[Assessment of the availability and use of antivenom in the district of Bamako, Mali, West Africa]. / Évaluation de la disponibilité et l'utilisation du sérum antivenimeux dans le district de Bamako, Mali, Afrique de l'Ouest.

The aim of this study is to describe the difficulties related to problems of supply and use of antivenom serum (SAV) in the district of Bamako. A retrospective study over a span of five years (January 1998-December 2002) and an interview with the staff of various facilities were conducted. The study included 2 wholesalers of pharmaceuticals, 20 private pharmacies, and 2 hospital pharmacies as they were involved in antivenom trades. A market-driving ability survey of driving practice was conducted in 37 community health centers (CHCs) and 4 dispensaries because they performed antivenom treatments during the study period. A total of 3,318 doses of antivenom were bought, including 84.4% by the People Pharmacy of Mali (PPM), a public organization, and 15.6% by Laborex, a private company. These were out of stock in 1999. Three kinds of SAV were ordered: the polyvalent IPSER Africa (1,200 vials or 36.2%), FAV Africa (318 vials or 9.6%), and Sii anti-snake venom polyvalent serum (1,800 vials or 54.2%). Orders from PPM involved IPSER Africa (Pasteur Mérieux Serum & Vaccines) and Sii anti-snake venom polyvalent serum (Serum Institute of India), and those from Laborex involved IPSER Africa and FAVAfrica (Aventis Pasteur). Onehalf of private pharmacies (54.3%) had made at least one order of SAV. The PPM lost 50% of 2,000 vials of SAV in 1996 due to the expiration of vials that were bought. Private pharmacies lost 3.6% of stocks due to expiration. Prices varied depending on the type of service and the point of sale. Costs of vials were 19,440-35,000 CFA francs (29.6-53.4 euros) for Sii antivenom and 50,200-63,000 CFA francs (76.5-96.1 euros) for FAV Africa antivenom. In CHCs, 59.5% of prescribers were unaware of the indications and methods of proper administration of the SAV, 32.3% ignored the existence of SAV, and 30.9% were skeptical about its effectiveness in treatment of envenomation by snakebite.

[Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutics aspects of snakebites in the Gabriel-Touré and Kati national hospitals of Mali: a ten-year retrospective study]. / Aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des morsures de serpent dans les hôpitaux nationaux Gabriel-Touré et de Kati du Mali: étude rétrospective sur dix ans.

A retrospective study has been performed on snakebites from January 1993 to December 2002 in the national hospitals Gabriel-Touré, in Bamako, and Kati. It aimed to establish a synthesis of epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects from snakebites. Eight hundred thirty-two snakebites were recorded during this period. Men were mostly represented: 72 versus 28% of women. The average age was 28 ± 18 years. Farmers were most affected (28%). Most bites occurred between 16 and 20 hours, during the fieldwork and pasture in 44% cases. Lower limbs (73.8%) were more involved than hands (25.8%). Although the type of snake has not been determined, the clinical picture was that of viper syndrome, the severity of which was assessed by the grade of bleeding, edema, renal involvement (15.8%), and neurological disorders (13.3%). Antivenom was administered to 40.6% of patients whose case fatality rate was 2.8%, whereas it was 8.1% in its absence. The case fatality rate associated with serum therapy varied according to the antivenin, 1.5% with the antivenoms manufactured in Europe and 4% with those manufactured in Asia. Five parturients had a favorable outcome with antivenom. The initial management was carried out by traditional healers in 49.7% of cases. The annual case fatality rate decreased gradually from 12% in 1995 to 3% in 2002. The incidence of snakebite is greatly underestimated in hospitals because of inadequate records.

[Indications and results of pulmonary resections in a developing country]. / Indications et résultats des exérèses pulmonaires dans un pays en développement.

INTRODUCTION: Indications for pulmonary excision are dominated by infectious pulmonary pathologies in developing countries. We conducted this study to describe the indications and results of pulmonary resections in the thoracic surgery department of the Mali hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective and descriptive study from January 2012 to December 2019, carried out in the thoracic surgery department of the Mali hospital. It involved 76 patients who had a pulmonary resection. The variables studied were the epidemiological data, the operating indications, the therapeutic data and the prognosis. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 35.5 years. The sex ratio was 1.7. The average consultation time in thoracic surgery was 11.6 months with extremes of 7 days and 96 months. A history of pulmonary tuberculosis was noted in 46.1% of patients. The main indications for pulmonary resection were infectious parenchymal destruction in 64.5%, bullous dystrophy in 14.5%, bronchopulmonary cancer in 11.8% and thoracic trauma in 4% of the cases. The procedures performed were: a lobectomy (39.5%), atypical resection (36.8%), culminectomy (7.9%) and pneumonectomy (15.8%). Morbidity was dominated by thoracic empyema (9.2%) postoperative hemorrhage (5.2%), parietal suppuration (7.8%) and bronchopleural fistula (1.3%). The average length of hospital stay was 14.3 days. Mortality was 10.5%. There was a statistically significant correlation between pneumonectomy and deaths (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Infectious lung destruction is the main indication for pulmonary resection in Mali. The consultation period is quite long. Morbidity and mortality remains high.

[Envenomation accidents caused by snakebites in the surgical emergency unit of Gabriel-Touré Hospital, Bamako, Mali (1998-1999)]. / Les accidents d'envenimation par morsure de serpent dans le service des urgences chirurgicales de l'hôpital Gabriel-Touré, Bamako, Mali (1998-1999).

This study aimed at assessing envenomations caused by snakebite in the Gabriel Touré hospital between January 1998 and December 1999. We included in total 112 victims of snakebites proved by the identification of the snake, the fangs traces and envenomation signs. The bites concerned 34 women (30.36%) versus 78 men (69.64%) from the Bamako district, while 66.7% were from a rural environment. The farmers were the most affected category (35.1%). The bite concerned the lower limb in 83.3% of the cases. Snakes such as Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans, Naja nigricollis and N. katiensis caused the envenomations. The viperine syndrome dominated the clinical picture; its severity depended on the bleeding stage and the delay of administration of the antivenom serum (AVS) after the envenomation: 19 hours for Echis sp. and 2 hours for Naja sp. This study shows that the envenomation accidents caused by snakes are frequent with a lethality rate of 9.8%.

[Reasons for admission of elderly people in reanimation in the Gabriel Touré teaching hospital of Bamako]. / Motifs d'admission des personnes agees en reanimation au centre hospitalier universitaire Gabriel Toure de Bamako.

INTRODUCTION: Reanimation consists of the taking care of patients of all ages presenting or likely to present one or more acute failures directly affecting their likelihood of survival. According to the Society of Reanimation of the French Languages in 2012, in the United States 50% of the patients admitted in reanimation have more than 65 years whereas in France, the patients older than 80 years represent more than 10% of the admissions of the intensive care units. OBJECTIVE: To determine the reasons for admission of the elderly patients in reanimation of the Gabriel Touré teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2010 to September 2011 in the Gabriel Touré teaching hospital of Bamako. Patients aged 65 year old and up were included. All patients were the subject of a meticulous clinical examination. Data graphing was done using Excel. The analysis of the data was made on the SPSS 17.0 software. The statistical test used was Chi2 with a significance fixed to P = 0, 05. RESULTS: During the period of study, the data of 95 elderly people was collected for 501 admissions (18.9%); the 65 to 74 years old age bracket represented 63.3% (figure 1). The sex-ratio was 1.4 in favour of men. Mental deterioration was the principal cause for admission in 65.3% of the cases. Cerebral vascular accidents were the most encountered pathology with 40.7% of cases. The most common noted prognosis was the likelihood of intervention complications. CONCLUSION: The most common admission factors were mental deterioration, respiratory distress syndrome. The prognosis is conservative considering the patients' old age, medical pathology, and a Glasgow score inferior to 8 at the time of admission.

INTRODUCTION: L'activité de réanimation consiste à la prise en charge des patients de tout âge présentant ou susceptible de présenter une ou plusieurs défaillances aigues mettant en jeu le pronostic vital. Selon la société de réanimation des langues françaises en 2012, aux Etats-Unis, 50% des patients admis en réanimation ont plus de 65 ans alors qu'en France, les patients de plus de 80 ans représentent plus de 10% du recrutement des services de réanimation. OBJECTIF: Etait de déterminer les motifs d'admissions des personnes âgées en réanimation du centre hospitalier universitaire Gabriel Touré. PATIENTS ET MÉTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale d'octobre 2010 à septembre 2011 au centre hospitalier universitaire Gabriel Touré de Bamako. Les patients âgés de 65 ans et plus étaient inclus. Tous les patients ont fait l'objet d'un examen clinique minutieux. Les graphiques ont été réalisés à l'aide du logiciel Excel. L'analyse des données a été faite sur logiciel SPSS17.0. Le test statistique utilisé était le test de Chi2 avec un seuil de signification fixé à P ≤ 0,05. RÉSULTATS: Pendant la période d'étude 95 personnes âgées ont été colligées sur 501 admissions soit une fréquence de 18,9 %. La tranche d'âge de 65 à 74 ans était la plus représentée avec 63,3%. Le sex-ratio était de 1,4 en faveur des hommes. L'altération de la conscience était le principal motif d'admission dans 65,3% des cas. L'accident vasculaire cérébral était la pathologie médicale la plus rencontrée avec 40,7% des cas. Le facteur pronostique le plus marqué était la survenue des complications. CONCLUSION: Les signes à l''admissions les plus fréquents sont l'altération de la conscience, le syndrome de détresse respiratoire. Le pronostic est réservé en présence d'un âge plus avancé, d'une pathologie médicale, et d'un score de Glasgow inferieur à 8 à l'admission.

[Epidemiological and clinical profile of traffic accident victims at the emergency department of the University Hospital of Gabriel Touré]. / Aspects epidemiocliniques des accidents de voie publique au service d'accueil des urgences CHU Gabriel Toure Bamako.

OBJECT: Studying the Epidemiological and clinical profile of accidents on public ways at the welcome service of emergencies, CHU Gabriel Touré within the scope of accident reduction on public ways and an improvement of their taking in charge. METHODOLOGY: Retro prospective study over a three-year- period including all the files of any patient emitted for accident happening on public ways without regard to race and sex. RESULT: Over a three-year-period (from January 2007 to December 2009). Our team has analized 2450 hospitalization files with a follow-up going from 0 to 45 days. The most concerned ages range from 15 to 29 years (43 per cent) with a male predominance (81 per cent). The mechanism motorcycles-pedestrians (30.9 per cent) was the most represented. The mains lesions observed were cranial traumatisms (58.9 per cent), followed with fractures of limbs (13.5 per cent). Death-rate has been risen at the level of young men above all (from 15 to 29 years) and it was mainly due to cranial traumatisms. CONCLUSION: Accidents on public ways represent a keen problem in matter of public health. The taking in charge of the curse should be very urgent. Information, communication and education of all the professional and social stratums seem necessary.

[Epidemiologic profile of acute intoxications at the Gabriel Touré University Hospital]. / Profil epidemiologique des intoxications aiguës au C.H.U. Gabriel Toure.

PURPOSE: Determine the epidemiology of intoxications in the emergency service medico-surgical. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The stady was retrospective and transversal from January 2002 to December 2006 in the service of medical surgical emergencies of the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré. Where included all patients admitted and presenting with acute poisoning. Chi2 test was used to compare our results and the level of significance set at p <0.05. RESULTS: Over 5 years, 365 cases of intoxication were collected on a total of 10997 admission with a prevalence of 3.32 %. Patients aged of 0-20 years accounted for 46.58% of cases. The female patients were predominant with 62.47 % of cases. Pupils and students predominated with 31.51 %. Antimalarials were found primarily at the base of poisoning with 32.33 % of cases of drug poisoning. The digestive tract was predominant with 97.81%. CONCLUSION: The typical profile of acute poisoning is a young female pupil or student who took a voluntary drug substance.