Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis (TWEAK) Levels Are Decreased in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: There has been no study in the literature evaluating serum tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, we performed the present study to specifically measure serum TWEAK levels to see whether or not its eventual alterations might have an etiopathogenetic significance in children with ADHD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 49 treatment-naive children with ADHD and 39 healthy controls were included in the present study. The severities of ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed via parent- and teacher-rated questionnaires. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum TWEAK levels were measured. RESULTS: Serum TWEAK levels of the ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that ADHD patients have decreased serum TWEAK levels, suggesting a possible involvement of TWEAK in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD.

Serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in patients with schizophrenia.

The aim of this research was to assess whether or not changes in the concentrations of serum zonulin and claudin-5 in patients with schizophrenia could have etiopathogenetic importance. In previous studies, the data regarding the relationship between intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the etiology of schizophrenia have been limited. In this study, we assumed that there may be a difference in serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in patients with schizophrenia, which may affect the severity of the disease. Fifty schizophrenia patients and 50 healthy controls were included in this study. The patients were administered the Positive Symptoms Assessment Scale (SAPS) and Negative Symptoms Assessment Scale (SANS) to determine the severity of symptoms. Venous blood samples were collected, and the serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels were measured. The mean serum zonulin levels were significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia when compared to the control group. Serum claudin-5 levels were decreased in the schizophrenia patients when compared to the controls. The present study indicates that zonulin is increased and claudin-5 is decreased in patients with schizophrenia. These findings extend the existing knowledge on the dysregulation of intestinal permeability, especially zonulin, and BBB, especially claudin-5, and show that both proteins may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Investigation of the psychiatric factors that determine the fear of COVID-19 in healthcare workers and hospital staff in a university hospital in Turkey.

To examine the association of health and hospital workers' fears of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, depression, and sociodemographic variables during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 527 participants (237 men/289 women) were included, 222 of the participants were doctors, 99 nurses, 22 assistant health personnel, and 182 hospital personnel without health education. Participants filled in the sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, and Fear of COVID-19 Inventory. In linear regression analysis, independent predictors of the fear of COVID-19 were determined as Beck Anxiety Inventory (p < 0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.001), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 Physical subscale (p = 0.001). The fear of COVID-19 is associated with the physical subscale of anxiety, depression, and anxiety sensitivity.

Autistic Traits in Men With Substance Use Disorder.

There has been no study in the literature evaluating autistic traits (ATs) in men with substance use disorders (SUDs). Therefore, we performed the current study to evaluate whether there is a relation between the ATs among men with SUDs and normal controls. A total of 142 men with SUDs and 109 age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the current study. Present attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms of the participants were evaluated using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. The autism spectrum quotient (AQ) was used to evaluate ATs. The current study found that higher AQ imagination and lower AQ attention to detail scores predicted SUDs after controlling for AQ subscales and present ADHD symptoms. This study shows that ATs may be engaged in the development of SUDs. To explore the connection between ATs and SUDs, more research is needed.

Empathy, Alexithymia, and Theory of Mind in Borderline Personality Disorder.

The purpose of this research was to determine the differences in empathy, alexithymia features, and theory of mind between healthy controls and patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Thirty-five patients with BPD and 35 healthy controls were included in the study. To measure the clinical variables, the Empathy Quotient (EQ), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied. We found that the BPD group had significantly worse total RMET and neutral RMET scores than the control group. There were no differences in the EQ scores between the BPD and control groups. The patients with BPD were more alexithymic than the controls, and alexithymia and depression scores predicted BPD status. Patients with BPD who have difficulty identifying their own emotions tend to display deficits in perceptions of facial emotions, which, in turn, may lead to misperceptions of social signals and thus contribute to excessive emotional intensity and tension in social situations. The study results reveal that alexithymia and depression are important variables in predicting BPD traits.

Short-Term Ketamine Treatment Decreases Oxidative Stress Without Influencing TRPM2 and TRPV1 Channel Gating in the Hippocampus and Dorsal Root Ganglion of Rats.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) are important second messengers in neurons. Ketamine (KETAM) is an anesthetic and analgesic, with psychotomimetic effects and abuse potential. KETAM modulates the entry of Ca2+ in neurons through glutamate receptors, but its effect on transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels has not been clarified. This study investigated the short-term effects of KETAM on oxidative stress and TRPM2 and TRPV1 channel gating in hippocampal and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats. Freshly isolated hippocampal and DRG neurons were incubated for 24 h with KETAM (0.3 mM). The TRPM2 channel antagonist, N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA), inhibited cumene hydroperoxide and ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 currents in the neurons, and capsazepine (CPZ) inhibited capsaicin-induced TRPV1 currents. The TRPM2 and TRPV1 channel current densities and intracellular free calcium ion concentration of the neurons were lower in the neurons exposed to ACA and CPZ compared to the control neurons, respectively. However, the values were not further decreased by the KETAM + CPZ and KETAM + ACA treatments. KETAM decreased lipid peroxidation levels in the neurons but increased glutathione peroxidase activity. In conclusion, short-term KETAM treatment decreased oxidative stress levels but did not seem to influence TRPM2- and TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ entry.

Agomelatine reduces brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress but increases plasma cytokine production in the rats with chronic mild stress-induced depression.

Agomelatine (AGOM) as an antidepressant acts both as a melatonin-receptor agonist and a selective serotonin-receptor antagonist. As a potent melatonin derived antioxidant, AGOM might modulate depression-induced lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain, kidney and liver. The present study explores whether AGOM protects against experimental depression-induced brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress, and plasma cytokine production in rats with chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression. Thirty-six rats were divided into four groups. The first group was used as an untreated control. The second group received AGOM for 4 weeks. The third group was exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) of 4 weeks for induction depression. The fourth group received 40 mg/kg AGOM and CMS for 4 weeks. Liver and kidney lipid peroxidation levels were high in the CMS group although they were low in AGOM treatments. AGOM and AGOM + CMS treatments increased the lowered glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione levels in brain, kidney and liver of CMS group. ß-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations in the brain, kidney and liver of the four groups were not changed by CMS and AGOM treatments. However, plasma TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-4 levels were high in the CMS and AGOM group and their levels were further increased by the AGOM + CMS treatment. In conclusions, AGOM induced protective effects against experimental depression-induced brain, kidney, and liver oxidative injuries through regulation of the glutathione concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activity. However, plasma cytokine productions were increased by the AGOM treatment.

The evaluation of anxiety and depression status in spouses of sexually active reproductive women with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia (FM) can cause neuropsychiatric symptoms and sexual dysfunction. However, no data exist regarding anxiety and depression status in spouses of sexually active women with FM. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate whether emotional status are affected in spouses of women with FM, and to search whether there was a relationship between sexual dysfunction of women with FM and emotional status of their spouses. METHODS: Thirty newly diagnosed, never treated reproductive women with FM and 30 age-matched healthy women as well as their spouses were included. Psychological status was evaluated using Beck depression/anxiety inventory (BDI/BAI). Sexual function was evaluated using Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF). RESULTS: BDI, BAI, FSFI and IFSF scores were significantly higher in women with FM than in controls. The spouses of women with FM had increased BDI and BAI scores as compared to spouses of controls (7.10 ± 7.76 vs. 2.10 ± 2.68, 6.96 ± 6.62 vs. 2.20 ± 3.16, respectively, p<0.001). BDI scores of women with FM significantly correlated to BDI scores of their spouses, but there was no significant relationship between BDI scores of spouses and sexual functions of women with FM. CONCLUSIONS: FM can cause deterioration of emotional status and lead to sexual dysfunction. Also, psychological status could be affected in spouses of women with FM at reproductive age, and the severity of depression of their spouses was significantly correlated to that of women with FM. However, this affection in psychological status did not relate to sexual problems of the women with FM.

Does melissa officinalis cause withdrawal or dependence?

INTRODUCTION: Melissa officinalis is a medical and aromatic plant that is used for its hypnotic, sedative, and spasmolytic effects. This report presents a case study of30-year-old patient who was admitted to an emergency department with restlessness, tremor, distractibility, and sweating following a discontinuation of Melissa officinalis consumption. CASE REPORT: In this case, withdrawal symptoms may be related to the dependence effect caused by long-term use of Melissa officinalis. Although Melissa officinalis, a plant, is preferred by many patients as an alternative to pharmaceutical drugs, patients should be made aware that it may have a risk of dependency and can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

The impact of personality on quality of life and disease activity in patients with Behcet's disease: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the personality characteristics of patients with Behcet's Disease (BD) using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) compared with healthy control subjects and to investigate the relationship between the temperament and character properties and quality of life, disease activity, depression and anxiety in Behcet's patients. METHODS: A total of 46 BD patients and 40 healthy subjects were included in the study. All patients and controls were determined using the TCI, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Clinical Version for Axis I disorders (SCID-CV), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Quality of life (QOL) Instrument for Skin Disorders and Behcet Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF). RESULTS: BD patients demonstrated significantly lower Reward Dependence than healthy controls. Among the subscales; Explarotory Excitability, Shyness with Strangers, Attachment, Spiritual Acceptance were lower and Self-Acceptance was higher in patients compared to control subjects. Decreased quality of life and increased disease activity of the patients were correlated with increased anxiety and depression. Responsibility, Self-Forgetfulness and Transpersonal Identification were associated with quality of life while Responsibility was the major factor effecting QOL. Disease activity was not found related with TCI properties. CONCLUSION: Temperament and Character traits of BD patients were different from healthy group that might be due to many factors like genetics, biological or socio-cultural differences. BD patients were demonstrated as materialistic, self-contained, self-confident, cold, detached, and reserved although they are not shy. Considering the different personality traits of BD patients in psychotherapeutic approaches, may have a positive impact on QOL and comorbid major depressive disorder.

Agomelatine attenuates calcium signaling and apoptosis via the inhibition of TRPV1 channel in the hippocampal neurons of rats with chronic mild stress depression model.

Chronic stress plays a key role in inducing various clinical disorders through mechanistic pathways, including oxidative stress and apoptosis. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels, which are permeable to cations, mainly Ca2+, are susceptible to oxidative stress. Agomelatine (AGOM) is an antidepressant drug analogous to the antioxidant melatonin hormone, although its action has not been fully clarified yet. We aimed to investigate the protective role of AGOM on TRPV1-induced Ca2+ signaling and apoptosis in rats with chronic mild stress (CMS). The rats were divided into six main groups: control, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), AGOM, CMS, CMS+DMSO, and CMS+AGOM. Five weeks of CMS were applied to rats in the CMS groups. The induction of CMS was confirmed with the sucrose preference test. The AGOM treatments were administered in the last three weeks of the experiment. The depression-like behavior, TRPV1-mediated cytosolic Ca2+ influx, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, caspase - 3, and - 9 levels increased in the hippocampal neurons of CMS groups, although cell viability level was diminished by the CMS exposure. However, AGOM treatment downregulated stress-related behaviors, hippocampal oxidant and apoptotic markers by modulating the TRPV1 activity. In conclusion, TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ signaling and apoptosis may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of experimental depression. By regulating these changes with AGOM treatment, a positive contribution may be made to depression treatment.

Effects of venlafaxine and escitalopram treatments on NMDA receptors in the rat depression model.

Depression may relate to neurocognitive impairment that results from alteration of N-methyl-D: -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) levels. Venlafaxine and escitalopram are two drugs commonly used to treat depression. The drugs may affect expression of NMDARs, which mediate learning and memory formation. The aim of the study was to examine whether the effects of venlafaxine and escitalopram treatments are associated with NMDARs in a rat model of depression. Forty male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) as follows: control group, chronic mild stress group (CMS), venlafaxine (20 mg/kg body weight per day) + CMS, and escitalopram (10 mg/kg body weight per day) + CMS. After induction of depression, a decrease in the concentration of NR2B was observed; venlafaxine treatment prevented the reduction of NR2B expression. Escitalopram treatment did not effect the reduced levels of NR2B resulting from depression. There was no significant difference in NR2A concentration among groups. The present data support the notion that venlafaxine plays a role in maintaining NR2B receptor in experimental depression. It may be possible that treatment with escitalopram has no effect on NMDARs in experimental depression.

Serum tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis levels are elevated in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess serum Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) concentrations to determine whether changes in patients with schizophrenia could have etiopathogenetic importance. Since very little research has addressed the connection between the inflammatory marker TWEAK and schizophrenia, we wanted to examine alterations of TWEAK and investigate the possible correlation between clinical symptomatology and serum concentrations. METHODS: A total of 45 schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy controls were included in this study. The Positive Symptom Assessment scale and the Negative Symptom Assessment scale were administered to determine symptom severity. Venous blood samples were collected and serum TWEAK levels were measured. RESULTS: Serum TWEAK levels were significantly higher in the schizophrenia group than the control group, independently of potential confounders, including sex, age, body mass index and smoking status. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that TWEAK is elevated in schizophrenia patients, which could deepen our understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

An Investigation into the Association Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Bipolar Disorder

Objective: Studies have implicated Toxoplasma gondii in the etiology of mental disorders because of its neurotropic nature and its ability to modulate neurotransmitter pathways. This study aims to investigate T. gondii seroprevalence in patients with bipolar disorder and in healthy controls living in the Isparta Region of Turkey and to assess the probable relationship between T. gondii and bipolar disorder. Methods: Fourty-eight patients with bipolar disorder and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic data, possible risk factors for T. gondii infection and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Serum anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG antibody levels were measured by using chemiluminescence immunoassay method (Roche Cobas e601 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Results: Anti-T. gondii IgG seropositivity rates were determined as 18.8% and 20% in the patient group and the control group, respectively. No statistically significant relationship was observed between T. gondii IgG seropositivity and bipolar disorder (p=0.876). In the study population, advanced age, low education level, living in a rural region and consumption of unwashed raw vegetable or fruit were found to be the significant risk factors for T. gondii infection (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our preliminary findings do not support the hypothesis that T. gondii infection is related to bipolar disorder. However, further studies would require larger sample sizes to confirm our results.

Serum galectin-3 levels are decreased in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether changes in serum galectin-3 (gal-3) concentrations in schizophrenia patients have etiopathogenetic importance. Since very little research has assessed the connection between galectins and schizophrenia, we wanted to examine alterations in the inflammatory marker gal-3 in schizophrenia and investigate possible correlations between clinical symptomatology and serum concentrations. METHODS: Forty-eight schizophrenia patients and 44 healthy controls were included in this study. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were administered to determine symptom severity. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum gal-3 levels were measured. RESULTS: Mean serum gal-3 levels were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients, and there were no significant differences in age or sex with the control group. There was also a significant positive correlation between serum gal-3 concentrations and negative schizophrenia symptoms according to the SANS. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that gal-3 is decreased in schizophrenia patients, which could contribute to inflammation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Investigation of second to fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D) in patients with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The etiology of bipolar disorder has yet to be fully elucidated, but differences in sex hormones have been suggested to play a role in its pathogenesis. An easily assessed marker of prenatal androgen exposure is the second-to-fourth-digit ratio (2D:4D) of the hand. In this study, we aimed to compare the 2D:4D ratio of patients with bipolar disorder to that of healthy controls. METHODS: Seventy patients with bipolar disorder and 70 healthy controls, matched for age and sex, were included in the study. Finger lengths were measured from the palmar digital crease to the tip using a digital vernier caliper. RESULTS: Patients with bipolar disorder had considerably higher right-hand 2D:4D ratios compared to controls. Both the right and left 2D:4D ratios of male patients were significantly greater than those of males in the control group. Female patients showed no differences in right or left 2D:4D ratio compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a high 2D:4D digit ratio of right hand is associated with the presence of bipolar disorder in males. Further large-scale, prospective studies are needed to explain the validity of this marker and its relationship with bipolar disorder.

Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with underlying pathogenesis and etiological factors not fully understood. We assumed that galectin-3, which is also linked with inflammatory responses, may play an important role in the ethiopathogenesis of ADHD. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether serum galectin-3 levels are related to ADHD in childhood. METHODS: The current study consisted of 35 treatment-naive children with ADHD and 35 control subjects. The severities of ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed via parent- and teacher-rated questionnaires. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms of the children were determined by the self-report scale. Venous blood samples were collected and serum galectin-3 levels were measured. RESULTS: The ADHD group had significantly higher serum Galectin-3 levels than the control group. To control confounding factors, including age, sex, and BMI percentile, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was also performed. Analyses revealed a significantly higher serum log- Galectin-3 levels in children with ADHD compared to controls. No association was found between the mean serum galectin-3 levels and sociodemographic characteristics and clinical test scores, except the oppositional defiant behavior scores. CONCLUSION: Our research supports the hypothesis that serum levels of galectin-3 might be related to ADHD.

Serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in patients with bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: The etiology in bipolar disorder has not been fully understanding. There are limited data regarding the relationship between the permeability of intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB), and bipolar disorder etiology. Zonulin is regarded as a non-invasive biomarker for intestinal permeability. Claudin-5 is an important part of BBB permeability. In this study, we assumed that there may be a deterioration in serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in patients with bipolar disorder and this may affect the severity of the disease. METHODS: Forty-one bipolar disorder patients (21 patients in remission and 20 patients with manic episodes) and 41 healthy controls were included in this study. The patients were administered Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) to determine the severity of manic and depressive symptoms, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels were measured. RESULTS: The mean serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in patients were significantly higher than healthy controls. There is no difference zonulin and claudin-5 levels between patients with manic episodes and patients in remission. LIMITATION: This study's small sample size limits the generalization of these outcomes to a larger population. Also, a major limitation of our study is lack of evaluations of gut microbiota in patients with bipolar disorder and controls. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the current research indicates that zonulin and claudin-5 are increased in patients with bipolar disorder and this finding may contribute to the role of intestinal permeability or BBB in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.

Duloxetine Reduces Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Ca2+ Entry Through Modulation of TRPM2 and TRPV1 Channels in the Hippocampus and Dorsal Root Ganglion of Rats.

Overload of Ca2+ entry and excessive oxidative stress in neurons are the two main causes of depression. Activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2) during oxidative stress has been linked to neuronal survival. Duloxetine (DULOX) in neurons reduced the effects of Ca2+ entry and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through glutamate receptors, and this reduction of effects may also occur through TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels. In order to better characterize the actions of DULOX in peripheral pain and hippocampal oxidative injury through modulation of TRPM2 and TRPV1, we tested the effects of DULOX on apoptosis and oxidative stress in the hippocampal and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats. Freshly isolated hippocampal and DRG neurons were incubated for 24 h with DULOX. In whole-cell patch-clamp and intracellular-free calcium ([Ca2+]) concentration (Fura-2) experiments, cumene hydroperoxide and ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 currents in the neurons were inhibited by N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA) and capsaicin-induced TRPV1 currents were inhibited by capsazepine (CPZ) incubations. TRPM2 and TRPV1 channel current densities, [Ca2+] concentration, apoptosis, caspase 3, caspase 9, mitochondrial depolarization, and intracellular ROS production values in the neurons were lower in the DULOX group than in controls. In addition, the above values were further decreased by DULOX + CPZ and DULOX + ACA treatments. In conclusion, TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels are involved in Ca2+ entry-induced neuronal death and modulation of the activity of these channels by DULOX treatment may account for their neuroprotective activity against apoptosis, excessive ROS production, and Ca2+ entry.

The Investigation of Symptoms and Diagnoses of Adult-Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate symptoms and diagnoses of Adult-Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in women with iron deficiency anemia, to evaluate relationship between ADHD with clinical features and to compare with the women without iron deficiency anemia. METHODS: Eighty-three newly diagnosed iron deficiency anemia patients and 70 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants were assessed using a sociodemographic form, Structured Clinical Interview I (SCID-I), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS); Moreover, participants having WURS scores 36 and above were also assessed using the Adult ADD/ADHD Evaluation Scale and interviewed according to DSM-5 criteria. RESULTS: In the study, 22.9% of patients with iron deficiency anemia and 12.9% of healthy controls were found to have WURS scores 36 and above. Fifteen patients (18.1%) in iron deficiency anemia group and two patients (2.9%) in control group had adult ADHD, when they were evaluated with Adult ADD/ADHD Evaluation Scale and interviewed according to DSM-5 criteria (p=0.007). The patients with iron deficiency anemia had significantly higher WURS scores compared to controls (p=0.002). The levels of iron and ferritin had negative correlation (r=-0.166, p<0.05; r=-0.255, p<0.01, respectively) and the levels of serum iron binding capacity had positive correlation (r=0.255, p<0.01) with the scores of WURS. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of adult ADHD is higher than those reported for general population in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Early diagnose and treatment of adult ADHD may positively contribute to the patients with iron deficiency anemia.