Effects of temporal changes in resting heart rate on future diabetes-related outcomes.

Background and aims: Most studies have analyzed the relationship between resting heart rate (RHR) measured at only one time point and future clinical events. The current study aims to investigate the impact of long-term RHR changes on future clinical outcomes in a decade-long cohort with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The two-staged follow-up involved 2,513 T2DM participants. The first stage (2008-2014) intended to identify levels and trends in RHR changes, while the second stage (2014-2018) attempted to collect new occurrence records of clinical results. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to predict hazard ratios (HRs), along with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the correlation between RHR changes and future events. Results: There is no significant correlation between baseline RHR levels and long-term clinical events. According to the range of RHR change, compared with the stable RHR group, the adjusted HRs for cardiovascular events and all-cause death in the large increase group were 3.40 (95% CI: 1.33-8.71, p=0.010) and 3.22 (95% CI: 1.07-9.64, p=0.037), respectively. While the adjusted HRs for all-cause death and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in the moderate decrease group were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.31-0.96, p=0.037) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26-0.98, p=0.046). According to the trend of RHR, compared with the normal-normal group, the adjusted HRs for composite endpoint events and cerebrovascular events in the normal-high group were 1.64 (95% CI: 1.00-2.68, p=0.047) and 2.82 (95% CI: 1.03-7.76, p=0.043), respectively. Conclusion: Changes in RHR had predictive value for long-term clinical events in diabetic populations. Individuals with significantly elevated RHR over a particular period of time showed an increased risk of adverse events.

Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Beijing Communities Diabetes Study 6.

BACKGROUND: To examine prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in urban communities of Beijing. METHODS: The community health care center-based study included subjects with diabetes mellitus and an age of 20 years to 80 years, who were recruited from 15 community health centers in urban Beijing. Diabetes mellitus was defined using the World Health Organization criteria. Fundus photographs were graded using the modified Airlie House classification system. RESULTS: Of 2,642 eligible patients, 2,007 (76.0%) subjects (1,199 women) with a mean age of 64.1 ± 9.0 years participated. The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 24.7 ± 1.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.8-26.6). In binary logistic analysis, presence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with younger age (odds ratio [OR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98), longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.12), higher concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14-1.33), higher systolic blood pressure (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02), lower body mass index (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98), and elevated blood urea concentration (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01). Microalbuminuria was an additional associated factor (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.16-2.08). Patients with microalbuminuria were 4.7 times more likely to have a severe or proliferating diabetic retinopathy than those without microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: In the urban population of Beijing, prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients was 25%. As in whites, increased blood pressure besides elevated plasma glucose concentrations was highly significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy in Chinese. It suggests that in Chinese as also in whites, blood pressure control beside control of plasma glucose levels is important to prevent development or progression of diabetic retinopathy.

The effects of acarbose therapy on reductions of myocardial infarction and all-cause death in T2DM during 10-year multifactorial interventions (The Beijing Community Diabetes Study 24).

To investigate the potential benefits of acarbose therapy on cardiovascular events (CVD) in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in an urban community over 10-year follow-up. The study population of Beijing Community Diabetes Study (BCDS) were type 2 diabetes (T2DM) living in 21 communities in Beijing. All patients received comprehensive intervention in accordance with the Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Professors in endocrinology from top tier hospitals regularly visited the communities for consultations, which was a feature of this study. A total of 1797 T2DM in BCDS study had complete screening data, including blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profiles and acarbose continuous therapy. After 10-year follow-up, the risks of CVD outcomes were assessed according to whether patients had received acarbose therapy or not. All patients were followed-up to assess the long-term effects of the multifactorial interventions. At baseline, compared with the acarbose therapy free in T2DM, there was no significant difference in achieving the joint target control in patients with acarbose therapy. From the beginning of 8th year follow-up, the joint target control rate in patients with acarbose therapy was significantly higher than that of acarbose therapy free. During the 10-year follow-up, a total of 446 endpoint events occurred, including all-cause death, cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events. The incidences of myocardial infarction (from the 4th year of follow-up) and all-cause death (from the 2nd year of follow-up) in patients who received acarbose therapy were significantly lower than that of acarbose therapy free respectively. In Cox multivariate analyses, there were significant differences in incidences of myocardial infarction and all-cause death between afore two groups during the 10-year follow-up, and the adjusted HRs were 0.50 and 0.52, respectively. After multifactorial interventions, T2DM with acarbose therapy revealed significant reductions of myocardial infarction and all-cause death. The long-term effects of with acarbose therapy on improving joint target control might be one of the main reasons of myocardial infarction and all-cause death reduction.Trial Registration: ChiCTR-TRC-13003978, ChiCTR-OOC-15006090.

Neck circumference and waist circumference associated with cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes (Beijing Community Diabetes Study 23).

Obesity increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases. We intended to compare three different anthropometric indicators of obesity, in predicting the incidence of cardiovascular events in Chinese type 2 diabetes. Beijing Community Diabetes Study was a prospective multi-center study conducted in Beijing community health centers. Type 2 diabetes patients from fourteen community health centers were enrolled at baseline. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular events. The upper quartile of neck circumference (NC) was set as greater NC. A total of 3299 diabetes patients were enrolled. In which, 941 (28.52%) had cardiovascular disease at baseline. Logistic analysis showed that central obesity (waist circumference (WC) above 90 cm in men and 85 cm in women) and greater NC were all related to baseline cardiovascular disease (adjusted OR = 1.49, and 1.55). After 10-year follow-up, 340 (10.31%) had cardiovascular events. Compared with patients without cardiovascular events, those having cardiovascular events had higher BMI, larger WC and NC. Cox regression analysis showed that greater WC and NC were all associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events (adjusted HR = 1.41, and 1.38). A higher NC and WC might increase the risk of cardiovascular events by about 40% in type 2 diabetes patients in Beijing communities.

Analysis of the Effect of Nine Consecutive Years' Intensive Management and Number of Times Achieving the Target Control on Endpoint Events in T2DM Patients in Sanlitun Community Health Service Center in Beijing.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of intensive management and achieving the target control more than 3 times on endpoint events during 9 consecutive years' annual assessment in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients in the Sanlitun Community Health Service Center in Beijing, including blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids profiles, and the joint target control. METHODS: In Beijing Community Diabetes Study (BCDS), 224 patients with T2DM from the Sanlitun Community Health Service Center were enrolled in 2008. All patients were randomly assigned to the intensive management group (n = 113) and the standard management group (n = 113) and the standard management group (. RESULTS: During the nine-year follow-up, the abscission number was 35 (14.29%), among which 14 (12.39%) was in the intensive management group and 21 (18.92%) was in the standard management group. The incidence of diabetic retinopathy (6 cases, 5.41%) and diabetic nephropathy (13 cases, 11.71%) in the standard management group was significantly higher than that in the intensive management group (1 case, 0.88%; 5 cases, 4.42%), respectively (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences on the other endpoint events between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences on the other endpoint events between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences on the other endpoint events between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences on the other endpoint events between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences on the other endpoint events between the two groups (. CONCLUSIONS: The intensive management can effectively reduce the occurrence of microvascular complications. The incidence of all-cause death and the other endpoint events decreased in T2DM patients who achieved the joint target control more than 3 times during the nine-year management, which improved survival time and life quality. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-TRC-13003978 and ChiCTR-OOC-15006090.

Association between Neck Circumference and the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: Beijing Community Diabetes Study 20 (BCDS-20).

BACKGROUND: Neck circumference (NC) was found to be related to the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of NC on cardiovascular disease are still controversial. A prospective study of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes was performed to evaluate the relationship between NC and cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A multicenter prospective study with eight-year follow-up was conducted in Beijing communities. Cardiovascular events were defined as myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, hospitalization for heart failure, coronary revascularization, cardiac death, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and cerebral hemorrhage. RESULTS: A total of 3,009 diabetic patients were recruited. Following an eight-year follow-up, 211 patients with cardiovascular events (105 in men and 106 in women) were identified. All patients were categorized into two groups according to the upper quartile of NC (43 cm in men and 39 cm in women). The prevalence of cardiovascular events in men with an NC >43 cm (16.48%) was higher than that in the group with an NC <43 cm (8.16%, p=0.007). The prevalence of cardiovascular events in women with the NC >39 cm (10.67%) was higher compared to the group with NC <39 cm (5.31%, p=0.004). The longitudinal prevalence of cardiovascular events in groups with different NC increased with the increasing duration of follow-up (p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that higher NC was associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events after adjusting for confounding variables (adjusted HR = 2.305 (1.535-3.460)). CONCLUSIONS: NC was associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes in Chinese communities, and greater NC may increase the risk of cardiovascular events by about 2.3-fold.

The Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Morbid Events in Type 2 Diabetes after a 7-Year Community Management: Beijing Community Diabetes Study 17.

BACKGROUND: To examine the association between morbid events and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study was conducted at 13 community health centers associated with Beijing Tongren Hospital. From 2008 to 2015, there have been 3,525 T2DM patients being managed based on the Chinese guideline for T2DM. The morbid events included macrovascular events, diabetic kidney disease, ophthalmologic events, cancer, and all-cause death. RESULTS: At baseline, there were 2,708 people with MS and 817 without MS. After a seven-year management, there were 351 (12.96%) events in MS people and 74 (9.06%) events in people without MS (p = 0.003). The prevalence of macrovascular events (6.06%) was much higher in MS people than in people without MS (3.79%, p = 0.013). Cox regression analysis showed an association between MS and morbid events even after adjusting for confounding variables (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.44). MS was also associated with macrovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.96). The occurrence of morbid events and macrovascular events was increased when the numbers of metabolic abnormalities were 1, 2, 3, and 4 (p < 0.001). There was no continuously statistically significant difference in the cumulative prevalence of morbid events between patients with MS and patients without MS during the first five years. However, after six or seven years, the cumulative prevalence of morbid events in patients with MS was continuously significantly higher than that in patients without MS (11.00% vs. 8.20%, 12.96% vs. 9.06%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM with MS had higher incidence of morbid events, especially cardiovascular events, even after integrated management. The occurrence of morbid and macrovascular events increased as the number of metabolic abnormalities increased. MS was associated with increased risk of morbid events by 44% and macrovascular events by 96%. It would take at least six years to observe the association between MS and morbid events in T2DM.

The effects of cardiovascular risk factor combined anti-platelet therapy and the risk of cerebrovascular events in patients with T2DM in an urban community over 96-months follow-up: The Beijing communities diabetes study 19.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prognostic significance of metabolic risk scores and aspirin with respect to cerebrovascular events. METHODS: A total of 25 communities of diabetic patients were enrolled in Beijing Community Diabetes Study (BCDS) from 2008. 3413 patients with T2DM in BCDS have complete screening data, including blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profiles and anti-platelet therapy, which were assigned metabolic score (MS) and add up to the total metabolic score (TMS). According to the total metabolic score (TMS), the patients were divided into four equal groups: Group 1 (24 < TMS < 40), Group 2 (40 < TMS < 47), Group 3 (47 < TMS < 55) and Group 4 (55 < TMS < 87). After 96 months, patients were followed-up to assess the long-term effects of the multifactorial interventions. RESULTS: During 96-months follow-up, a total of 91 cerebrovascular events occurred, including acute cerebral infarction, acute cerebral hemorrhage and transient ischemic attack (TIA). The incidence of cerebrovascular events was higher in the Group 4 than in the Group 1. In Cox multivariate analyses, there are significant differences in incidences of cerebral infarction events among the four groups during the 96-months follow-up. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that, HbA1c (p ≤ 0.001), systolic pressure (p ≤ 0.001), aspirin free treatment (P = 0.0023) are independent predictor for cerebrovascular events in diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that total metabolic score (TMS) influences the incidence of cerebrovascular events in diabetic patients. In addition to good control of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid profiles, anti-platelet therapy is important for the prevention of cerebrovascular events in T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-TRC-13003978, ChiCTR-OOC-15006090.

The effects of AER and eGFR on outcomes of CVD in patients with T2DM in an urban community over 8 years of multifactorial treatment: the Beijing Communities Diabetes Study 18.

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that diabetic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, the effects of urine albumin excretion rate (AER) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on CVD outcomes were analyzed in a population of T2DM. METHODS: The study was carried out using recorded information of a cohort study. A total of 1,914 patients with T2DM with no prevalent CVD were enrolled in an 8 years prospective study and received multifactorial intervention. The risk of CVD outcomes was assessed according to chronic kidney disease staging, which was categorized using AER (mg/d) and eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2). The effects of AER and eGFR on risk of CVD onset were also analyzed. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median 6.8 years), 71 CVD events occurred. At baseline, those with AER ≥300 mg/d and coexisting eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2 or <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 showed increased risk for CVD outcomes when compared with "no chronic kidney disease" (AER <30 mg/d and eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2). The increased CVD risk was observed in patients who progressed to AER ≥30 mg/d during the follow-up period, whereas patients who progressed to eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 alone showed no increased CVD risk. During the follow-up period, after multifactorial intervention, 8.7% patients with microalbuminuria and 1.8% patients with overt nephropathy reversed to normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: AER is a more sensitive predictor than eGFR for CVD outcomes in T2DM patients. Overt nephropathy can be reversed after multifactorial intervention.