Combined Lanreotide Autogel and Temozolomide Treatment of Progressive Pancreatic and Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Phase II SONNET Study.

BACKGROUND: In advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NET), antiproliferative treatment options beyond somatostatin analogs remain limited. Temozolomide (TMZ) has shown efficacy in NET alone or combined with other drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SONNET (NCT02231762) was an open, multicenter, prospective, phase II study to evaluate lanreotide autogel 120 mg (LAN) plus TMZ in patients with progressive advanced/metastatic grade 1/2 gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NET or of unknown primary. Patients could be enrolled at first-line or higher therapy line. The primary endpoint was disease control rate ([DCR], rate of stable disease [SD], partial [PR], and complete response [CR]) at 6 months of LAN and TMZ. Patients with nonfunctioning (NF) NET without progression at 6 months were randomized to 6-month LAN maintenance or watch and wait, patients with functioning (F)-NET with clinical benefit (PR, SD) continued on LAN. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were recruited. The majority of patients received the study drug at second or higher treatment line and had an NET G2. DCR at 6 months LAN and TMZ was 73.5%. After 6 months of further LAN maintenance, 54.5% of patients with F-NET and 71.4% with NF-NET had SD or PR vs 41.7% with NF-NET on observation only. LAN and TMZ were effective in all subgroups analyzed. At 12 months of follow-up, median progression-free survival was 11.1 months. Median serum chromogranin A decreased except in NF-NET on observation. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation appeared to better reflect TMZ response than loss of gene expression. During combination therapy, the most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events grade 3/4 reported were nausea (14%), thrombocytopenia (12.3%), and neutropenia (8.8%). Four deaths were reported resulting from severe adverse events not considered related to study medication. CONCLUSIONS: LAN plus TMZ is a treatment option for patients with progressive GEP-NET with more aggressive biological profile showing a manageable safety profile.

Impact of radiomics features, pulmonary emphysema score and muscle mass on the rate of pneumothorax and chest tube insertion in CT-guided lung biopsies.

Iatrogenic pneumothorax is a relevant complication of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous lung biopsy. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prognostic significance of texture analysis, emphysema score and muscle mass derived from CT-imaging to predict postinterventional pneumothorax after CT-guided lung biopsy. Consecutive patients undergoing CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy between 2012 and 2021 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis included clinical risk factors and CT-imaging features to detect associations with pneumothorax development. Overall, 479 patients (178 females, mean age 65 ± 11.7 years) underwent CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy of which 180 patients (37.5%) developed pneumothorax including 55 patients (11.5%) requiring chest tube placement. Risk factors associated with pneumothorax were chronic-obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p = 0.03), age (p = 0.02), total lung capacity (p < 0.01) and residual volume (p = 0.01) as well as interventional parameters needle length inside the lung (p < 0.001), target lesion attached to pleura (p = 0.04), and intervention duration (p < 0.001). The combined model demonstrated a prediction accuracy of the occurrence of pneumothorax with an AUC of 0.78 [95%CI: 0.70-0.86] with a resulting sensitivity 0.80 and a specificity of 0.66. In conclusion, radiomics features of the target lesion and the lung lobe CT-emphysema score are predictive for the occurrence of pneumothorax and need for chest insertion after CT-guided lung biopsy.

GPT-4 Analysis of MRI Reports in Suspected Myocarditis: A Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Diagnosing myocarditis relies on multimodal data including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), clinical symptoms, and blood values. The correct interpretation and integration of MRI findings requires radiological expertise and knowledge. We aimed to investigate the performance of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), a large language model, for report-based medical decision-making in the context of cardiac MRI for suspected myocarditis. METHODS: This retrospective study includes MRI reports from 396 patients with suspected myocarditis and eight centers, respectively. MRI reports and patient data including blood values, age, and further clinical information were provided to GPT-4 and to radiologists with 1 (Resident 1), 2 (Resident 2), and 4 years (Resident 3) of experience in cardiovascular MRI and knowledge of the 2018 Lake Louise Criteria. The final impression of the report regarding the radiological assessment of whether myocarditis is present or not was not provided. The performance of GPT-4 and of the human readers were compared to a consensus reading (two board-certified radiologists with 8 and 10 years of experience in cardiovascular MRI). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. RESULTS: GPT-4 yielded an accuracy of 83%, sensitivity of 90%, and specificity of 78%, which was comparable to the physician with 1 year of experience (R1: 86%, 90%, 84%, p=.14) and lower than that of more experienced physicians (R2: 89%, 86%, 91%, p=.007 and R3: 91%, 85%, 96%, p<.001). GPT-4 and human readers showed a higher diagnostic performance when results from T1- and T2-mapping sequences were part of the reports, for Residents 1 and Resident 3 with statistical significance (p=.004 and p=.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: GPT-4 yielded good accuracy for diagnosing myocarditis based on MRI reports in a large dataset from multiple centers and therefore holds the potential to serve as a diagnostic decision supporting tool in this capacity, particularly for less experienced physicians. Further studies are required to explore the full potential and elucidate educational aspects of the integration of large language models in medical decision-making.

Epicardial adipose tissue defined by initial polytrauma CT of mechanically ventilated trauma patients: retrospective single-center cohort study to predict short-term outcomes.

PURPOSE: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) detected by computed tomography (CT) is associated with morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and other critical care patient cohorts, whereas their prognostic relevance in trauma patients remains unclear. The present study explored associations with four potential short-term outcomes in trauma patients. METHODS: All consecutive trauma patients requiring emergency tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation before initial whole-body CT imaging at a level-1 trauma center over a 12-year period (2008-2019) were reanalyzed for this study. EAT was measured semiquantitatively in initial CT and analyzed regarding associations with 24-hour and 30-day mortality using Cox proportional hazard models. In survivors, associations of EAT with intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS) and mechanical ventilation duration were analyzed using linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-five patients (74.7% male) with a median age of 49 years, and a median injury severity score (ISS) of 26 points were analyzed. In univariable analysis, EAT index was significantly associated with 24-hour and 30-day mortality (p = 0.007, and p = 0.013, respectively). After adjustment for significant predictors age, body mass index, and ISS, no significant associations were confirmed (p = 0.622, and p = 0.903, respectively). In a subanalysis of 353 survivors, EAT index was significantly associated with ICU LOS and mechanical ventilation duration in univariable analyses (p = 0.031, and p = 0.014, respectively), but not in multivariable analyses (p = 0.81 and p = 0.46, respectively). CONCLUSION: EAT index was associated with short-term outcomes in severely injured trauma patients, which not remained significant in multivariable analysis, suggesting that its prognostic capability is limited.

Body composition analysis by radiological imaging - methods, applications, and prospects. / Radiologische Bestimmung der Gewebezusammensetzung im menschlichen Körper (Body Composition) ­ Methoden, Anwendungen und Aussichten.

BACKGROUND: This review discusses the quantitative assessment of tissue composition in the human body (body composition, BC) using radiological methods. Such analyses are gaining importance, in particular, for oncological and metabolic problems. The aim is to present the different methods and definitions in this field to a radiological readership in order to facilitate application and dissemination of BC methods. The main focus is on radiological cross-sectional imaging. METHODS: The review is based on a recent literature search in the US National Library of Medicine catalog (pubmed.gov) using appropriate search terms (body composition, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia in conjunction with imaging and radiology, respectively), as well as our own work and experience, particularly with MRI- and CT-based analyses of abdominal fat compartments and muscle groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Key post-processing methods such as segmentation of tomographic datasets are now well established and used in numerous clinical disciplines, including bariatric surgery. Validated reference values are required for a reliable assessment of radiological measures, such as fatty liver or muscle. Artificial intelligence approaches (deep learning) already enable the automated segmentation of different tissues and compartments so that the extensive datasets can be processed in a time-efficient manner - in the case of so-called opportunistic screening, even retrospectively from diagnostic examinations. The availability of analysis tools and suitable datasets for AI training is considered a limitation. KEY POINTS: · Radiological imaging methods are increasingly used to determine body composition (BC).. · BC parameters are usually quantitative and well reproducible.. · CT image data from routine clinical examinations can be used retrospectively for BC analysis.. · Prospectively, MRI examinations can be used to determine organ-specific BC parameters.. · Automated and in-depth analysis methods (deep learning or radiomics) appear to become important in the future.. CITATION FORMAT: · Linder N, Denecke T, Busse H. Body composition analysis by radiological imaging - methods, applications, and prospects. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI: 10.1055/a-2263-1501.

[Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors : Current review]. / Pulmonale neuroendokrine Tumoren : Aktuelle Übersicht.

CLINICAL ISSUE: Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung are a heterogenous tumor group. The pathological classification comprises diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, classic neuroendocrine tumors, and neuroendocrine carcinoma. Classic neuroendocrine tumors include typical and atypical carcinoid tumors. DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP: Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and can help in identifying the tumor biology. Overall, this tumor group is rare, comprising less than 2% of all thoracic tumors. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: In the current review, the various tumors are presented and important aspects regarding pathological classification, imaging modalities, and treatment are described.

Large Numbers for Small Children-Up to What Age Do Infants Benefit from a Longer Echo Time in Cerebral T2 MRI Sequences?

In newborns, white matter shows a high T2-weighted (T2w) signal in MRI with poor grey-white matter contrast. To increase this contrast, an extremely long echo time (TE) is used in the examination of children. It is not known up to what age this long TE should be used. The purpose of this study was to find up to what age a long TE should be used in infants. In the prospective study, 101 infants (0-18 months) underwent cranial MRI at 3 Tesla. T2-weighted Fast Spin Echo sequences with long TE (200 ms) and medium TE (100 ms) were used. The signal intensities of the cortex and white matter were measured and the grey-white matter contrast (MC) was calculated. A cut-off age was determined. The T2w sequences with long TE had a statistically significantly higher MC until the age of six months (medium TE: 0.1 ± 0.05, Long TE: 0.19 ± 0.07; p < 0.001). After the tenth month, the T2w sequence with medium TE provided significantly better MC (Medium TE: 0.1 ± 0.05; long TE: 0.05 ± 0.4; p < 0.001). The use of a long TE is only helpful in the first six months of life. After the tenth month of life, a medium TE should be favored as is used in adult brain MRI.

GPT-4o's competency in answering the simulated written European Board of Interventional Radiology exam compared to a medical student and experts in Germany and its ability to generate exam items on interventional radiology: a descriptive study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether ChatGPT-4o, a generative artificial intelligence (AI) platform, was able to pass a simulated written European Board of Interventional Radiology (EBIR) exam and whether GPT-4o can be used to train medical students and interventional radiologists of different levels of expertise by generating exam items on interventional radiology. METHODS: GPT-4o was asked to answer 370 simulated exam items of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE) for EBIR preparation (CIRSE Prep). Subsequently, GPT-4o was requested to generate exam items on interventional radiology topics at levels of difficulty suitable for medical students and the EBIR exam. Those generated items were answered by 4 participants, including a medical student, a resident, a consultant, and an EBIR holder. The correctly answered items were counted. One investigator checked the answers and items generated by GPT-4o for correctness and relevance. This work was done from April to July 2024. RESULTS: GPT-4o correctly answered 248 of the 370 CIRSE Prep items (67.0%). For 50 CIRSE Prep items, the medical student answered 46.0%, the resident 42.0%, the consultant 50.0%, and the EBIR holder 74.0% correctly. All participants answered 82.0% to 92.0% of the 50 GPT-4o generated items at the student level correctly. For the 50 GPT-4o items at the EBIR level, the medical student answered 32.0%, the resident 44.0%, the consultant 48.0%, and the EBIR holder 66.0% correctly. All participants could pass the GPT-4o-generated items for the student level; while the EBIR holder could pass the GPT-4o-generated items for the EBIR level. Two items (0.3%) out of 150 generated by the GPT-4o were assessed as implausible. CONCLUSION: GPT-4o could pass the simulated written EBIR exam and create exam items of varying difficulty to train medical students and interventional radiologists.

MRI Texture Analysis of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis in Vulvar Cancer - Associations With Histopathology.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Texture analysis is a quantitative imaging technique that provides novel biomarkers beyond conventional image reading. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between texture parameters and histopathological features of lymph nodes in patients with vulvar cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, nine female patients (mean age 70.1±13.4 years, range=39-87 years) were included in the analysis. All patients had squamous cell carcinomas and underwent upfront surgery with inguinal lymph node resection. Immunohistochemical assessment was performed using several markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The presurgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was analyzed with the MaZda package. RESULTS: In discrimination analysis, several parameters derived from T1-weighted images showed statistically significant differences between non-metastatic and metastatic lymph nodes. The highest statistical significance was reached by the texture feature "S(0,3)InvDfMom" (p=0.016). In correlation analysis, significant associations were found between MRI texture parameters derived from both T1-weighted and T2-weighted images and the investigated histopathological features. Notably, S(0,3)InvDfMom derived from T1-weighted images highly correlated with the Vimentin-score (r=0.908, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Several associations between MRI texture analysis and immunohistochemical parameters were identified in metastasized lymph nodes of cases with vulvar cancer.

Coronary artery calcification detected by initial polytrauma CT in severely injured patients: retrospective single-center cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Coronary artery calcifications detected by computed tomography (CT) provide prognostic relevance for vascular disorders and coronary heart disease, whereas their prognostic relevance in severely injured trauma patients remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All consecutive trauma patients requiring emergency tracheal intubation before initial CT at a level-1 trauma center and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) over a 12-year period (2008-2019) were reanalyzed. The Weston score, a semiquantitative method to quantify coronary calcifications, was evaluated as a prognostic variable based upon whole-body trauma CT analysis. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-eight patients (74.6% male) with a median age of 49 years, median injury severity score of 26 points, 24-h mortality rate of 7.6%, and 30-day mortality rate of 22.1% met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Coronary artery calcification was present in 214 patients (46.7%). After adjustment for confounding factors, the Weston score was an independent predictor for 24-h mortality (hazard ratio, HR 1.19, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.06-1.32, p = .002) and 30-day mortality (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, p = .027). In a subanalysis of 357 survivors, the Weston score was significantly associated with ICU length of stay (LOS) (beta weight 0.89, 95% CI 0.3-1.47, p = .003) but not with mechanical ventilation duration (beta weight 0.05, 95% CI -0.2-0.63, p = .304). CONCLUSION: CT-detected coronary calcification was a significant prognostic factor for 24-h- and 30-day-mortality in severely injured trauma patients requiring tracheal intubation, and influenced ICU LOS in survivors.

A 6-week randomized-controlled field study: effect of isokinetic eccentric resistance training on strength, flexibility and muscle structure of the shoulder external rotators in male junior handball players.

Background: Team handball involves a tremendous amount of shoulder motion with high forces during repeated extended external range of motion. This causes shoulder complaints and overuse injuries. While eccentric training for the lower extremity shows preventive effects by improving strength, range of motion and fascicle length, there is a research gap for the shoulder joint and for advanced tissue characterization using diffusion tensor imaging. Objectives: To investigate the effects of 6-week eccentric isokinetic resistance training on strength, flexibility, and fiber architecture characteristics of the external rotators compared to an active control group in junior male handball players. Methods: 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the eccentric training group and 14 subjects to the active control group (conventional preventive training). Primary outcome measures were eccentric and concentric isokinetic strength of the external rotators, range of motion, and muscle fascicle length and fascicle volume. Results: The intervention group, showed significant changes in eccentric strength (+15%). The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles showed significant increases in fascicle length (+13% and +8%), and in fractional anisotropy (+9% and +6%), which were significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: Eccentric isokinetic training has a significant effect on the function and macroscopic structure of the shoulder external rotators in male junior handball players. While strength parameters and muscle structure improved, range of motion did not change. This research helps understanding the physiology of muscle and the role of eccentric training on shoulder function and muscle structure. Furthermore, DTI was found to be a promising tool for advanced tissue characterization, and the in vivo derived data can also serve as model input variables and as a possibility to extend existing ex-vivo muscle models. Future research is needed for functional and structural changes following convenient eccentric field exercises.

The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of the Paraspinal and Psoas Muscles Are of Prognostic Relevance in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Radioembolization.

Background/Aim: Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is a treatment option for early or intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sarcopenia is defined as loss of muscle strength and quality which can be estimated by imaging modalities and has been associated with prognosis and treatment response in HCC patients. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can reflect the tissue composition and might be better to determine muscle changes of sarcopenia than the standard method of computed tomography (CT). The present study sought to elucidate ADC values of the abdominal wall muscles as a prognostic factor in patients undergoing TARE. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed between 2016 and 2020. Overall, 52 patients, 9 women (17.3%) and 43 men (82.7%), with a mean age of 69±8.5 years were included into the analysis. In every case, the first pre-interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including DWI was used to measure the ADC values of paraspinal and psoas muscle. The 12-month survival after TARE was used as the primary study outcome. Results: Overall, 40 patients (76.9%) of the patient cohort died within the 12-month observation period. Mean overall survival was 10.9 months after TARE for all patients. Mean ADC values for all muscles were 1.31±0.13×10-3mm2/s. The ADC values of the paraspinal muscles were statistically significantly higher compared to the ADC values of the psoas muscles (p=0.0031). A positive correlation was identified between mean ADC and the thrombocyte count (r=0.37, p=0.005) and serum bilirubin (r=-0.30, p=0.03). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, the mean ADC values of all muscles were associated with the survival after 12 months (HR=0.98, 95% CI=0.97-0.99, p=0.04). Conclusion: ADC values of the abdominal wall muscles could be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with HCC undergoing TARE. These preliminary results should be confirmed by further studies using external validation cohorts and other treatment modalities.

Impact of CT texture analysis on complication rate in CT-guided liver biopsies.

Aim of the study: Texture analysis derived from computed tomography (CT) involves quantitative imaging parameters characterizing possible valuable associations with clinical purposes. Their prognostic capability in patients undergoing percutaneous CT-guided liver biopsy to identify associations with postinterventional bleeding complications and biopsy success is not sufficiently explored. Material and methods: Three hundred fifteen patients (124 female, 39%) with a mean age of 62.5 ±10.2 years underwent percutaneous CT-guided liver biopsy and were analyzed regarding clinical, procedure-related, and CT texture features. Results: Thirty patients (9.5%) presented with bleeding after biopsy (including two requiring interventional treatment), whereas 46 patients (14.6%) had negative biopsy successes. Distance of lesion from liver capsule was statistically significantly different in patients with and without bleeding (p = 0.015). Several texture features were statistically significantly different between the groups, S(0,1)SumAverg having the highest significance (p = 0.004). Regarding unsuccessful biopsy results, liver fibrosis was the only clinical feature with statistical significance (p = 0.049). Only two texture features (S(4,-4)InvDfMom and Teta3) were statistically different between the groups according to the biopsy result. Conclusions: Several CT texture features of the target lesion and the length from the capsule to the lesion were associated with bleeding complications after CT-guided percutaneous liver biopsy. This could be used to identify patients at risk at the beginning of the procedure.

Portal venous contrast enhancement ratio of the adrenal glands and spleen as prognostic marker of mortality in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia.

PURPOSE: Contrast enhancement of the adrenal gland defined by computed tomography (CT) was previously analyzed as a prognostic factor for critically ill patients in various diseases. However, no study investigated this quantitative parameter in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the contrast enhancement of the adrenal glands in patients with clinically suspected AMI. METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected AMI were retrospectively assessed between 2016 and 2020. All patients underwent surgical exploration after CT imaging. Overall, 134 patients (52 female patients, 38.8%) with a mean age of 69.2 ± 12.4 years were included into the present analysis. For all patients, the preoperative CT was used to calculate the contrast media enhancement of the adrenal glands and the spleen. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (18.5%) died within the first 24 h and over the following 30-day 94 patients (68.6%) died. There were statistically significant differences regarding the mean values for adrenal-to-spleen ratio for 24-h mortality (p = 0.001) and 30-day mortality (p = 0.004), whereas the radiodensity of the inferior vena cava and the radiodensity of the spleen was statistically significant between survivors and non-survivors after 30 days (p = 0.037 and p = 0.028, respectively). In Cox regression analysis, mean adrenal radiodensity was associated with 24-h mortality (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16, p = 0.01) but not with 30-day mortality (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99-1.07, p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: The contrast media enhancement of the adrenal gland is associated with the 24-h and 30-day mortality in patients with AMI. However, the prognostic relevance for translation into clinical routine needs to be validated in other cohorts.

Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of CT-based Node-RADS for colon cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The Node-RADS classification was recently published as a classification system to better characterize lymph nodes in oncological imaging. The present analysis investigated the diagnostic benefit of the Node-RADS classification of staging computed tomography (CT) images to categorize and stage lymph nodes in patients with colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients were surgically resected and the lymph nodes were histopathological analyzed. All investigated lymph nodes were scored in accordance to the Node-RADS classification by two experienced radiologists. Interreader variability was assessed with Cohen's kappa analysis, discrimination analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney-U test and diagnostic accuracy was assessed with receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 108 patients (n = 49 females, 45.3%) with a mean age of 70.08 ± 14.34 years were included. In discrimination analysis, the total Node-RADS score showed statistically significant differences between N- and N + stage (for reader 1: mean 1.89 ± 1.09 score for N- versus 2.93 ± 1.62 score for N+, for reader 2: 1.33 ± 0.48 score for N- versus 3.65 ± 0.94 score for N+, p = 0.001, respectively). ROC curve analysis for lymph node discrimination showed an area under the curve of 0.68. A threshold value of 2 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.62 and a specificity of 0.71. CONCLUSION: Node-RADS score derived from staging CT shows only limited diagnostic accuracy to correctly predict nodal positivity in colon cancer. The interreader variability seems to be high and should question the clinical translation for this tumour entity.

Impact of quantitative CT texture analysis on the outcome of CT-guided bone biopsy.

Texture analysis can provide new imaging-based biomarkers. Texture analysis derived from computed tomography (CT) might be able to better characterize patients undergoing CT-guided percutaneous bone biopsy. The present study evaluated this and correlated texture features with bioptic outcome in patients undergoing CT-guided bone biopsy. Overall, 123 patients (89 female patients, 72.4 %) were included into the present study. All patients underwent CT-guided percutaneous bone biopsy with an 11 Gauge coaxial needle. Clinical parameters and quantitative imaging features were investigated. Random forest classifier was used to predict a positive biopsy result. Overall, 69 patients had osteolytic metastasis (56.1 %) and 54 had osteoblastic metastasis (43.9 %). The overall positive biopsy rate was 72 %. The developed radiomics model demonstrated a prediction accuracy of a positive biopsy result with an AUC of 0.75 [95 %CI 0.65 - 0.85]. In a subgroup of breast cancer patients, the model achieved an AUC of 0.85 [95 %CI 0.73 - 0.96]. In the subgroup of non-breast cancer patients, the signature achieved an AUC of 0.80 [95 %CI 0.60 - 0.99]. Quantitative CT imaging findings comprised of conventional and texture features can aid to predict the bioptic result of CT-guided bone biopsies. The developed radiomics signature aids in clinical decision-making, and could identify patients at risk for a negative biopsy.

The GALAD score and the BALAD-2 score correlate with transarterial and systemic treatment response and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The GALAD score and the BALAD-2 score are biomarker-based scoring systems used to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both incorporate levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3), and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP). Our objective was to examine the relationship between the GALAD score as well as the BALAD-2 score and treatment response to transarterial or systemic treatments in patients with HCC. METHODS: A total of 220 patients with HCC treated with either transarterial (n = 121) or systemic treatments (n = 99; mainly Sorafenib) were retrospectively analyzed. The GALAD score and the BALAD-2 score were calculated based on AFP-L3, AFP, and DCP levels measured in serum samples collected before treatment. The results were correlated with 3-month treatment efficacy based on radiologic mRECIST criteria. RESULTS: The GALAD score showed a strong correlation with BCLC stage (p < 0.001) and total tumor diameter before treatment (p < 0.001).The GALAD score at baseline was significantly lower in patients with a 3-month response to transarterial (p > 0.001) than in refractory patients. Among patients receiving systemic treatment, the median BALAD-2 score at baseline showed a strong association with response at month 3 (p < 0.001). In the transarterial treatment group, the GALAD score (AUC = 0.715; p < 0.001) as well as the BALAD score (AUC = 0.696; p < 0.001) were associated with overall survival, hereby outperforming AFP, AFP-L3 and DCP. CONCLUSION: The GALAD score as well as the BALAD-2 score hold significant promise as a prognostic tool for patients with early or intermediate-stage HCC who are undergoing transarterial or systemic treatments.

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes: a comparison of different methods in athletes.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) is considered the gold standard for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function. However, discrepancies have been reported in the literature between LV volumes assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cMRI. The objective of this study was to analyze the differences in LV volumes between different echocardiographic techniques and cMRI. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 64 male athletes (21.1 ± 4.9 years), LV volumes were measured by TTE using the following methods: Doppler echocardiography, anatomical M-Mode, biplane/triplane planimetry and 3D volumetry. In addition, LV end-diastolic (LVEDV), end-systolic (LVESV), and stroke volumes (LVSV) were assessed in 11 athletes by both TTE and cMRI. There was no significant difference between LVEDV and LVESV determined by biplane/triplane planimetry and 3D volumetry. LVEDV and LVESV measured by M-Mode were significantly lower compared to 3D volumetry. LVSV determined by Doppler with 3D planimetry of LV outflow tract was significantly higher than 2D planimetry and 3D volumetry, whereas none of the planimetric or volumetric methods for determining LVSV differed significantly. There were no significant differences for LVEDV, LVESV, LVSV and LVEF between cMRI and TTE determined by biplane planimetry in the subgroup of 11 athletes. CONCLUSION: The choice of echocardiographic method used has an impact on LVSV in athletes, so the LVSV should always be checked for plausibility. The same echocardiographic method should be used to assess LVSV at follow-ups to ensure good comparability. The data suggest that biplane LV planimetry by TTE is not inferior to cMRI.

Cell atlas of the regenerating human liver after portal vein embolization.

The liver has the remarkable capacity to regenerate. In the clinic, regeneration is induced by portal vein embolization, which redirects portal blood flow, resulting in liver hypertrophy in locations with increased blood supply, and atrophy of embolized segments. Here, we apply single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomics on healthy, hypertrophied, and atrophied patient-derived liver samples to explore cell states in the regenerating liver. Our data unveils pervasive upregulation of genes associated with developmental processes, cellular adhesion, and inflammation in post-portal vein embolization liver, disrupted portal-central hepatocyte zonation, and altered cell subtype composition of endothelial and immune cells. Interlineage crosstalk analysis reveals mesenchymal cells as an interaction hub between immune and endothelial cells, and highlights the importance of extracellular matrix proteins in liver regeneration. Moreover, we establish tissue-scale iterative indirect immunofluorescence imaging for high-dimensional spatial analysis of perivascular microenvironments, uncovering changes to tissue architecture in regenerating liver lobules. Altogether, our data is a rich resource revealing cellular and histological changes in human liver regeneration.

Use and perceived utility of [18 F]FDG PET/CT in neuroendocrine neoplasms: A consensus report from the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Advisory Board Meeting 2022.

Somatostatin receptor (SST) PET/CT is the gold standard for well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NET) imaging. Higher grades of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) show preferential [18F]FDG (FDG) uptake, and even low-grade NET may de-differentiate over time. FDG PET/CT's prognostic role is widely accepted; however, its impact on clinical decision-making remains controversial and its use varies widely. A questionnaire-based survey on FDG PET/CT use and perceived decision-making utility in NEN was submitted to the ENETS Advisory Board Meeting attendees (November 2022, response rate = 70%). In 3/15 statements, agreement was higher than 75%: (i) FDG was considered useful in NET, irrespective of grade, in case of mis-matched lesions (detectable on diagnostic CT but negative/faintly positive on SST PET/CT), especially if PRRT is contemplated (80%); (ii) in NET G3 if curative surgery is considered (82%); and (iii) in NEC prior to surgery with curative intent (98%). FDG use in NET G3, even in the presence of matched lesions, as a baseline for response assessment was favoured by 74%. Four statements obtained more than 60% consensus: (i) FDG use in NET G3 if locoregional therapy is considered (65%); (ii) in neuroendocrine carcinoma before initiating active therapy as a baseline for response assessment (61%); (iii) biopsy to re-assess tumour grade prior to a change in therapeutic management (68%) upon detection of FDG-positivity on the background of a prior G1-2 NET; (iv) 67% were in favour to reconsider PRRT to treat residual SST-positive lesions after achieving complete remission on FDG of the SST-negative disease component. Multidisciplinary opinion broadly supports the use of FDG PET/CT for characterisation of disease biology and to guide treatment selection across a range of indications, despite the lack of full consensus in many situations. This may reflect existing clinical access due to lack of reimbursement or experience with this investigation, which should be addressed by further research.