Mutational analysis of the zinc- and substrate-binding sites in the CphA metallo-beta-lactamase from Aeromonas hydrophila.

The subclass B2 CphA (Carbapenemase hydrolysing Aeromonas) beta-lactamase from Aeromonas hydrophila is a Zn(2+)-containing enzyme that specifically hydrolyses carbapenems. In an effort to evaluate residues potentially involved in metal binding and/or catalysis (His(118), Asp(120), His(196) and His(263)) and in substrate specificity (Val(67), Thr(157), Lys(224) and Lys(226)), site-directed mutants of CphA were generated and characterized. Our results confirm that the first zinc ion is in interaction with Asp(120) and His(263), and thus is located in the 'cysteine' zinc-binding site. His(118) and His(196) residues seem to be interacting with the second zinc ion, as their replacement by alanine residues has a negative effect on the affinity for this second metal ion. Val(67) plays a significant role in the binding of biapenem and benzylpenicillin. The properties of a mutant with a five residue (LFKHV) insertion just after Val(67) also reveals the importance of this region for substrate binding. This latter mutant has a higher affinity for the second zinc ion than wild-type CphA. The T157A mutant exhibits a significantly modified activity spectrum. Analysis of the K224Q and N116H/N220G/K224Q mutants suggests a significant role for Lys(224) in the binding of substrate. Lys(226) is not essential for the binding and hydrolysis of substrates. Thus the present paper helps to elucidate the position of the second zinc ion, which was controversial, and to identify residues important for substrate binding.

Structure-based design of small peptide inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 subunit interaction.

X-ray crystallography studies, as well as live-cell fluorescent imaging, have recently challenged the traditional view of protein kinase CK2. Unbalanced expression of catalytic and regulatory CK2 subunits has been observed in a variety of tissues and tumours. Thus the potential intersubunit flexibility suggested by these studies raises the likely prospect that the CK2 holoenzyme complex is subject to disassembly and reassembly. In the present paper, we show evidence for the reversible multimeric organization of the CK2 holoenzyme complex in vitro. We used a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, binding experiments and functional assays to show that, both in vitro and in vivo, only a small set of primary hydrophobic residues of CK2beta which contacts at the centre of the CK2alpha/CK2beta interface dominates affinity. The results indicate that a double mutation in CK2beta of amino acids Tyr188 and Phe190, which are complementary and fill up a hydrophobic pocket of CK2alpha, is the most disruptive to CK2alpha binding both in vitro and in living cells. Further characterization of hotspots in a cluster of hydrophobic amino acids centred around Tyr188-Phe190 led us to the structure-based design of small-peptide inhibitors. One conformationally constrained 11-mer peptide (Pc) represents a unique CK2beta-based small molecule that was particularly efficient (i) to antagonize the interaction between the CK2 subunits, (ii) to inhibit the assembly of the CK2 holoenzyme complex, and (iii) to strongly affect its substrate preference.

Penicillin binding proteins: key players in bacterial cell cycle and drug resistance processes.

Bacterial cell division and daughter cell formation are complex mechanisms whose details are orchestrated by at least a dozen different proteins. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), membrane-associated macromolecules which play key roles in the cell wall synthesis process, have been exploited for over 70 years as the targets of the highly successful beta-lactam antibiotics. The increasing incidence of beta-lactam resistant microorganisms, coupled to progress made in genomics, genetics and immunofluorescence microscopy techniques, have encouraged the intensive study of PBPs from a variety of bacterial species. In addition, the recent publication of high-resolution structures of PBPs from pathogenic organisms have shed light on the complex intertwining of drug resistance and cell division processes. In this review, we discuss structural, functional and biological features of such enzymes which, albeit having initially been identified several decades ago, are now being aggressively pursued as highly attractive targets for the development of novel antibiotherapies.

Crystal structure of penicillin-binding protein 1a (PBP1a) reveals a mutational hotspot implicated in beta-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen whose infections have been treated with beta-lactam antibiotics for over 60 years, but the proliferation of strains that are highly resistant to such drugs is a problem of worldwide concern. Beta-lactams target penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), membrane-associated enzymes that play essential roles in the peptidoglycan biosynthetic process. Bifunctional PBPs catalyze both the polymerization of glycan chains (glycosyltransfer) and the cross-linking of adjacent pentapeptides (transpeptidation), while monofunctional enzymes catalyze only the latter reaction. Although S. pneumoniae has six PBPs, only three (PBP1a, PBP2x, PBP2b) are major resistance determinants, with PBP1a being the only bifunctional enzyme. PBP1a plays a key role in septum formation during the cell division cycle and its modification is essential for the development of high-level resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. The crystal structure of a soluble form of pneumococcal PBP1a (PBP1a*) has been solved to 2.6A and reveals that it folds into three domains. The N terminus contains a peptide from the glycosyltransfer domain bound to an interdomain linker region, followed by a central, transpeptidase domain, and a small C-terminal unit. An analysis of PBP1a sequences from drug-resistant clinical strains in light of the structure reveals the existence of a mutational hotspot at the entrance of the catalytic cleft that leads to the modification of the polarity and accessibility of the mutated PBP1a active site. The presence of this hotspot in all variants sequenced to date is of key relevance for the development of novel antibiotherapies for the treatment of beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal strains.

1,2,4-Triazole-3-thione Compounds as Inhibitors of Dizinc Metallo-ß-lactamases.

Metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs) cause resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to ß-lactam antibiotics and are of serious concern, because they can inactivate the last-resort carbapenems and because MBL inhibitors of clinical value are still lacking. We previously identified the original binding mode of 4-amino-2,4-dihydro-5-(2-methylphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (compound IIIA) within the dizinc active site of the L1 MBL. Herein we present the crystallographic structure of a complex of L1 with the corresponding non-amino compound IIIB (1,2-dihydro-5-(2-methylphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione). Unexpectedly, the binding mode of IIIB was similar but reverse to that of IIIA. The 3 D structures suggested that the triazole-thione scaffold was suitable to bind to the catalytic site of dizinc metalloenzymes. On the basis of these results, we synthesized 54 analogues of IIIA or IIIB. Nineteen showed IC50 values in the micromolar range toward at least one of five representative MBLs (i.e., L1, VIM-4, VIM-2, NDM-1, and IMP-1). Five of these exhibited a significant inhibition of at least four enzymes, including NDM-1, VIM-2, and IMP-1. Active compounds mainly featured either halogen or bulky bicyclic aryl substituents. Finally, some compounds were also tested on several microbial dinuclear zinc-dependent hydrolases belonging to the MBL-fold superfamily (i.e., endonucleases and glyoxalase II) to explore their activity toward structurally similar but functionally distinct enzymes. Whereas the bacterial tRNases were not inhibited, the best IC50 values toward plasmodial glyoxalase II were in the 10 µm range.

A metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme in action: crystal structures of the monozinc carbapenemase CphA and its complex with biapenem.

One strategy developed by bacteria to resist the action of beta-lactam antibiotics is the expression of metallo-beta-lactamases. CphA from Aeromonas hydrophila is a member of a clinically important subclass of metallo-beta-lactamases that have only one zinc ion in their active site and for which no structure is available. The crystal structures of wild-type CphA and its N220G mutant show the structural features of the active site of this enzyme, which is modeled specifically for carbapenem hydrolysis. The structure of CphA after reaction with a carbapenem substrate, biapenem, reveals that the enzyme traps a reaction intermediate in the active site. These three X-ray structures have allowed us to propose how the enzyme recognizes carbapenems and suggest a mechanistic pathway for hydrolysis of the beta-lactam. This will be relevant for the design of metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors as well as of antibiotics that escape their hydrolytic activity.

The PECACE domain: a new family of enzymes with potential peptidoglycan cleavage activity in Gram-positive bacteria.

BACKGROUND: The metabolism of bacterial peptidoglycan is a dynamic process, synthases and cleavage enzymes are functionally coordinated. Lytic Transglycosylase enzymes (LT) are part of multienzyme complexes which regulate bacterial division and elongation. LTs are also involved in peptidoglycan turnover and in macromolecular transport systems. Despite their central importance, no LTs have been identified in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. We report the identification of the first putative LT enzyme in S. pneumoniae and discuss its role in pneumococcal peptidoglycan metabolism. RESULTS: Homology searches of the pneumococcal genome allowed the identification of a new domain putatively involved in peptidoglycan cleavage (PECACE, PEptidoglycan CArbohydrate Cleavage Enzyme). This sequence has been found exclusively in Gram-positive bacteria and gene clusters containing pecace are conserved among Streptococcal species. The PECACE domain is, in some instances, found in association with other domains known to catalyze peptidoglycan hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: A new domain, PECACE, putatively involved in peptidoglycan hydrolysis has been identified in S. pneumoniae. The probable enzymatic activity deduced from the detailed analysis of the amino acid sequence suggests that the PECACE domain may proceed through a LT-type or goose lyzosyme-type cleavage mechanism. The PECACE function may differ largely from the other hydrolases already identified in the pneumococcus: LytA, LytB, LytC, CBPD and PcsB. The multimodular architecture of proteins containing the PECACE domain is another example of the many activities harbored by peptidoglycan hydrolases, which is probably required for the regulation of peptidoglycan metabolism. The release of new bacterial genomes sequences will probably add new members to the five groups identified so far in this work, and new groups could also emerge. Conversely, the functional characterization of the unknown domains mentioned in this work can now become easier, since bacterial peptidoglycan is proposed to be the substrate.

The structural bases of the processive degradation of iota-carrageenan, a main cell wall polysaccharide of red algae.

iota-Carrageenans are sulfated 1,3-alpha-1,4-beta-galactans from the cell walls of red algae, which auto-associate into crystalline fibers made of aggregates of double-stranded helices. iota-Carrageenases, which constitute family 82 of glycoside hydrolases, fold into a right-handed beta-helix. Here, the structure of Alteromonas fortis iota-carrageenase bound to iota-carrageenan fragments was solved at 2.0A resolution (PDB 1KTW). The enzyme holds a iota-carrageenan tetrasaccharide (subsites +1 to +4) and a disaccharide (subsites -3, -4), thus providing the first direct determination of a 3D structure of iota-carrageenan. Electrostatic interactions between basic protein residues and the sulfate substituents of the polysaccharide chain dominate iota-carrageenan recognition. Glu245 and Asp247 are the proton donor and the base catalyst, respectively. C-terminal domain A, which was highly flexible in the native enzyme structure, adopts a alpha/beta-fold, also found in DNA/RNA-binding domains. In the substrate-enzyme complex, this polyanion-binding module shifts toward the beta-helix groove, forming a tunnel. Thus, from an open conformation which allows for the initial endo-attack of iota-carrageenan chains, the enzyme switches to a closed-tunnel form, consistent with its highly processive character, as seen from the electron-microscopy analysis of the degradation of iota-carrageenan fibers.

Understanding the acylation mechanisms of active-site serine penicillin-recognizing proteins: a molecular dynamics simulation study.

Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit enzymes involved in the last step of peptidoglycan synthesis. These enzymes, also identified as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), form a long-lived acyl-enzyme complex with beta-lactams. Antibiotic resistance is mainly due to the production of beta-lactamases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze the antibiotics and so prevent them reaching and inactivating their targets, and to mutations of the PBPs that decrease their affinity for the antibiotics. In this study, we present a theoretical study of several penicillin-recognizing proteins complexed with various beta-lactam antibiotics. Hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical potentials in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to understand the role of several residues, and pK(a) calculations have also been done to determine their protonation state. We analyze the differences between the beta-lactamase TEM-1, the membrane-bound PBP2x of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the soluble DD-transpeptidase of Streptomyces K15.

Bifunctional penicillin-binding proteins: focus on the glycosyltransferase domain and its specific inhibitor moenomycin.

Beta-lactams and glycopeptides antibiotics directed against enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis have generated bacterial resistance. Search for new antibiotic molecules is widely focused on bifunctional Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs), with particular emphasis on their glycosyltransferase activity. This function catalyzes glycan chain polymerization of the cell wall peptidoglycan. This review summarizes recent results about biochemical characterization of bifunctional PBPs and enzymatic properties of the glycosyltransferase domain. Moenomycin, a well studied glycosyltransferase activity inhibitor has provided useful informations about lipid binding properties and about cellular role of bifunctional PBPs. These enzymes were shown to be a part of the multienzymatic complex involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Furthermore, bifunctional PBPs are also present in the protein complex located at the site of septation during cell division. The glycosyltransferase domain of bifunctional PBPs remains unsufficently characterized: the structural analysis may lead to the development of novel antibacterials and to the understanding of the enzymatic properties, while genetic and cellular studies focused on bifunctional PBPs will provide a wealth of knowledge regarding cell growth and division.

Trapping of an acyl-enzyme intermediate in a penicillin-binding protein (PBP)-catalyzed reaction.

Class A penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the last two steps in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, a key component of the bacterial cell wall. Both reactions, glycosyl transfer (polymerization of glycan chains) and transpeptidation (cross-linking of stem peptides), are essential for peptidoglycan stability and for the cell division process, but remain poorly understood. The PBP-catalyzed transpeptidation reaction is the target of beta-lactam antibiotics, but their vast employment worldwide has prompted the appearance of highly resistant strains, thus requiring concerted efforts towards an understanding of the transpeptidation reaction with the goal of developing better antibacterials. This goal, however, has been elusive, since PBP substrates are rapidly deacylated. In this work, we provide a structural snapshot of a "trapped" covalent intermediate of the reaction between a class A PBP with a pseudo-substrate, N-benzoyl-D-alanylmercaptoacetic acid thioester, which partly mimics the stem peptides contained within the natural, membrane-associated substrate, lipid II. The structure reveals that the D-alanyl moiety of the covalent intermediate (N-benzoyl-d-alanine) is stabilized in the cleft by a network of hydrogen bonds that place the carbonyl group in close proximity to the oxyanion hole, thus mimicking the spatial arrangement of beta-lactam antibiotics within the PBP active site. This arrangement allows the target bond to be in optimal position for attack by the acceptor peptide and is similar to the structural disposition of beta-lactam antibiotics with PBP clefts. This information yields a better understanding of PBP catalysis and could provide key insights into the design of novel PBP inhibitors.

Structural basis for the broad-spectrum inhibition of metallo-beta-lactamases by thiols.

The development of broad-spectrum metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) inhibitors is challenging due to structural diversity and differences in metal utilisation by these enzymes. Analysis of structural data, followed by non-denturing mass spectrometric analyses, identified thiols proposed to inhibit representative MBLs from all three sub-classes: B1, B2 and B3. Solution analyses led to the identification of broad spectrum inhibitors, including potent inhibitors of the CphA MBL (Aeromonas hydrophila). Structural studies revealed that, as observed for other B1 and B3 MBLs, inhibition of the L1 MBL thiols involves metal chelation. Evidence is reported that this is not the case for inhibition of the CphA enzyme by some thiols; the crystal structure of the CphA-Zn-inhibitor complex reveals a binding mode in which the thiol does not interact with the zinc. The structural data enabled the design and the production of further more potent inhibitors. Overall the results suggest that the development of reasonably broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors should be possible.

Crystal structure of phosphorylcholine esterase domain of the virulence factor choline-binding protein e from streptococcus pneumoniae: new structural features among the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the worldwide leading cause of deaths from invasive infections such as pneumoniae, sepsis, and meningitidis in children and the elderly. Nasopharyngeal colonization, which plays a key role in the development of pneumococcal disease, is highly dependent on a family of surface-exposed proteins, the choline-binding proteins (CBPs). Here we report the crystal structure of phosphorylcholine esterase (Pce), the catalytic domain of choline-binding protein E (CBPE), which has been shown to be crucial for host/pathogen interaction processes. The unexpected features of the Pce active site reveal that this enzyme is unique among the large family of hydrolases harboring the metallo-beta-lactamase fold. The orientation and calcium stabilization features of an elongated loop, which lies on top of the active site, suggest that the cleft may be rearranged. Furthermore, the structure of Pce complexed with phosphorylcholine, together with the characterization of the enzymatic role played by two iron ions located in the active site allow us to propose a reaction mechanism reminiscent of that of purple acid phosphatase. This mechanism is supported by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Finally, the interactions of the choline binding domain and the Pce region of CBPE with chains of teichoic acids have been modeled. The ensemble of our biochemical and structural results provide an initial understanding of the function of CBPE.

Identical penicillin-binding domains in penicillin-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates with different levels of beta-lactam resistance.

We have sequenced the penicillin-binding domains of the complete repertoire of penicillin-binding proteins and MurM from 22 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae that span a wide range of beta-lactam resistance levels. Evidence of mosaicism was found in the genes encoding PBP 1a, PBP 2b, PBP 2x, MurM, and, possibly, PBP 2a. Five isolates were found to have identical PBP and MurM sequences, even though the MICs for penicillin G ranged from 0.25 to 2.0 mg/liter. When the sequences encoding PBP 1a, PBP 2b, and PBP 2x from one of these isolates were used to transform laboratory strain R6, the resulting strain had a resistance level higher than that of the less resistant isolates carrying that PBP set but lower than that of the most resistant isolates carrying that PBP set. This result demonstrates that if the R6 strain is arbitrarily defined as the standard genotype, some wild genetic backgrounds can either increase or decrease the PBP-based resistance phenotype.

Active site restructuring regulates ligand recognition in class A penicillin-binding proteins.

Bacterial cell division is a complex, multimolecular process that requires biosynthesis of new peptidoglycan by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) during cell wall elongation and septum formation steps. Streptococcus pneumoniae has three bifunctional (class A) PBPs that catalyze both polymerization of glycan chains (glycosyltransfer) and cross-linking of pentapeptidic bridges (transpeptidation) during the peptidoglycan biosynthetic process. In addition to playing important roles in cell division, PBPs are also the targets for beta-lactam antibiotics and thus play key roles in drug-resistance mechanisms. The crystal structure of a soluble form of pneumococcal PBP1b (PBP1b*) has been solved to 1.9 A, thus providing previously undescribed structural information regarding a class A PBP from any organism. PBP1b* is a three-domain molecule harboring a short peptide from the glycosyltransferase domain bound to an interdomain linker region, the transpeptidase domain, and a C-terminal region. The structure of PBP1b* complexed with beta-lactam antibiotics reveals that ligand recognition requires a conformational modification involving conserved elements within the cleft. The open and closed structures of PBP1b* suggest how class A PBPs may become activated as novel peptidoglycan synthesis becomes necessary during the cell division process. In addition, this structure provides an initial framework for the understanding of the role of class A PBPs in the development of antibiotic resistance.

In vitro reconstitution of a trimeric complex of DivIB, DivIC and FtsL, and their transient co-localization at the division site in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

DivIB, DivIC and FtsL are bacterial proteins essential for cell division, which show interdependencies for their stabilities and localization. We have reconstituted in vitro a trimeric complex consisting of the recombinant extracellular domains of the three proteins from Streptococcus pneumoniae. The extracellular domain of DivIB was found to associate with a heterodimer of those of DivIC and FtsL. The heterodimerization of DivIC and FtsL was artificially constrained by fusion with interacting coiled-coils. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that DivIC is always localized at mid-cell, in contrast to DivIB and FtsL, which are co-localized with DivIC only during septation. Taken together, our data suggest that assembly of the trimeric complex DivIB/DivIC/FtsL is regulated during the cell cycle through controlled formation of the DivIC/FtsL heterodimer.

Crystal structure of a peptidoglycan synthesis regulatory factor (PBP3) from Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are membrane-associated enzymes which perform critical functions in the bacterial cell division process. The single d-Ala,d-Ala (d,d)-carboxypeptidase in Streptococcus pneumoniae, PBP3, has been shown to play a key role in control of availability of the peptidoglycal substrate during cell growth. Here, we have biochemically characterized and solved the crystal structure of a soluble form of PBP3 to 2.8 A resolution. PBP3 folds into an NH(2)-terminal, d,d-carboxypeptidase-like domain, and a COOH-terminal, elongated beta-rich region. The carboxypeptidase domain harbors the classic signature of the penicilloyl serine transferase superfamily, in that it contains a central, five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet surrounded by alpha-helices. As in other carboxypeptidases, which are present in species whose peptidoglycan stem peptide has a lysine residue at the third position, PBP3 has a 14-residue insertion at the level of its omega loop, a feature that distinguishes it from carboxypeptidases from bacteria whose peptidoglycan harbors a diaminopimelate moiety at this position. PBP3 performs substrate acylation in a highly efficient manner (k(cat)/K(m) = 50,500 M(-1) x s(-1)), an event that may be linked to role in control of pneumococcal peptidoglycan reticulation. A model that places PBP3 poised vertically on the bacterial membrane suggests that its COOH-terminal region could act as a pedestal, placing the active site in proximity to the peptidoglycan and allowing the protein to "skid" on the surface of the membrane, trimming pentapeptides during the cell growth and division processes.

Growth and division of Streptococcus pneumoniae: localization of the high molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins during the cell cycle.

The bacterial peptidoglycan, the main component of the cell wall, is synthesized by the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). We used immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the cellular localization of all the high molecular weight PBPs of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, for a wild type and for several PBP-deficient strains. Progression through the cell cycle was investigated by the simultaneous labelling of DNA and the FtsZ protein. Our main findings are: (i) the temporal dissociation of cell wall synthesis, inferred by the localization of PBP2x and PBP1a, from the constriction of the FtsZ-ring; (ii) the localization of PBP2b and PBP2a at duplicated equatorial sites indicating the existence of peripheral peptidoglycan synthesis, which implies a similarity between the mechanism of cell division in bacilli and streptococci; (iii) the abnormal localization of some class A PBPs in PBP-defective mutants which may explain the apparent redundancy of these proteins in S. pneumoniae.

Functional characterization of penicillin-binding protein 1b from Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The widespread use of antibiotics has encouraged the development of drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. In order to overcome this problem, the modification of existing antibiotics and/or the identification of targets for the design of new antibiotics is currently being undertaken. Bifunctional penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are membrane-associated molecules whose transpeptidase (TP) activity is irreversibly inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics and whose glycosyltransferase (GT) activity represents a potential target in the antibacterial fight. In this work, we describe the expression and the biochemical characterization of the soluble extracellular region of Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP1b (PBP1b*). The acylation efficiency for benzylpenicillin and cefotaxime was characterized by stopped-flow fluorometry and a 40-kDa stable TP domain was generated after limited proteolysis. In order to analyze the GT activity of PBP1b*, we developed an electrophoretic assay which monitors the fluorescence signal from PBP1b*-bound dansylated lipid II. This binding was inhibited by the antibiotic moenomycin and was specific for the GT domain, since no signal was observed in the presence of the purified functional TP domain. Binding studies performed with truncated forms of PBP1b* demonstrated that the first conserved motif of the GT domain is not required for the recognition of lipid II, whereas the second motif is necessary for such interaction.

Structural studies of the transpeptidase domain of PBP1a from Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The synthesis of the bacterial cell wall requires enzymes which are localized both in the cytoplasm and in the periplasm. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the last, crucial steps in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and several of them are essential for bacterial survival. High-molecular-mass PBPs can be bifunctional (class A) or monofunctional (class B) and to date no structural information on any class A PBP is available. To initiate the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a class A PBP, crystals of the transpeptidase domain of PBP1a from Streptococcus pneumoniae were prepared by limited proteolysis of the full-length molecule and purification by anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The samples crystallize in space group C222(1), contain one molecule per asymmetric unit and diffract X-rays to 2.7 A. Selenomethionine-labelled crystals have been prepared and structure solution is under way.