump during flight in a non-pressurised cabin. This report demonstrates the risk of insulin pump therapy at high altitudes. Flight emergencies involving rapid depressurisation may lead to catastrophic hypoglycaemia. Caution should be exercised when using insulin pump therapy during flights and manual insulin delivery should be considered.

Spectral light distribution affects photosynthesis, leaf reflective indices, antioxidant activity and growth of Vanillaplanifolia.

Vanilla planifolia is an obligate sciophyte (shade plant) with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis. Plants were grown for 12 months under black, blue, green, or red photoselective shade netting (PSN) to alter the spectral light distribution impacting the plants. Light wavelengths were measured in each treatment and plants were assessed for photosynthetic characteristics, leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, leaf reflectance indices, leaf area, growth, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and osmolyte content. Plants grown under red PSN had a higher quantity of red and far-red light and had greater nocturnal net CO2 assimilation (NocA), leaf area and leaf dry weight than plants in the other treatments. Plants grown under blue PSN had a higher quantity of blue light, resulting in a higher LCI and maximum quantum yield than plants in the other treatments. Plants grown under the red and blue PSN had increased leaf spectral reflectance indices compared to plants in the other treatments, which resulted in the highest levels of antioxidant scavenging enzymes, ascorbic acid (AsA), proline, and glycine betaine, and the lowest levels of H2O2. These findings demonstrate that increasing light in the red and far-red or blue portions of the spectrum by using PSN alters the photosynthetic and/or antioxidant responses of V. planifolia and increasing red and far-red light by using red PSN can also accelerate plant growth, possibly due to higher photosynthesis.

Pathway-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Biosynthesis of Key Flavor Compounds in Mango.

Mango is a tropical fruit with global demand as a result of its high sensory quality and nutritional attributes. Improving fruit quality at the consumer level could increase demand, but fruit quality is a complex trait requiring a deep understanding of flavor development to uncover key pathways that could become targets for improving sensory quality. Here, a pathway-based metabolomics (untargeted and targeted) approach was used to explore biosynthetic mechanisms of key flavor compounds with five core metabolic pathways (butanoate metabolism, phenylalanine biosynthesis and metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, linoleic and linolenic acid pathway, and carbon fixation and sucrose metabolism) in three mango cultivars. The relationships between flavor precursors and flavor compounds were identified using correlation analysis. With these novel strategies, differentially regulated metabolic flux through the pathways was first elucidated, demonstrating possible mechanisms of key flavor formation and regulation in mango fruits.

Attraction and Longevity of 2- and 3-Component Food Cone Lures for the Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest of Citrus spp. and a production pest of guava and other specialty fruits in Florida. Effective monitoring lures and traps are needed for early pest detection and timely initiation of control measures. As part of a continued effort to identify attractive synthetic lures for the Caribbean fruit fly, we conducted field tests in Homestead, Florida to compare the efficacy and longevity of commercial 2- and 3-component cone lures (2C [ammonium acetate and putrescine], 3C [ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine]), the current standards used by regulatory agencies, versus the traditional liquid protein bait consisting of hydrolyzed torula yeast and borax as a positive control. Additional lures were also field-aged and periodically brought into the laboratory to quantify residual chemical contents. Traps baited with the torula yeast-borax mixture captured the highest mean number of A. suspensa, and traps baited with the commercial 2C lures captured more flies than the 3C lures. Traps baited with torula yeast-borax also captured the highest number of nontarget Diptera. Captures with all three treatments were significantly biased toward females. Attractiveness of the 2C lure began to drop after 6-8 wk, and the 3C lure after 5-6 wk. Overall, these data suggest that the 2C cone lure is more attractive to A. suspensa than the 3C cone lure under field conditions in south Florida, and that the 2C lures are attractive for up to 8 wk.

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) associations and array dynamics probed by photobleaching and single-molecule analysis of green fluorescent protein-AQP4 chimeras.

The plasma membrane assembly of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels into orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) involves interactions of AQP4 N-terminal domains. To study in live cells the site of OAP assembly, the size and dynamics of plasma membrane OAPs, and the heterotetrameric associations of AQP4, we constructed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled AQP4 "long" (M1) and "short" (M23) isoforms in which GFP was inserted at the cytoplasm-facing N or C terminus or between Val-141 and Val-142 in the second extracellular loop of AQP4. The C-terminal and extracellular loop GFP insertions did not interfere with the rapid unrestricted membrane diffusion of GFP-labeled M1 or the restricted diffusion and OAP assembly of GFP-labeled M23. Photobleaching of brefeldin A-treated cells showed comparable and minimally restricted diffusion of M1 and M23, indicating that OAP assembly occurs post-endoplasmic reticulum. Single-molecule step photobleaching and intensity analysis of GFP-labeled M1 in the absence versus presence of excess unlabeled M1 or M23 with an OAP-disrupting mutation indicated heterotetrameric AQP4 association. Time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of M23 in live cells at 37 degrees C indicated that OAPs diffuse slowly (D approximately 10(-12) cm(2)/s) and rearrange over tens of minutes. Our biophysical measurements in live cells thus reveal extensive AQP4 monomer-monomer and tetramer-tetramer interactions.

Aquaporin-4 Mz isoform: brain expression, supramolecular assembly and neuromyelitis optica antibody binding.

Water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is expressed in astrocytes throughout brain and spinal cord. Two major AQP4 isoforms are expressed, M1 and M23, having different translation initiation sites. A longer isoform (Mz) has been reported in rat with translation initiation 126-bp upstream from that of M1. By immunoblot analysis of SDS and native gels probed with a C-terminus anti-AQP4 antibody, Mz was detected in rat brain as a distinct band of size ∼39 kDa. Mz was absent in human and mouse brain because of in-frame stop codons. The ability of rat Mz to form orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) was investigated by single particle tracking and native gel electrophoresis. We found that Mz, like M1, diffused rapidly in the cell plasma membrane and did not form OAPs. However, when co-expressed with M23, Mz associated in OAPs by forming heterotetramers with M23. Unexpectedly, Mz-expressing cells bound neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies (NMO-IgG) poorly, <5-fold compared with M1-expressing cells. Truncation analysis suggested that the poor NMO-IgG binding to Mz involves residues 31-41 upstream of Met-1. We conclude that Mz AQP4 is (a) present at low level in rat but not human or mouse brain, (b) unable to form OAPs on its own but able to associate with M23 AQP4 in heterotetramers, and (c) largely unable to bind NMO-IgG because of N-terminus effects on the structure of the AQP4/NMO-IgG binding site.

Rapid Structure-Based Annotation and Profiling of Dihydrochalcones in Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola) Using UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS and Molecular Networking.

Dihydrochalcones are a subclass of flavonoids. There has been growing interest in dihydrochalcones for their health benefits and potential to modulate flavor, but their comprehensive profile in diverse plant species is lacking. Star fruit is a tropical fruit rich in dihydrochalcones. In this study, a systematic annotation using UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS and molecular networking was established to rapidly identify dihydrochalcones in 12 star fruit cultivars. A total of 53 dihydrochalcones were characterized within a short retention time including one novel compound (phloretin-3'-C-(2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-ß-d-fucopyranoside) and 23 compounds identified from the Averrhoa genus for the first time. 3-Hydroxyphloretin was the most abundant dihydrochalcone in star fruit. All the identified dihydrochalcones had a higher abundance in leaves compared to fruits. This is the first report that systematically investigates dihydrochalcones in star fruit of multiple cultivars, and the results could provide a useful reference for the future development and utilization of plant genetic resources.

Aesthetic Judgments of Live and Recorded Music: Effects of Congruence Between Musical Artist and Piece.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the live music industry to an abrupt halt; subsequently, musicians are looking for ways to replicate the live concert experience virtually. The present study sought to investigate differences in aesthetic judgments of a live concert vs. a recorded concert, and whether these responses vary based on congruence between musical artist and piece. Participants (N = 32) made continuous ratings of their felt pleasure either during a live concert or while viewing an audiovisual recorded version of the same joint concert given by a university band and a United States Army band. Each band played two pieces: a United States patriotic piece (congruent with the army band) and a non-patriotic piece (congruent with the university band). Results indicate that, on average, participants reported more pleasure while listening to pieces that were congruent, which did not vary based on live vs. lab listening context: listeners preferred patriotic music when played by the army band and non-patriotic music when played by the university band. Overall, these results indicate that felt pleasure in response to music may vary based on listener expectations of the musical artist, such that listeners prefer musical pieces that "fit" with the particular artist. When considering implications for concerts during the COVID-19 pandemic, our results indicate that listeners may experience similar degrees of pleasure even while viewing a recorded concert, suggesting that virtual concerts are a reasonable way to elicit pleasure from audiences when live performances are not possible.

Live cell analysis of aquaporin-4 m1/m23 interactions and regulated orthogonal array assembly in glial cells.

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) can assemble into supramolecular aggregates called orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs). In cells expressing single AQP4 isoforms, we found previously that OAP formation by AQP4-M23 requires N terminus interactions just downstream of Met-23 and that the inability of AQP4-M1 to form OAPs involves blocking by residues upstream of Met-23. Here, we studied M1/M23 interactions and regulated OAP assembly by nanometer-resolution tracking of quantum dot-labeled AQP4 in live cells expressing differentially tagged AQP4 isoforms and in primary glial cell cultures in which native AQP4 was labeled with a monoclonal recombinant neuromyelitis optica autoantibody. OAP assembly was assessed independently by Blue Native gel electrophoresis. We found that OAPs in native glial cells could be reproduced in transfected cells expressing equal amounts of AQP4-M1 and -M23. Mutants of M23 that do not themselves form OAPs, including M23-F26Q and M23-G28P, were able to fully co-associate with native M23 to form large immobile OAPs. Analysis of a palmitoylation-null M1 mutant (C13A/C17A) indicated palmitoylation-dependent OAP assembly only in the presence of M23, with increased M1 palmitoylation causing progressive OAP disruption. Differential regulation of OAP assembly by palmitoylation, calcium elevation, and protein kinase C activation was found in primary glial cell cultures. We conclude that M1 and M23 co-assemble in AQP4 OAPs and that specific signaling events can regulate OAP assembly in glial cells.

Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities.

It is clear that discards from commercial fisheries are a key food resource for many seabird species around the world. But predicting the response of seabird communities to changes in discard rates is problematic and requires historical data to elucidate the confounding effects of other, more 'natural' ecological processes. In the North Sea, declining stocks, changes in technical measures, changes in population structure and the establishment of a recovery programme for cod (Gadus morhua) will alter the amount of fish discarded. This region also supports internationally important populations of seabirds, some of which feed extensively, but facultatively, on discards, in particular on undersized haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Here we use long-term data sets from the northern North Sea to show that there is a direct link between discard availability and discard use by a generalist predator and scavenger--the great skua (Stercorarius skua). Reduced rates of discarding, particularly when coupled with reduced availability of small shoaling pelagic fish such as sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), result in an increase in predation by great skuas on other birds. This switching of prey by a facultative scavenger presents a potentially serious threat to some seabird communities.

Using Evidence to Design Cancer Care Facilities.

The nuts and bolts of planning and designing cancer care facilities-the physical space, the social systems, the clinical and nonclinical workflows, and all of the patient-facing services-directly influence the quality of clinical care and the overall patient experience. Cancer facilities should be conceived and constructed on the basis of evidence-based design thinking and implementation, complemented by input from key stakeholders such as patients, families, and clinicians. Specifically, facilities should be designed to improve the patient experience, offer options for urgent care, maximize infection control, support and streamline the work of multidisciplinary teams, integrate research and teaching, incorporate palliative care, and look beyond mere diagnosis and treatment to patient wellness-all tailored to each cancer center's patient population and logistical and financial constraints. From conception to completion to iterative reevaluation, motivated institutions can learn to make their own facilities reflect the excellence in cancer care that they aim to deliver to patients.

Reversible, temperature-dependent supramolecular assembly of aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays in live cell membranes.

The shorter "M23" isoform of the glial cell water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) assembles into orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) in cell plasma membranes, whereas the full-length "M1" isoform does not. N-terminal residues are responsible for OAP formation by AQP4-M23 and for blocking of OAP formation in AQP4-M1. In investigating differences in OAP formation by certain N-terminus mutants of AQP4, as measured by freeze-fracture electron microscopy versus live-cell imaging, we discovered reversible, temperature-dependent OAP assembly of certain weakly associating AQP4 mutants. Single-particle tracking of quantum-dot-labeled AQP4 in live cells and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy showed >80% of M23 in OAPs at 10-50 degrees C compared to <10% of M1. However, OAP formation by N-terminus cysteine-substitution mutants of M1, which probe palmitoylation-regulated OAP assembly, was strongly temperature-dependent, increasing from <10% at 37 degrees C to >70% at 10 degrees C for the double mutant M1-C13A/C17A. OAP assembly by this mutant, but not by native M23, could also be modulated by reducing its membrane density. Exposure of native M1 and single cysteine mutants to 2-bromopalmitate confirmed the presence of regulated OAP assembly by S-palmitoylation. Kinetic studies showed rapid and reversible OAP formation during cooling and OAP disassembly during heating. Our results provide what to our knowledge is the first information on the energetics of AQP4 OAP assembly in plasma membranes.

Relationship between Sensory Attributes and Chemical Composition of Different Mango Cultivars.

The present study investigated the relationship between the chemical composition and sensory quality of different mango ( Mangifera indica L.) cultivars by multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the high hedonic rating of mangoes was due in part to its flavor profile such as fruity, pineapple, and coconut with sweetness. High hedonic liking and positive flavors of mangoes could be responsible for the volatile compounds including fruity esters, 1-octanol, ( E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal, and γ-octalactone with high contents of sugars. On the other hand, turpentine-like and green flavors of mangoes are attributed to the relatively low hedonic liking of mangoes, which correlated with high contents of amino acids and terpenes. These findings demonstrated that interaction between individual chemical compounds within mangoes could be responsible for the specific sensory qualities of mango cultivars and provided insight into a paradigm for the selection and development of new and more desirable mango cultivars in the future.